APPENDIX 2

TASKS (INCLUDING NUMERICAL RESULTS)

To be used for preparation to tests and the final examination in the cause Electrical
Measurements and Instrumentation

Note: References to figures relate to item [1] of the REFERENCES at the end of the textbook.

5.1 Uncertainties of measurement, error of the method

1. Find the B-type expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) by measurement of DC

voltage using a digital voltmeter, if the range of measurement of the voltmeter is 0.3
V and the error of the voltmeter is given as ± 0.1 % of reading ± 0,05 % of full range.
Reading of the voltmeter is 30 mV. [0.208 mV]
2. Find the B-type expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) by measurement of current
using a digital millimeter, if the range of measurement of DC current of the multimeter is
30 mA and the error of the multimeter by measurement of the DC current is given as ±
0.2 % of reading ± 0.1 % of measurement range. Reading of the voltmeter is 10 mA.
[0.058 mA]
3. Find the B-type expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) by measurement of AC
current using a digital multimeter, if the range of measurement of AC current of the
multimeter is 300 mA and the error of the multimeter by measurement of the AC current
is given as δ1 = 0.7 % of reading and N =6 quantization steps (counts, „least significant
digits“). The multimeter display has 4 digits and its reading is 50 mA. [1.10 mA]
4. Find the B-type expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2) by measurement of AC
voltage using a digital voltmeter, if the range of measurement of the voltmeter is 300
V and the error of the voltmeter is given as δ1 =± 0.1 % of reading and N=± 3
quantization steps (counts, „least significant digits“). Reading of the voltmeter is 100 V.
[0.462 V]
5. An iron-vane voltmeter with accuracy class 1.5, measurement range 130 V and inner
resistance 2970 Ω at the has measured at the clamps of a voltage source with inner
resistance 30 Ω voltage 65 V. Calculate the true inner voltage of the source and its
expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2); disregard the uncertainties of values of
resistors. [65.66 V, 2.27 V]
6. Find value of voltage and the type B expanded uncertainty (coverage factor k = 2); by
measurement of voltage using moving coil voltmeter. The measurement range of the
voltmeter is 60 V, length of scale 120 divisions, accuracy class 0.5 and deflection by
measurement 50 div. [25 V, 0.35 V]
7. Find the expanded uncertainty of the type B (coverage factor k = 2) of the measured
voltage. The accuracy class of a moving coil voltmeter is 0.5, its range of measurement is
12 V and its inner resistance is 500 Ω/V. This voltmeter is being used for measurement of
voltage of a 6 V source with inner resistance 100 Ω. Find the magnitude of voltage shown
by the voltmeter, and the error of the method (including the sign). [5.90 V, -1.64%]

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8. A moving coil voltmeter has accuracy class 1, measurement range 1.2, inner resistance
5000Ω/V. This voltmeter was used for measurement of voltage of a source with inner
resistance 600Ω. Find the relative error of the method in percent including the sign.
[-9.09 %]
9. Find relative error of the method (in per cent) by measurement using voltmeter connected
to the larger of the two resistors 10 kΩ and 20 kΩ that form a resistive divider. Input
voltage of the divider is 3 V, inner resistance of the voltmeter is 40 kΩ. [-14.3 %]
10. A voltage source 400 mV has inner resistance 10 Ω and its short-circuit current should be
measured. At your disposal there is a milliammeter with measurement range 20 mA and
with voltage drop between its terminals 200 mV by full use of the measurement range.
Find the relative error of the method in percent caused by milliammeter resistance and its
sign. [-50 %]
11. A voltage is measured by a DC digital voltmeter using the measurement range 200mV.
Voltmeter reading is 20 mV and its error is given as ± 0.1 % of reading ± 0.02 % of
range. Find the expanded type B uncertainty (coverage factor k=2) of this measurement.
[uUx =& 0,07 mV]
12. Find the relative error of the method (in per cent) caused by loading effect of the
voltmeter. Voltmeter resistance is specified as 10 000 Ω/V, the measured value is 3 V and
the measurement range used is 6 V. The inner resistance of the measured source is 300 Ω.
[- 0.5 %]

