317

Chapter 7: Plane-Wave Propagation

Lesson #43
Chapter Section: 7-1 Topics: Time-harmonic fields Highlights: Phasors Complex permittivity Wave equations

Special Illustrations:

318

Lesson #44
Chapter Section: 7-2 Topics: Waves in lossless media Highlights: Uniform plane waves Intrinsic impedance Wave properties

Special Illustrations: Example 7-1 CD-ROM Modules 7.3 and 7.4

319

Lesson #45 and 46

Chapter Section: 7-3 Topics: Wave polarization Highlights: Definition of polarization Linear, circular, elliptical

Special Illustrations: CD-ROM Demos 7.1-7.5 Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCDs are used in digital clocks, cellular phones, desktop and laptop computers, and some televisions and other electronic systems. They offer a decided advantage over other display technologies, such as cathode ray tubes, in that they are much lighter and thinner and consume a lot less power to operate. LCD technology relies on special electrical and optical properties of a class of materials known as liquid crystals, first discovered in the 1880s by botanist Friedrich Reinitzer. Physical Principle Liquid crystals are neither a pure solid nor a pure liquid, but rather a hybrid of both. One particular variety of interest is the twisted nematic liquid crystal whose molecules have a natural tendency to assume a twisted spiral structure when the material is sandwiched between finely grooved glass substrates with orthogonal orientations (A). Note that the molecules in contact with the grooved surfaces align themselves in parallel along the grooves. The molecular spiral causes the crystal to behave like a wave polarizer; unpolarized light incident upon the entrance substrate follows the orientation of the spiral, emerging through the exit substrate with its polarization (direction of electric field) parallel to the grooves direction.

320

Lesson #47
Chapter Section: 7-4 Topics: Waves in lossy media Highlights: Attenuation and skin depth Low loss medium Good conductor

Special Illustrations: CD-ROM Demos 7.6-7.8

321

Lesson #48
Chapter Section: 7-5 Topics: Current flow in conductors Highlights: Skin depth dependence on frequency Surface impedance

Special Illustrations:

322

Lesson #49
Chapter Section: 7-6 Topics: EM power density Highlights: Power density in a lossless medium Power density in a lossy medium Time-average power

Special Illustrations: CD-ROM Module 7.5

CHAPTER 7

323

Chapter 7
Section 7-2: Propagation in Lossless Media
Problem 7.1 The magnetic eld of a wave propagating through a certain nonmagnetic material is given by

Find (a) the direction of wave propagation, (b) the phase velocity, (c) the wavelength in the material, (d) the relative permittivity of the material, and (e) the electric eld phasor. Solution: (a) Positive y-direction. (b) 108 rad/s, k 0 5 rad/m.

Hence,

and

Problem 7.2 Write general expressions for the electric and magnetic elds of a 1-GHz sinusoidal plane wave traveling in the y-direction in a lossless nonmagnetic medium with relative permittivity r 9. The electric eld is polarized along the x-direction, its peak value is 6 V/m and its intensity is 4 V/m at t 0 and y 2 cm.

Eyt

Ee jt

x7 54 cos 108 t

0 5y

(V/m)

251 33 y

z30e

j0 5y

10

x7 54e

j0 5y

and

z30e

j0 5y

10

(A/m)

120 r

   

 

(c)

2 k 2 0 5 12 6 m. 2 c 2 3 108 (d) r 2 25. up 2 108 (e) From Eq. (7.39b),

120 15

251 33

up

108 05

108 m/s

()


(V/m)

z 30 cos 108 t

0 5y

(mA/m)

324

CHAPTER 7

Hence,

which gives

and

Problem 7.3 The electric eld phasor of a uniform plane wave is given by E y 10e j0 2z (V/m). If the phase velocity of the wave is 1 5 10 8 m/s and the relative permeability of the medium is r 2 4, nd (a) the wavelength, (b) the frequency f of the wave, (c) the relative permittivity of the medium, and (d) the magnetic eld Hzt .

