EET 321

LaPlace Transforms
Daniel L. Longstreet

AbstractLaPlace Transforms can be used to fully represent a circuit response under any input. This paper will derive the transfer function for a simple bandpass filter and input a step, ramp, and an impulse signal. We will see how powerful LaPlace Transforms are. Index TermsBandpass filters, Frequency Response, LaPlace Equations, LaPlace Transforms.

This will be our transfer function for the remaining of this paper.

II. SERIES RLC CIRCUIT FREQUENCY RESPONSE Using qualitative analysis the output VO will be zero volts when the input frequency is 0 hertz and VO will equal 0 volts when the input frequency is infinity. We will have a maximum gain only when the magnitude of ZL=ZC as shown in Fig. 2. Solving for the center frequency fC we have the following.

I. INTRODUCTION
APLACE transforms allows us to apply DC analysis techniques to AC circuits and then perform a LaPlace transform bringing the transfer function H(s) into the time domain. I will be using a simple LRC bandpass filter circuit shown in Fig. 1. to illustrate the frequency response and look at the transient behavior when the input is a step, Ramp, and an impulse.

Z L = ZC 2f C L = fC = 1 2f C C 1
(3)

2 LC f C = 1.59155kHz S = 10 4 rad s

Fig. 2. Frequency Response the Bandpass Filter Fig. 1. LRC Bandpass Circuit L = 100mH, C = 0.1 F, R = 220

First I will drive the transfer function in terms of LRC.

VO = H (s ) = VS

R 1 sL + +R SC

I inputted a sinusoidal signal 5Vpp and measured the voltage across the resistor. The voltage gain of the circuit is defined as Av = VO/VS. and will be represented in decibels (dB) in TABLE I. TABLE I Measured values for the circuit in Fig. 1. Frequency Av(dB) Phase Shift 795Hz -17.7 86 1.59kHz -6.3 11.5 1.67kHz -6.1 6 3.18kHz -15.6 -69

(1)

In standard form this becomes

R s L H (s ) = R 1 s2 + s + L LC

(2)

Manuscript received December 9, 2007. This work was supported in part by Oregon Institute of Technology. D. L. Longstreet is with the Oregon Institute of Technology, Portland, OR 97006 USA (corresponding author to provide phone: 503-866-5561; e-mail: daniel.longstreet@oit.edu).

We can see that at half the center frequency there is attenuation and the phase shift is close to 90. As you approach the center frequency the gain approaches 0db and 0 but never reaches these values as the inductor has internal

EET 321 resistance reducing the gain at the center frequency. When the frequency was increased to twice the center frequency once again there was attenuation and the phase shift is approaching 90. III. SERIES RLC CIRCUIT STEP RESPONSE In this section we well look at the step response of the circuit with the resistor equaling 220 and 2.2k . Letting L = 100mH, C = 0.1 F R = 220 equation 2 becomes.

2200 s s + 2200 s + 100 10 6 2200 s VO (s ) = 2 VS (s ) s + 2200 s + 100 10 6 H (s ) =

2

(4) (5)

Fig. 3. MatLab Step Response for R=220

Setting VS(s) = the unit step we have

VO (s ) =

2200 s 1 6 s + 2200 s + 100 10 s

2

(6) Fig. 4. IV. SERIES RLC CIRCUIT RAMP R=220 LTSpice unit step Response for RESPONSE

Becoming

VO (s ) =

2200 s + 2200 s + 100 10 6

2

(7)

Factoring the denominator

VO (s ) =

2200 (8) (s + 1100 9939 j )( s + 1100 + 9939 j )

Performing partial fraction expansion

VO (s ) =

k k* + (9) s + 1100 9939 j s + 1100 + 9939 j

Fig. 5. Experimental Results VS(s) = 5/s For the experimental results a step of 5 volts was used. The scope gave us a frequency of oscillation at 1.67kHz. This matched exactly with our measured center frequency value! It would be valuable to note that the frequency of oscillation will always be fC . This fact will help us factor the denominator when finding the roots for imaginary poles. Step Response for R = 2.2k Letting L = 100mH, C = 0.1 F R = 2.2k becomes.