Multiple range DC voltmeter and ammeter; rectangular waveform

13. For a PMMC instrument it is given: IFSD = 0.1 mA, voltage drop Um (by IFSM) is 10 mV.
Suggest the circuit for the measurement of voltage 0 to 24 V by using this instrument and
compute the value of the input resistance. [[1] - Fig. 2.4, p. 24; Rs = 239900 Ω; Rin = 240 kΩ]
14. For a PMMC instrument it is given: range 30 mV, internal resistance 10 Ω. Draw the
scheme of a two-range ammeter with the measurement ranges 600 mA and 1.2 A, and
determine the values of used components. [Ayrton-shunt-type two-range DC ammeter, R1 = R2
= 0.0251 Ω]
15. The voltage in Fig. A2.1 (T = 20 ms) is measured by: a) a DC PMMC voltmeter, b) a
PMMC voltmeter with rectifier, c) an Iron-vane voltmeter, d) a LF voltmeter (with AC
input). Determine the instrument reading of all instruments.

[a) 5 V; b) 5.55 V; c) 7.07 V; d) 5.55 V]

Fig. A2.1

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 16. The voltage in Fig. A2.2 (T = 20 ms) is measured by: a) a DC PMMC voltmeter,
b) a PMMC voltmeter with rectifier, c) an Iron-vane voltmeter, d) a LF voltmeter (with
AC input). Determine the instrument reading of all instruments.

Fig.A2.2

[a) 4 V; b) 4,44 V; c) 6,93 V; d) 5,92 V]

Measuring amplifiers, measuring rectifiers, current sources using operational amplifiers

17. Draw a schematic diagram of the I/U converter using ideal operational amplifier and find
values of the components used in it for the transfer constant 2 mA/5 V. Find the expanded
uncertainty of the measured current Ix = 1 mA (coverage factor k = 2), if you have at your
disposal the moving coil voltmeter with measurement range 5 V and accuracy class 0.5,
and a resistor with tolerance 0.5%.
[[1] - Fig. 3.10, p. 50, RF = 2500 Ω; 12,9 µA]
18. Draw a schematic diagram and suggest values of the resistors used in an inverting
measuring amplifier, which should be used for amplification of the thermocouple voltage
(up to 10 mV). Amplifier output voltage is measured by a PMMC voltmeter with
measurement range of 24 V. The input resistance of the circuit should be larger than 1000
Ω. [[1] - Fig. 3.7, p. 49; for example R1 = 2000 Ω, R2 = 480 000 Ω]
19. Draw a schematic diagram of a voltage-controlled current source (using an OA), which
should be used for the scale linearization of a PMMC rectifier voltmeter. The measured
voltage is a sinewave with RMS value up to 5 V. Calculate the value of the resistor Rd
(which sets the value of the current in the feedback circuit), if the PMMC miliammeter
has the range 5 mA. [[L] - Fig. 7.2, p. 51; Rd = 900,9 Ω]
20. Draw a schematic diagram of the voltage-controlled current source (using an OA) which
should deliver current up to 5 mA for input voltage up to 1 V. Find the feedback resistor
value and find the maximum load resistor, for which the circuit behaves as a current
source. The saturation voltage of the OA is 14 V. [[1] - Fig. 3.8 (or Fig. 3.9), p. 49 (p. 50); RF
= R1 = 200 Ω, RL < 26 kΩ (or RL < 28 kΩ)]

21. Draw a schematic diagram of an inverting measuring amplifier (using an OA), which
should be used for measurement of the 5 mV voltage at the output of a voltage source
with an output resistance of 0.5 Ω. Calculate the resistor values if the required output
voltage range is ± 5 V. The methodical error caused by the input resistance should be less
than 1 %. [[1] - Fig. 3.7, p. 49, R1 > 50 Ω, for example R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 100 kΩ]