(b)

(c) From

 

up

c r r

1 r

c up

1 24

3 15

1 67

 

up

1 5 108 31 42

4 77

106 Hz

4 77 MHz

2 k

2 02

10

31 42 m

Solution: (a) From E

y10e j0 2z (V/m), we deduce that k

0 2 rad/m. Hence,

 

Eyt

x 6 cos 2

109 t

20y

120 19

2 1 rad

120 19

0 4

cos

4 6

0 84 rad

(V/m)

6 cos

20

10

6 cos

At t

0 and y

2 cm, E

4 V/m:

Eyt

0 4

2 2 2 f 2 109 r r 9 0 c 3 108 x6 cos 2 109 t 20y 0 (V/m)

2 f

109 rad/s

Solution: For f

1 GHz, r

1, and r

9,

20 rad/m

CHAPTER 7
(d)

325

Problem 7.4 The electric eld of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic material is given by

Determine (a) the wavelength, (b) r , and (c) H.

(b)

But

Hence,

(c)

1 k

1 x y3 sin 107t 0 2x z4 cos 107 t 0 2x 3 4 z sin 107 t 0 2x y cos 107t 0 2x (A/m)

c up

3 5

108 107

up

c r

36

up

107 0 2

107 m/s

Solution: (a) Since k

0 2, 2 k 2 0 2 10 m

y 3 sin

107t

0 2x

z 4 cos

with

2 f

9 54

106 rad/s.

Hzt

107 t

0 2x

(V/m)

x 22 13e j0 2z

(mA/m)

r 24 120 r 1 67 1 1 z E z y10e j0 2z x 22 13 cos t 0 2z (mA/m) 120

451 94

()

326 with

CHAPTER 7

Problem 7.5 A wave radiated by a source in air is incident upon a soil surface, whereupon a part of the wave is transmitted into the soil medium. If the wavelength of the wave is 60 cm in air and 20 cm in the soil medium, what is the soils relative permittivity? Assume the soil to be a very low loss medium.

Problem 7.6 The electric eld of a plane wave propagating in a lossless, nonmagnetic, dielectric material with r 2 56 is given by

Determine: (a) f , up , , k, and , and (b) the magnetic eld H. Solution: (a)

up f 2 0 r

up

c r

108 1 875 108 m/s 2 56 1 875 108 3 12 cm 6 109 2 201 4 rad/m 3 12 10 2 377 377 235 62 16 2 56 3

109 Hz

3 GHz

2 f

109 rad/s

y 20 cos 6

109 t

kz

(V/m)

Solution: From

r , 60 20
2

0 r

120 6

20

62 83

()

CHAPTER 7
(b)

327

Section 7-3: Wave Polarization

Problem 7.7 An RHC-polarized wave with a modulus of 2 (V/m) is traveling in free space in the negative z-direction. Write down the expression for the waves electric eld vector, given that the wavelength is 6 cm.
y

t=0 z x

t=/2

Figure P7.7: Locus of E versus time. Solution: For an RHC wave traveling in z, let us try the following:

Modulus E

a 2

a2

a2

2 (V/m). Hence, 2 2 2

x a cos t

kz

ya sin t

kz

20 cos 6 109 t kz 20 cos 6 109 t 201 4 z x 235 62 x 8 49 10 2 cos 6 109 t 201 4 z x

(A/m)