Solving for k we have...

k = VO (s )(s + 1100 9939 j ) s =(1100+ 9939 j ) k = 110.675 10 90

Performing the Laplace transform this becomes
3

(10)

VO (t ) = 221.35e 1100t Cos (9939t 90) u (t )mV (11)

equation 2

H (s ) =

22,000 s s + 22,000 s + 100 10 6

2

(12)

Setting VS(s) = the unit step we have

VO (s ) =

22,000 s 1 6 s + 22,000 s + 100 10 s

2

(13)

EET 321 Becoming

VO (s ) =

22,000 s + 22,000 s + 100 10 6

2

(14)

Factoring the denominator

VO (s ) =

22,000 (s + 6,417.42)(s + 15,582.6)

(15)

Performing partial fraction expansion

Fig. 8. Experimental Results step response for R = 2.2k

VO (s ) =

k1 k2 + s + 6417.42 s + 15582.6

(16)

Solving for k1 we have...

We see that matlab, LTSpice, and the experimental results all agree on the type of decay. For the step response with R=2.2k the measured rate of decay was.

k1 = VO (s )(s + 6417.42 ) s =(6417.42 ) k 1 = 2 .4 k 2 = VO (s )(s + 15582.6 ) s =(15582.6 ) k 2 = 2 .4

Performing the Laplace transform this becomes

(17)

Rate =

V 3.48v v = = 3762 t 925s s

(18)

This was an approximate rate of decay and can be seen in Fig. 9. compaired against the step response.

VO (t ) = 2.4e 6417.42t 2.4e 15582.6t u (t )V

(20)

Fig. 9. Approximate Rate of Decay from experiment data compared against the step response of the circuit. Fig. 6. MatLab Unit step response for R = 2.2k

V. SERIES RLC CIRCUIT IMPULSE RESPONSE The Impulse Response is a complete characterization of the circuit because the LaPlace of the impulse is 1. The next example will shown the impulse response of the circuit.

Fig. 7. LTSpice Unit Step Response for R = 2.2k

2200 s s + 2200 s + 100 10 6 2200 s VO (s ) = 2 V S (s ) s + 2200 s + 100 10 6 H (s ) =

2

(21) (22)

Setting VS(s) = (t)

VO (s ) =

2200 s s + 2200 s + 100 10 6

2

(23)

Factoring the denominator

VO (s ) =

2200 (24) (s + 1100 9939 j )( s + 1100 + 9939 j )

EET 321 Performing partial fraction expansion

VO (s ) =

k k* + s + 1100 9939 j s + 1100 + 9939 j

(25)

VO (t ) = 22 + 22.134e 1100t Cos (9939t + 173.7) u (t )V (37)

Solving for k we have...

k = VO (s )(s + 1100 9939 j ) s =(1100+9939 j ) k = 1106.726.32

Performing the Laplace transform this becomes

(26)

Fig. 11. Ramp response

VO (t ) = 2214e 1100t Cos (9939t + 6.32) u (t )V

(27)

Fig. 10. LTSpice Impulse response Fig. 12. Experimental Results Ramp

Ramp Response

2200 s s + 2200 s + 100 10 6 2200 s V S (s ) VO (s ) = 2 s + 2200 s + 100 10 6 H (s ) =

2

(30) (31)

The ramp response of the circuit will have a decaying oscillation decaying to a particular voltage value due to the pole at zero.

VI. CONCLUSION Laplace transforms allowed us to analyze circuits in the sdomain. We started with a transfer function H(s) and multiply this function with the LaPlace of the input. We then did a LaPlace transform this gave us an equation in the time domain that completely represented the transits and the steady state of the circuit. It was found that the frequency of oscillation was identical with the center frequency. Also the ideal analysis did not take into account the imperfections of the components being used.
Daniel L. Longstreet is pursuing his Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering Technology from the Oregon Institute of Technology in Portland, OR USA and is expected to graduate June 2009. He also has an Associates of Science in Industrial Electronics from the Technical College of the LowCounrty Beaufort, SC. USA May 2005. He is working at Daktronics Sales and Service in Portland Oregon as a student technician.

Setting VS(s) = Ramp

VO (s ) = VO (s ) =

2200 s 1 2 6 s + 2200 s + 100 10 s

2

(32)

Becoming

2200 1 6 s + 2200 s + 100 10 s

2

Factoring the denominator

VO (s ) =

2200 (33) s(s + 1100 9939 j )( s + 1100 + 9939 j )

Performing partial fraction expansion

k1 k k* VO (s ) = + + (34) s s + 1100 9939 j s + 1100 + 9939 j

Solving for k1 we have...

k1 = VO (s )s k1 = 22 10

s =0 6

(35)

k = VO (s )(s + 1100 9939 j ) s =(1100+9939 j ) k = 11.067 10 6 173.7

Performing the Laplace transform this becomes

(36)