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22. Draw a circuit with an operational amplifier suitable for measurement of DC current Ix up
to 0.6 mA, and write the relation for finding Ix. The output voltage of the operational
amplifier is measured by a pointer voltmeter with measurement range 6 V. Find value of
the feedback resistor and write the relation showing the dependence of the standard
uncertainty on accuracy class (AC) of the used voltmeter and on the tolerance of the used
resistor δR (suppose that the used operational amplifier is ideal).
[[1] – Fig. 3.10, p. 50, RF = 10 kΩ;
uIx =
2 2 2 2 2 2
 ∂I x   ∂I   uU   U 2 .u R   AC. range V   U 2 .δ R 
 .uU 2  +  x .u R  =  2  +   =     ]
   100. 3. R  +  100. 3.R 
 ∂U 2   ∂RF
2
  RF   RF   F   F 

23. Draw the schematic diagram of the I/U converter using the operational amplifier, suitable
for measurement of the DC current up to 2 mA. The output voltage of the operational
amplifier is measured by an ADC with the voltage range F.S.=2 V and error in percent of
range δ2. Find the value of the resistance RF in the feedback loop. Explain, how you
could find the standard uncertainty of the converter for the case of the ideal operational
amplifier. [[1], Fig.3.10, p.50, RF = 1000 Ω,

uIx =

2 2 2 2 2 2
 ∂I x   ∂I   uU   U .u   FS .δ 2   U 2 .δ R 
 .uU 2  +  x .u R  =  2  +  2 2R  =   +
  100. 3.R
 ]

 ∂U 2   ∂RF   RF   RF   100. 3. RF   F 
24. An amplifier using operational amplifier should be used for measurement of the
thermocouple voltage. It should have input resistance higher than 10000 Ω and gain 200.
Draw schematic diagram of such an amplifier and choose values of resistors in feedback
loop. The output voltage is measured by a digital voltmeter with voltage range 1 V. Find
the expanded uncertainty of measurement of the output voltage 2.5 mV, if the error of the
used digital voltmeter is ± 0,1 % of reading ± 0,05 % of range, and tolerance of the each
resistor used is 0,1 %. Consider use of an ideal operational amplifier.
[[1] – Fig.3.6a, p.48, R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = 199 kΩ, 2uUx =& 10 µV ]
25. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit suitable for measurement of a sinusoidal voltage
with the RMS value 0 ... 1.2 V. You have at your disposal an OA, a PMMC miliammeter
with range of 12 mA, a resistor of desired value and a passive full-wave rectifier circuit
(Graetz bridge). The circuit should assure the linearization of scale of the meter. [[L] -
Fig. 7.2; Rd = 90.09 Ω]
26. A measuring amplifier (using operational amplifier) should be used for measurement of
thermocouple voltage. It should have following parameters: input resistance higher than
1000 Ω, gain equal to 100. Draw schematic diagram of the amplifier, suggest values of
resistors in the feedback loop and find standard uncertainty caused by input voltage offset
of the operational amplifier 50 µV.
[For example [1] - Fig. 3.7, p. 49, R1 = 2000 Ω, R2 = 200 000 Ω,

2uUD0 = (50 / 3 ).10 −6 =& 28,9 µV ]

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27. Add an OA to the PMMC meter movement with the full scale current of 0.1 mA having
the resistance of 100 Ω and a 100-division scale so, that the resulting circuit would have
following parameters: the constant equal to 10 mV/div and the input resistance of 10 kΩ.
[[1] - Fig. 3.9, p. 50; R1 = 10 kΩ, the PMMC meter movement is at the place of the RL.]