328

CHAPTER 7

Next, we need to check the sign of the y-component relative to that of the x-component. We do this by examining the locus of E versus t at z 0: Since the wave is traveling along z, when the thumb of the right hand is along z (into the page), the other four ngers point in the direction shown (clockwise as seen from above). Hence, we should reverse the sign of the y-component:

with k and Problem 7.8

For a wave characterized by the electric eld

identify the polarization state, determine the polarization angles , and sketch the locus of E 0 t for each of the following cases: (a) ax 3 V/m, ay 4 V/m, and 0, (b) ax 3 V/m, ay 4 V/m, and 180 , (c) ax 3 V/m, ay 3 V/m, and 45 , (d) ax 3 V/m, ay 4 V/m, and 135 . Solution: 0 sin 2 Case (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) E z t (b) E z t (c) E z t (d) E z t ax 3 3 3 3 ay 4 4 3 4 0 180 45 135
1

x3 cos t x3 cos t x3 cos t x3 cos t

kz kz kz kz

y4 cos t y4 cos t y3 cos t y4 cos t

kz . kz . kz 45 . kz 135 .

 

0 53 13 53 13 45 53 13

53 13 53 13 45 56 2

0 0 22 5 21 37

sin 20 sin [Eq. (7.59b)]

tan 2

tan 20 cos [Eq. (7.59a)]

tan

ay ax

[Eq. (7.60)]

Polarization State Linear Linear Left elliptical Right elliptical

Ezt

xax cos t

kz

yay cos t

kz

kc

108

1010

(rad/s)

2 10

104 72

(rad/m)

kz

x 2 cos t

y 2 sin t

kz

(V/m)

CHAPTER 7
y
4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1

329
y

-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

1 2

3 4

(a) y
4 3 2 1 -4 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 2 4

(b) y
4 3 2 1

-4

-2

-1 -2 -3 -4

(c)

(d)

Figure P7.8: Plots of the locus of E 0 t .

Problem 7.9 The electric eld of a uniform plane wave propagating in free space x jy 20e jz 6 (V/m). Specify the modulus and direction of the is given by E electric eld intensity at the z 0 plane at t 0, 5 and 10 ns.

330 Solution:

CHAPTER 7

From

Therefore, the wave is LHC polarized.

Problem 7.10 A linearly polarized plane wave of the form E xax e jkz can be expressed as the sum of an RHC polarized wave with magnitude a R and an LHC polarized wave with magnitude aL . Prove this statement by nding expressions for aR and aL in terms of ax . Solution:
jkz

By equating real and imaginary parts, ax aR ax 2.

aR

aL , 0

xax

aR x

jy

aL x

ER

EL

jy

LHC wave:

EL

aL x

ye j

jkz

aL x

jy e

jkz

aR

aL , or aL

 

 

RHC wave:

ER

aR x

ye

j 2

jkz

aR x

xax e

jy e

jkz

10 t

0 25 0 5

45 90

At z

0, 0 at t at t at t 0 5 ns 10 ns

 

c kc 6 3 108 2 2 7 2 f 5 10 rad/s

 

 

tan

Ey Ex

z 6

2 Ex

2 1 2 Ey

20

(V/m)

25

107 Hz

x20 cos t

z 6

y20 sin t

z 6

(V/m)

x20 cos t

z 6

y20 cos t

ye j

20e

jz 6 jt

jy 20e

jz 6 jt

Ezt

Ee jt

z 6

ax 2,

CHAPTER 7

331

Problem 7.11 Ezt

The electric eld of an elliptically polarized plane wave is given by

Determine (a) the polarization angles and (b) the direction of rotation. Solution: (a)

Phasor form:

Since is dened as the phase of E y relative to that of Ex ,

Solution: (a)

E1

x 2e

jkz

y 2e

jkz

j 2

x 2 cos t

kz

y 2 cos t

kz

E1

x 2 cos t

kz

y 2 sin t

Problem 7.12 Compare the polarization states plane waves: (a) wave 1: E1 x2 cos t kz y2 sin t wave 2: E2 x2 cos t kz y2 sin t (b) wave 1: E1 x2 cos t kz y2 sin t 2 cos t kz y2 sin t wave 2: E2 x

(b) Since

0, the wave is right-hand elliptically polarized. of each of the following pairs of kz kz kz kz , , , .