28. Draw a circuit diagram of a I/U converter with transfer constant 1 mA/10 V using
operational amplifier. Find the value of the feedback resistor and the type B expanded
uncertainty (for coverage factor k = 2) of the measured current 0.5 mA. You have at your
disposal a digital voltmeter with measurement range 10 V and the accuracy specification
± 0,2 % of reading ± 0,1 % of range. The tolerance of the feedback resistor is 0.5 % and
the input bias current of the operational amplifier is less than 1 µA.
[[1] – Fig.3.10, p. 50; RF = 10 kΩ, u Ix =& 4 µA]
29. Suggest a connection of an amplifier with an operational amplifier and with voltage gain
100, which should be used for the measurement of the voltage source of 5 mV having
inner resistance 1 Ω. Suggest value of resistors and find the type B relative expanded
uncertainty of the measured input voltage (for coverage factor k = 2). Range of the ADC
connected to the amplifier output has range 1 V and error 0.25% of range, tolerances of
the used resistors is 0.1 %. Design the circuit so that the influence of the input resistance
be lower than 0.05 % and could be therefore disregarded. Suppose that the operational
amplifier is an ideal one.
[ [1] – Fig.3.7, p. 49; R1 = 1000 Ω, R2 = 100 000 Ω, relative expanded uncertainty
=& 0,6 %]
30. Draw a schematic diagram and calculate the value of the fixed resistor Rd for current
source with an operational amplifier, which linearizes the scale of a PMMC rectifier
voltmeter. The PMMC meter current of 5 mA should correspond to the sinusoidal input
voltage with the RMS value of 1.25 V. [[L] - Fig. 7.2, Rd = 225.2 Ω]
31. Draw a schematic diagram of an instrument for measurement of the sinusoidal AC
voltage with the RMS value up to 6 V, which contains of a series resistor, an operational
amplifier, a full-wave rectifier (diode bridge) and a PMMC meter. PMMC meter
parameters: 60 mV, 5 Ω. Calculate the value of the series resistor. [[L] - Fig. 7.2, Rd =
450.45 Ω]
32. Draw a schematic diagram of an I/U converter with an OA, suitable for measurement of
the DC current of up to 0.5 mA. The output voltage of the OA is measured by a DVM
with the range 1 V and error specification ± 0.1 % of rdg. ± 0.05 % of f.s. Calculate the
values of the used resistors. Find the type B expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the
measurement of the current of 0.1 mA, if the tolerances of the used resistors are 0.1 %
and the input bias current of the OA is less than 0.2 µA.
[[1] - Fig. 3.10, p. 50; RF = 2 kΩ, uIx =& 0,75 µA]
33. Suggest a schematic diagram of an AC voltmeter for measurement of the sinusoidal
voltage with the RMS value of up to 2 V. You have at your disposal a PMMC voltmeter
with the range of 2.4 V and an inner resistance RV = 5 kΩ/V, an operational amplifier,
diodes and resistors according to your choice. [[L] - Fig. 7.2, Rd = 9009 Ω]
34. Draw a schematic diagram of a voltage controlled current source (using an OA) which
supplies current of 2 mA into a variable load resistor of 0 ... 5000 Ω. This load resistor is
not grounded. The input controlling voltage is less than 1 V. Explain by what is limited

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 the value of the load resistor, for which the circuit behaves as a current source. [[1] -
Fig. 3.8 (or 3.9), p. 49 (50); RF = R1 = 500 Ω, RL < (U2sat –U1)/I2 (or RL < U2sat /I2]
35. Draw a schematic diagram of an inverting measuring amplifier with an OA, which should
be used for the measurement of the voltage of a source 200 mV having an output
resistance of 0.5 Ω. Suggest values of resistors, if the output voltage of the amplifier
should be U = 2 V and error caused by the input resistance of the amplifier should be less
than 1 %.
[[1] - Fig. 3.7, p. 49; R1 > 50 Ω; for example R1 = 100 Ω, R2 = 1000 Ω ]
36. Suggest a schematic diagram of a circuit which should be used for measurement of the
sinusoidal voltage with the RMS value of 2.4 V. You have at your disposal an OA, a
PMMC meter with the range of 12 mA, a resistor according to your choice and a full-
wave rectifier (Graetz diode bridge). The resulting voltmeter should have a linear scale.
[[L] - Fig. 7.2, Rd = 180.18 Ω]