kz

sin 2

sin 20 sin

0 40

or

8 73

  

tan 2

tan 20 cos

0 65

tan

30

30 10

71 56

or

x10e j30

y30 e

jkz

73 5

x10 cos t

kz

30

y30 cos t

kz

Ezt

x10 sin t

kz

60

y30 cos t

kz

(V/m)

x 10 sin t

kz

60

y 30 cos t

kz

(V/m)

332

CHAPTER 7

Wave 2 has the same magnitude and phases as wave 1 except that its direction is along z instead of z. Hence, the locus of rotation of E will match the left hand instead of the right hand. Thus, wave 2 is LHC. (b)

Reversal of direction of propagation (relative to wave 1) makes wave 2 RHC.

Determine the polarization state from your plot.

Tip of E rotates in accordance with right hand (with thumb pointing along Hence, wave state is RHE.

Wave direction is

z. At z

0, E

x sin t

y 2 cos t

x sin t

kz

y 2 cos t

Solution:

kz

Ezt

x sin t

kz

y 2 cos t

Problem 7.13

Plot the locus of E 0 t for a plane wave with

E2

x 2e jkz

y 2e jkz e j

Wave 1 is LHC.

E1

x 2e

jkz

y 2e

jkz j 2

kz

E1

x 2 cos t

kz

y 2 sin t

E2

x 2e jkz

y 2e jkz e

j 2

Hence, wave 1 is RHC. Similarly,

 
kz z).

 

tan

ay ax

tan

45

CHAPTER 7
y t=/2 2

333

1 t=0

Figure P7.13: Locus of E versus time.

Sections 7-4: Propagation in a Lossy Medium

Problem 7.14 For each of the following combination of parameters, determine if the material is a low-loss dielectric, a quasi-conductor, or a good conductor, and then calculate , , , up , and c :

Solution: Using equations given in Table 7-1: Case (a) Case (b) 4.5 quasi-conductor 9.75 Np/m 12.16 rad/m 51.69 cm 0 52 108 m/s 39 54 j31 72 Case (c) 600 good conductor 6 3 10 4 Np/m 6 3 10 4 rad/m 10 km 0 1 108 m/s 6 28 1 j

 

   

 

Type up c

3 6 10 13 low-loss dielectric 8 42 10 11 Np/m 468 3 rad/m 1.34 cm 1 34 108 m/s 168 5

(c) wood with r

1, r

3, and

10

S/m at 1 kHz.

(b) animal tissue with r

1, r

12, and

(a) glass with r

1, r

5, and

10

12

S/m at 10 GHz, 0 3 S/m at 100 MHz,

334

CHAPTER 7

Problem 7.15 Dry soil is characterized by r 2 5, r 1, and 10 4 (S/m). At each of the following frequencies, determine if dry soil may be considered a good conductor, a quasi-conductor, or a low-loss dielectric, and then calculate , , , p , and c : (a) 60 Hz, (b) 1 kHz, (c) 1 MHz, (d) 1 GHz.

Good conductor 1 54

Good conductor

Quasi-conductor

Low-loss dielectric 33.14 0.19 238.27

(m) up (m/s) c ()

4 08 2 45

104 j

104 107

180

Problem 7.16 In a medium characterized by r 9, r 1, and 0 1 S/m, determine the phase angle by which the magnetic eld leads the electric eld at 100 MHz.

Hence, quasi-conductor.

125 67 1

j2

71 49

j44 18

84 04

1 2

1 2

120 1 r

0 r

1 2

 

 

0 1 36 108 10 9

31 72

Solution: The phase angle by which the magnetic eld leads the electric eld is where is the phase angle of c .

1 54 1

6 28 1

204 28

j65 89

106

18

108

(rad/m)

10

6 28

10

3 49

10

19

108

(Np/m)

1 54

10

6 28

10

1 13

10

1 19

10

2 f r 0 Type of medium

60 Hz 12 104

Solution: r

2 5, r

1,

10

S/m.
1 kHz 720 1 MHz 0.72 1 GHz 72 10
4

CHAPTER 7
Therefore 31 72 . Since H 1 c k E, H leads E by E by 31 72 .

335

Problem 7.17 Generate a plot for the skin depth s versus frequency for seawater for the range from 1 kHz to 10 GHz (use log-log scales). The constitutive parameters of seawater are r 1, r 80 and 4 S/m. Solution:

See Fig. P7.17 for plot of s versus frequency.

10
1

Skin depth vs. frequency for seawater

10 Skin depth (m)

10

10

10

10

10

10 10 Frequency (MHz)

10

10

10

Figure P7.17: Skin depth versus frequency for seawater.

 

0 0 r

2 f

r c2 0 r

80 c2

80 108 2 4 36 2 f 10 9 80

72 80 f

1 2

1 2

, or by

31 72 . In other words, H lags

109

336

CHAPTER 7

Problem 7.18 Ignoring reection at the air-soil boundary, if the amplitude of a 3-GHz incident wave is 10 V/m at the surface of a wet soil medium, at what depth will it be down to 1 mV/m? Wet soil is characterized by r 1, r 9, and 5 10 4 S/m. Solution:

Hence, medium is a low-loss dielectric.

Problem 7.19 The skin depth of a certain nonmagnetic conducting material is 3 m at 5 GHz. Determine the phase velocity in the material.

Problem 7.20 Based on wave attenuation and reection measurements conducted at 1 MHz, it was determined that the intrinsic impedance of a certain medium is 28 1 45 and the skin depth is 2 m. Determine (a) the conductivity of the material, (b) the wavelength in the medium, and (c) the phase velocity. Solution: (a) Since the phase angle of c is 45 , the material is a good conductor. Hence,

or

28 1 cos 45

19 87

28 1e j45

28 1 cos 45

j28 1 sin 45

up

2 f

2 f s

109

10

9 42

104

Solution: For a good conductor,

287 82 m

, and for any material s

10

10e

0 032z

ln 10

1 . Hence, (m/s)

  

120 2 r

10 4 120 2 9 0 032z

0 032

 

 

  

5 10 4 36 2 3 109 10 9

3 32

E z

E0 e

10e

10

(Np/m)

CHAPTER 7

337

Problem 7.21 The electric eld of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic medium is given by

Obtain the corresponding expression for H. Solution: From the given expression for E,

From (7.65a) and (7.65b),

Using the above values for , , and , we obtain the following: r

 

0 r

r r

1 2

377 16

5 47 16

1 2

1 2

5 47

16

2 c2 r

157 9 e j36 85

2 0 0 r

40 (rad/m)

30 (Np/m)

109

(rad/s)

2 c2 r

z 25e

30x

cos 2

(c) up

106

12 57

1 26

107 m/s.

109 t

40x

(V/m)

2 05

12 57 m

()

(b) Since Therefore,

for a good conductor, and

0 5, it follows that


0 5.

Since

1 s

1 2

0 5 Np/m, 19 87 05 19 87 2 52 10
2

S/m

338

CHAPTER 7
z 25e 30x e j40x 1 1 x k E c 157 9 e j36 85

Section 7-5: Current Flow in Conductors

Problem 7.22 In a nonmagnetic, lossy, dielectric medium, a 300-MHz plane wave is characterized by the magnetic eld phasor

Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic eld vectors.