Measurement of powers

37. Find the power consumption of the one-phase load and the expanded uncertainty of
measurement (coverage factor 2). Draw the circuit diagram for the case that the wattmeter
voltage coil is in parallel with the load. Make correction of the methodical error.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 400 V
wattmeter current range 2 A
wattmeter accuracy class 1.5
wattmeter scale length 100 div.
wattmeter deflection 80 div.
resistance of wattmeter volt. coil 8000 Ω
voltage on the load 380 V.
[[1] - Fig. 5.35a), page 148; 622 W, 13.9 W]
38. Draw the circuit diagram for measurement of the active power of the unbalanced three-
phase load. Voltage system is balanced. Find the load power consumption and the
expanded measurement uncertainty for coverage factor k=2. Error of the method should
be neglected.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 240 V
wattmeter current range 5 A
wattmeter accuracy class 1.5
wattmeter scale length 120 div.
wattmeter W1 deflection 40 div.
wattmeter W2 deflection 100 div.
wattmeter W3 deflection 80 div.
[[1] - Fig. 5.39, p.150; 2200 W,36W ]
39. Draw the circuit diagram for the measurement of reactive power of an unbalanced load
using three wattmeters. The source voltage system is balanced. Write the expression for
the total reactive power, find the value of that power and the measurement uncertainty.
The error of the method should be neglected.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 400 V
wattmeter current range 5 A
wattmeter accuracy class 1
wattmeter scale length 100 div.

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 wattmeter W1 deflection 75 div.
wattmeter W2 deflection 25 div.
wattmeter W3 deflection 20 div.
[[1] - Fig. 5.43, p.152; 1385.6 VAr, 23,09 VAr ]

40. Draw the circuit diagram for the measurement of the reactive power of a three-phase
reactive power (balanced load) using a single wattmeter. Voltage system is balanced.
Write the expression for the total reactive power and find the value of this power and the
expanded uncertainty of measurement (coverage factor k=2). Disregard the error of the
method.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 240 V
wattmeter current range 10 A
wattmeter accuracy class 1.5
wattmeter scale length 120 div.
wattmeter deflection 80 div.
[[1] - Fig. 5.44, p.152; 2771.3 VAr, 41,6 VAr ]

41. Draw the circuit diagram for the measurement of the active power of a three-phase
balanced load using a single wattmeter. Voltage system is balanced. Write the expression
for the total active power and find the value of this power and the expanded uncertainty of
the measurement (coverage factor k=2). Make correction of the error of the method.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 300 V
wattmeter current range 2 A
wattmeter accuracy class 1.5
wattmeter scale length 120 div.
wattmeter deflection 60 div.
resistance of wattmeter volt. coil 4 kΩ
voltage on the load 3 x 380/220 V
[[1] - Fig. 5.42, p.152; 863.7 W,18W ]

42.Power consumption of a three-phase load is measured with two wattmeters in the Aron
connection. Powers measured by the wattmeters were: PW1 = 5 kW, PW2 = 3 kW. The
voltage coil of the wattmeter W2 had to be commutated during the measurement (to get
the positive deflection). Find the total active power. Is it possible to find also the reactive
power from the wattmeter readings? [[1] - Fig. 5.40, p.151; 2 kW; yes, both voltage system
and load are balanced]