To nd c , we need and . From the given expression for H,

whose solution gives Similarly, from (7.65b),

which gives

0 91

 

108

10

1 95

10 9 36

 

81

108

10

Also, we are given than f

300 MHz

108 Hz. From (7.65a),

9 (rad/m)

2 (Np/m)

 

c k

Solution:

j4 e z

2y

j9y

(A/m)

10 9 36

He jt

y 0 16 e

30x

cos 2

109 t

40x

36 85

(A/m)

 

 

z 25e

30x

j40x

y 0 16 e

30x

40x

j36 85

CHAPTER 7
c

339

Hence,

Problem 7.23 A rectangular copper block is 30 cm in height (along z). In response to a wave incident upon the block from above, a current is induced in the block in the positive x-direction. Determine the ratio of the a-c resistance of the block to its d-c resistance at 1 kHz. The relevant properties of copper are given in Appendix B.

l w J 30 cm

Figure P7.23: Copper block of Problem 7.23.

xe

2y

cos t

9y

z 4e

2y

sin t

j4 e z

He jt

2y

j9y jt

9y

(A/m)

z 256 9 e

2y

cos t

9y

12 6

x 1 03

103 e

2y

cos t

Ee jt

9y

102 6

x 4e

j 2

z 256 9 e

2y

j9y j12 6

x j4

z 256 9 e

2y

j9y j12 6

256 9 e j12 6 y

j4 e z

2y

j9y

(V/m)

0 r

0 91 1 95

1 2

1 2

377 0 93 1 95

j0 21

256 9 e j12 6

340 Solution:

CHAPTER 7

Problem 7.24 The inner and outer conductors of a coaxial cable have radii of 0.5 cm and 1 cm, respectively. The conductors are made of copper with r 1, r 1 and 5 8 107 S/m, and the outer conductor is 0.5 mm thick. At 10 MHz: (a) Are the conductors thick enough to be considered innitely thick so far as the ow of current through them is concerned? (b) Determine the surface resistance R s . (c) Determine the a-c resistance per unit length of the cable. Solution: (a) From Eqs. (7.72) and (7.77b),

Hence,

Hence, conductor is plenty thick. (b) From Eq. (7.92a), 58 107 21 10

5

(c) From Eq. (7.96),

 

Rs 2

1 a

1 b

82

10 2

1 10

1 10

0 039

 

 

 

Rs

1 s

d s

0 5 mm 0 021 mm

25

82

10

(/m)

 

 

1 2

107

10

58

107

1 2

0 021 mm

 

 

03

03

103

10

58

107

1 2

 

Rac Rdc

03 s

a-c resistance Rac

143 55

d-c resistance Rdc

l l A 0 3 w l ws

CHAPTER 7

341

Section 7-6: EM Power Density

Problem 7.25 The magnetic eld of a plane wave traveling in air is given by H x 50 sin 2 107 t ky (mA/m). Determine the average power density carried by the wave. Solution:

Determine the direction of wave travel and the average power density carried by the wave. Solution: 0 r

The wave is traveling in the negative x-direction.

Problem 7.27 The electric-eld phasor of a uniform plane wave traveling downward in water is given by

(a) obtain an expression for the average power density, (b) determine the attenuation rate, and

(c) determine the depth at which the power density has been reduced by 40 dB.

where z is the downward direction and z

0 is the water surface. If

x 5e

0 2z

j0 2z

(V/m)

Sav

32

22 2

13 2 40

x0 05

120 9

40

()

(W/m2 )

y 3 cos

107t

kx

z 2 cos

107t

kx

(V/m)

4 S/m,

Problem 7.26 A wave traveling in a nonmagnetic medium with r characterized by an electric eld given by

Sav

10

0 50 2

120 50 2

10

y0 48

0 y

z0 50 sin 2

107t

x50 sin 2

107t

ky

(mA/m)

ky

(mV/m)

(W/m2 )

9 is

342 Solution: (a) Since

CHAPTER 7

From Eq. (7.109),

(b) A 8 68z 8 68 0 2z 1 74z (dB). (c) 40 dB is equivalent to 10 4 . Hence,

Problem 7.28 The amplitudes of an elliptically polarized plane wave traveling in a lossless, nonmagnetic medium with r 4 are Hy0 3 (mA/m) and Hz0 4 (mA/m). Determine the average power owing through an aperture in the y-z plane if its area is 20 m2 . Solution: 0 120 60 188 5 r 4 2 188 5 2 x Hy0 Hx0 x 9 16 10 6 2 36 2 2 Sav A 2 36 10 3 20 47 13 (mW)

Problem 7.29 A wave traveling in a lossless, nonmagnetic medium has an electric eld amplitude of 24.56 V/m and an average power density of 2.4 W/m 2 . Determine the phase velocity of the wave. Solution:

or

24 56 2 2 24

125 67

Sav

E0 2 2

E0 2 2Sav

 

Sav

(mW/m2 )

or z

23 03 m.

10

2z

0 4z

ln 10

0 4z

Sav

E0 2 e 2 c

2z

cos

25 e 0 0707

0 4z

cos 45

z125e

0 4z

(W/m2 )

j 0 05

0 2, the medium is a good conductor. 02 4 0 0707e j45 ()

CHAPTER 7
But

343

Hence,

Problem 7.30 At microwave frequencies, the power density considered safe for human exposure is 1 (mW/cm2 ). A radar radiates a wave with an electric eld 3 000 R (V/m), where R is the amplitude E that decays with distance as E R distance in meters. What is the radius of the unsafe region? Solution:

Problem 7.31 Consider the imaginary rectangular box shown in Fig. 7-19 (P7.31). (a) Determine the net power ux P t entering the box due to a plane wave in air given by E xE0 cos t ky (V/m) (b) Determine the net time-average power entering the box. Solution: (a)

Pt

St Ay

S t Ay

cos2 t

2 E0 ac cos2 t 0

 

St

2 E0 cos2 t 0

ky

x E0 cos t ky E0 z cos t ky 0

 

12

104 10

1 2

R2

34 64 m

10

 

103 R

1 120

12

104

kb

Sav

E R 20

1 (mW/cm2 )

10

W/cm2

up

c r

108 3

108 m/s

10 W/m2

0 r

377 r

377 125 67

344
z

CHAPTER 7

b a

Figure P7.31: Imaginary rectangular box of Problems 7.31 and 7.32. (b)
0

Net average energy entering the box is zero, which is as expected since the box is in a lossless medium (air). Problem 7.32 Repeat Problem 7.31 for a wave traveling in a lossy medium in which

Solution: (a)

y 64e

40y

cos 2

10 t

40y cos 2

109 t

z 0 64 e

20y

cos 2

109t

x 100e

20y

cos 2

 

 

St

H 109t 40y 40y 36 85

The box has dimensions A

1 cm, b

2 cm, and c

0 5 cm.

40y

36 85

z 0 64e

20y

cos 2

10 t

40y

36 85

x 100e

20y

cos 2

109 t

40y

(V/m)

(A/m)

Pav

cos2 t

cos2 t

2 E0 ac 0

where T

2 .


kb dt 0

Pav

P t dt

1 T

CHAPTER 7

345

This is the average power absorbed by the lossy material in the box. Problem 7.33 Given a wave with

calculate: (a) the time-average electric energy density

av

(b) the time-average magnetic energy density

av

av

Solution: (a)

av

we

2 E0 cos2 t

and (c) show that we

wm

av .

1 2T

kz dt

wm

wm dt

1 T

1 2T

H 2 dt

we

we dt

1 T

1 2T

xE0 cos t

kz

Pav

7 05

With a

1 cm, b

2 cm, and c

0 5 cm, 10

(W)