43. Draw the circuit diagram for the measurement of the active power of an unbalanced load
using two wattmeters in the voltage system 3 x 380 V. (The source voltage system is
balanced.) Find the power consumption of the load and expanded uncertainty of the
measurement (coverage factor k=2), make correction of the error of the method.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 500 V
wattmeter current range 5 A
wattmeter accuracy class 0.5
wattmeter scale length 100 div.
wattmeter W1 deflection 60 div.
wattmeter W2 deflection 80 div.
resistance of wattmeter volt. coil 10 kΩ
[[1] - Fig. 5.40, p.151; 1371.1 W, 8.16 W]

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44. With what uncertainty of measurement (coverage factor k=2) we can measure the power
consumption of a one-phase load using a wattmeter? Wattmeter voltage coil is connected
in parallel to the load. Make correction of the error of the method.
Given and measured values: wattmeter voltage range 120 V
wattmeter current range 2 A
wattmeter accuracy class 1
wattmeter scale length 120 div.
wattmeter deflection 40 div.
resistance of wattmeter volt. coil 4000 Ω
voltage on the load 120 V
[[1] - Fig. 5.35a, p.148; 76.4 W, 2.77 W]

Measurement of impedances

45. The inductance LX is connected according to the Fig. 16.1. Values of components and the
measured values are: Rn= 1 kΩ, U1 = 1 V, ReU2 = -0.2 V, ImU2 = -0.72 V, f = 159.2 Hz.
Find LX and RX. [0.72 H, 200 Ω]
46. Find CX and the dissipation factor of a capacitor connected in the circuit in Fig. 16.2.
Values of components and the measured values are: RN = 10 kΩ, U1 = 10 V, ReU2 = -
0.4 V, ImU2 = -5.2 V, f = 10 kHz. [CX = 827.6 pF, tgδX = 0.077]
47. You measure parameters of a coil in circuit of the Fig. 16.1. Derive the relation for
finding LX and RX and calculate the magnitude of these quantities if: RN = 10 kΩ, U1 =
1 V, ReU2 = - 0.03 V, ImU2 = - 0.6 V, f = 1 kHz. Draw also shielding of the measured
impedance and decide what is the influence of the parasitic admittances of measured
component to the shielding (explain why it is so). [0.96 H, 300 Ω]
48. You measure parameters of a capacitor using the circuit in Fig. 16.2. Values of
components and the measured values are: RN = 10 kΩ, U1 = 10 V, ReU2 = -0.2 V, ImU2 =
-6.3 V, f = 1592 Hz. Find CX and the dissipation factor, derive the necessary relations.
Draw the shielding of the measured capacitor and explain what is the influence of the
parasitic admittances of the measured component to the screen and why it is so.
[CX =6.3 nF, tgδX = 0.032]

Measurement of magnetic quantities

49. By integrating measurement on the ring specimen, the voltage change U2 = 1.2 V was
measured during the commutation of the magnetizing current. Find the corresponding
value of the magnetic induction Bm, if it is given:
N2 = 100 ... the number of turns of the secondary winding,
SFe = 120 mm2 ... the specimen cross-section,

KWb = 10-2 Wb/V ... the constant of the integrating amplifier (webermeter).
[Bm= 0.5 T]