Pav

32ac 1

The average of cos t of . Hence,

over a period T is equal to zero, regardless of the value e

40b

cos 36 85

E 2 dt

Pav

P t dt

P t dt

1 T

(b)

cos 4

80y

36 85

cos 36 85

40b

109 t

32ac cos 4

109 t

Pt

36 85

cos 36 85

St

64 40y e cos 4 109 t 2 S t Ay 0 S t Ay b

80y

36 85

Using the identity cos cos

1 2

cos

cos

, cos 36 85

346

CHAPTER 7
2

(b)

av

(c)
av

Problem 7.34 A 60-MHz plane wave traveling in the x-direction in dry soil with relative permittivity r 4 has an electric eld polarized along the z-direction. Assuming dry soil to be approximately lossless, and given that the magnetic eld has a peak value of 10 (mA/m) and that its value was measured to be 7 (mA/m) at t 0 and x 0 75 m, develop complete expressions for the waves electric and magnetic elds. c 6 107 3 108

Given that E points along z and wave travel is along

x, we can write

where E0 and 0 are unknown constants at this time. The intrinsic impedance of the medium is 0 120 60 () r 2

Ext

z E0 cos 2

60

106 t

0 8x

(V/m)

0 8

Solution: For f

60 MHz

107 Hz, r

4, r

1, (rad/m)

wm

2 E0 42

2 E0 4

2 E0 4

we

wm

1 2T 1 2T 2 E0 42

T 0 T

H 2 dt
2 E0 cos2 t 2

E0 cos t

kz

kz dt

av

av

we

With T

,
2 E0 2 cos2 t kz dt 4 0 2 E0 2 cos2 t kz d t 4 0 2 E0 4

CHAPTER 7
With E along z and k along x, (7.39) gives

347

or

Hence,

Also,

Problem 7.35 At 2 GHz, the conductivity of meat is on the order of 1 (S/m). When a material is placed inside a microwave oven and the eld is activated, the presence of the electromagnetic elds in the conducting material causes energy dissipation in the material in the form of heat. (a) Develop an expression for the time-average power per mm 3 dissipated in a material of conductivity if the peak electric eld in the material is E 0 .

Solution: (a) Let us consider a small volume of the material in the shape of a box of length d and cross sectional area A. Let us assume the microwave oven creates a wave traveling along the z direction with E along y, as shown.

(b) Evaluate the result for meat with E 0

104 (V/m).

Hxt

y 10 cos 1 2

10 t

0 8x

153 6

(mA/m)

 

Ext

z 0 6 cos 1 2

which leads to 0 Hence,

153 6 . 108 t

0 8x

153 6

(V/m)

0 75 m 0

10

10 cos

0 8

0 75

E0 E0

10 10

(mA/m) 60 10
3

0 6

(V/m)

Hxt

E0 cos 1 2

108 t

1 k

0 8x

(A/m)

10

348
z

CHAPTER 7

E d k
^

x E

Along y, the E eld will create a voltage difference across the length of the box V , where V Ed Conduction current through the cross sectional area A is

Hence, the instantaneous power is

where V Ad is the small volume under consideration. The power per mm 3 is obtained by setting V 10 3 3 ,

1 2 E 2 0

10

(W/mm3 )

Pav

As a time harmonic signal, E

E0 cos t. The time average dissipated power is 1 T

T 2 E0 cos2 t dt

10

P 10 9

E 2

10

E 2 V

IV

E 2 Ad


(W/mm3 )

JA

EA

CHAPTER 7
(b)

349

Problem 7.36 A team of scientists is designing a radar as a probe for measuring the depth of the ice layer over the antarctic land mass. In order to measure a detectable echo due to the reection by the ice-rock boundary, the thickness of the ice sheet should not exceed three skin depths. If r 3 and r 10 2 for ice and if the maximum anticipated ice thickness in the area under exploration is 1.2 km, what frequency range is useable with the radar? Solution:

Hence,

Since increases with increasing frequency, the useable frequency range is

41 6 MHz

 

For

25

10

6f

10

11 ,

41 6 MHz

Since

1, we can use (7.75a) for : 2 f r 0 0 2 r 0 f r c r f 10 2 3 108 3 6f 10

11

 

1 s

1 400

25

400 m

3s

1 2 km

1200 m

10

(Np/m)


Np/m

Pav

1 2

104 2

10

08

(W/mm3 )