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50. Draw the circuit diagram of the integrating amplifier, derive expression for its output
voltage and calculate the magnitude of the feedback capacitor so that the constant of the
integrator should be 0.001 Wb/V. Input resistance of the integrator is R = 10 kΩ. [[1] - Fig.
3.48, p. 75; C = 100 nF]
51. A ring specimen is magnetized by an AC sinusoidal current so that the maximum value of
the magnetic field strength is Hm = 120 A/m. The ring specimen parameters are: the outer
diameter D1 = 70 mm, the inner diameter D2 = 50 mm, the magnetizing winding has N1 =
40 turns. What value of current reads an iron-vane (ferromagnetic) ammeter connected in
series with the winding N1? [I1 = 0.4 A]
52. A permalloy ring specimen is magnetized by a current Im = 50 mA (in regime of current
magnetization). Draw the schematic diagram for the measurement of the amplitude
permeability and calculate this permeability value, if it was found that Bm = 0.5 T.
Number of turns of the magnetizing winding is N1 = 20, the mean ring diameter is 0.15/π.
[[1] - Fig. 7.12, p. 214; µa =
& 42 200]
53. A sinusoidal induced voltage 250 mV with the period of 20 ms was measured by a LF
electronic voltmeter on the coil placed in the direction of the magnetic field. The coil had
100 turns and diameter of 100 mm. What is the corresponding maximum value of the
magnetic induction? [1.43 mT]
54. Voltage change of Uint1 = 2 V was measured at the integrator output by a commutation of
a DC magnetizing current I1m = 0.5 A. By a subsequent switch-off of current I1 the
voltage change was Uint2 = -0.1 V. What was the remanent induction Br of the material of
the sample, if the number of turns of the measuring winging is N2 = 100, the cross-section
of the ring specimen is SFe = 100 mm2 and the integrator constant is KWb = 0.01 Wb/V ?
[Br = 0.9 T]
55. A hysteresis loop was recorded during the integrating measurement at the ring specimen
using an X-Y recorder, which had the height (in the Y direction, from one peak to the
other peak) of 8 cm and the width (in the X direction) of 14 cm. Recorder constants were
KX = = KY = 50 mV/cm, integrator constant was KWb = 10-1 Wb/V. The cross-section of
the ring specimen was SFe = 100 mm2, the average diameter of this specimen was 0.14/π
[m], numbers of turns were N1 = 20, N2 = 200. Voltage at the X input of the recorder was
measured across a resistor with the resistance Rn = 1 Ω connected in series with the
magnetizing winding N1. Find Hm and Bm of the measured magnetic material.
[Hm = 50 A/m, Bm = 1 T]
56. A ring ferromagnetic specimen should be magnetized by nonsinusoidal AC current
("voltage magnetization") so that the maximum magnetic field strength be Hm = 100 A/m.
Parameters of the specimen: outer diameter D1 = 55 mm, inner diameter D2 = 45 mm,
number of turns of the magnetising winding N1 = 50. What should be the maximum value
of the magnetizing current for the desired value of Hmax? Draw the schematic circuit
diagram for this case (voltage magnetization, i.e. nonsinusoidal magnetizing current).
[Imax = 0.314 A]
57. A ring ferromagnetic speciment is magnetized by an AC current with maximum value
Imax = 300 mA. Draw a circuit schematic diagram for the measurement of the amplitude
permeability by sinusoidal B(t) and find the value of µa , if Bmax was 0.6 T. Number of
turns of magnetizing winding is N1 = 30, length of the average circle of the specimen is lav
= 0.15 m. [[L] - p.109, Fig. 19.2, µa = 7958]
58. Draw a schematic diagram for the display of dynamic hysteresis loop on the oscilloscope,
derive the formula for the scale on the x-axis, and find the constant for finding Hmax
(A.m-1/div.). Measuring resistor in primary circuit is R1 = 1 Ω, X input sensitivity of

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 oscilloscope is 50 mV/div, length of the avera ge circle of the specimen is lav = 10 cm,
number of turns of the magnetizing winding is N1 = 50.
[[L] - p.109, Fig. 19.2, KHx = 25 A.m-1/div.]
59. Draw a schematic diagram for the display of dynamic hysteresis loop on the oscilloscope,
derive the formula for the scale of the y-axis and find the constant for computation of Bmax
(T/div.), if there is: rectified mean value of the secondary voltage is Urm = 20 V, total
height of the hysteresis loop is 8 divisions, cross-section of the ring specimen is 200 mm2,
number of secondary turns is N2 = 100 and frequency of the fundamental harmonic
component of the induced voltage is 400 Hz. [[L] - p.109, Fig. 19.2, KBy = 0.16 T/div.]

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