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GUIDANCE
FOR STAKEHOLDERS
IN THE HORTICULTURAL
SUPPLY CHAIN
POST- HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF PAPAYA
TO ENSURE QUALITY AND SAFETY
GUIDANCE
FOR STAKEHOLDERS
IN THE HORTICULTURAL
SUPPLY CHAIN
TITOLO
Esguerra, E., Rapusas, R. and Rolle, R.S. 2020. Post-harvest management of papaya to ensure quality
and safety – Guidance for stakeholders in the horticultural supply chain. Rome. FAO.
E SOTTOTITOLO
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Contents
Acronyms�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iv
Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Packaging ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9
Considerations when using plastic crates��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Transport��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Bibliography ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
iv
Acronyms
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GMS Greater Mekong Subregion
HWT Hot water treatment
PHTRC Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center (the Philippines)
RAP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO)
RAS Rural Advisory Services
PDR People’s Democratic Republic
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
TCP Technical Cooperation Programme
UPLB University of the Philippines Los Baños
POST- HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF PAPAYA TO ENSURE QUALITY AND SAFETY 1
Introduction
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the popular
tropical fruits consumed in the Lao People’s
Democratic Republic (PDR). It is consumed
both at the green and ripe stages (Photo 1) of
development. Ripe papaya is eaten in the fresh
form at breakfast and as a dessert, it is also used
as an ingredient in salads or processed into juices,
jellies, marmalades, candy and crystallised fruit.
Immature green papaya fruits are pickled, used in
salads or cooked and consumed as a vegetable.
Aside from their economic value, consumers
are increasingly becoming aware of the superior
©UPLB
nutritional value of papaya and its bioactive
components, which are believed to protect the
human body from disease. Photo 1. Papayas sold at the green and ripe stages
Photo 4. Changes in the papaya as the fruit ripens, an example of programmed Papayas lose water
change
The fruit is comprised of mainly water. When
harvested, the water lost during respiration can
no longer be replaced. Hence, the papaya fruit is
subject to shrivelling and weight loss under low
humidity conditions and consequently suffers a
loss in marketable weight. Exposure of the fruit to
the sun results in rapid water loss.
Maturity indices
©UPLB
consumers.
©UPLB
sugar content of papaya occurs when the seeds and
the pulp change colour, therefore it is recommended
that the fruit is harvested at this stage. Photo 7. Papaya – Maturity indices: skin turns yellow at the blossom end (a);
and orange-yellow pulp and black seeds (b)
Time of harvest
Method of harvest
Photo 10. Newly harvested fruit in plastic crates held in a shaded area
POST- HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF PAPAYA TO ENSURE QUALITY AND SAFETY 5
Trimming
©UPLB
Trimming refers to cutting the stem that is left on
the fruit (Photo 11). If the papaya is packed with Photo 11. A simple packinghouse for papaya where operations such as trimming
the long stem attached it may injure the peel of are performed
other fruit in the container. Scratching, which may
not be seen at the unripe stage, may appear as
discolouration on the skin of the ripe fruit. A B
Cleaning/washing
Sorting/grading
©UPLB
• premature ripening.
©UPLB
Post-harvest diseases
©UPLB
• Fill the tank with enough clean water to
completely immerse the fruit-filled crate in
Photo 17. The two main post-harvest diseases affecting papaya: anthracnose
heated water (about 3/4 of the total depth of (a) and stem end rot (b)
the tank).
©UPLB
Since papayas float in water, place a cover, such
as a net (Photo 19) on top of the crates.
Photo 18. Papaya showing a reduced incidence of decay after hot water treatment
• Dip the crates in hot water for 10 minutes
(Photo 19).
• If there is no pump to circulate the water, stir
the water occasionally to ensure a uniform
temperature in the tank.
• The treatment can be shortened to 5 minutes
if the papayas are produced during the dry
hot period when conditions are unfavourable
©UPLB
A B
Packaging
Good bulk packaging is essential to maintaining
the quality of papayas during transportation and
subsequent handling. The basic functions of bulk
packaging are to contain sufficient quantities
of papayas, to protect the papayas during
transportation and handling.
©UPLB
A B
of fresh papayas since they provide adequate
protection against compression damage (Photo
22a). Their smooth interior allows them to be Photo 22. Plastic crates (a) and round plastic basket (b)
easily cleaned. Plastic crates are also stackable,
reusable and returnable. Although more
expensive than traditional packaging containers,
plastic crates can be used over extended periods
from 5 to 6 years. If plastic crates are used,
the packaging cost per kilogram of produce, is
relatively cheaper.
©UPLB
When round plastic containers are used for bulk
packaging, the vehicle must be equipped with
Photo 23. Papayas packed in polystyrene fruit cups at the farm and displayed
horizontal dividers so that the contents are not
for retail
damaged.
Packaging
Semi-rigid containers such as bamboo baskets do
A B not provide adequate protection to their contents.
When used as ripening containers, large bamboo
BAD baskets may damage the papayas and may cause
PRACTICE compression damage, especially to the fruit at
the bottom of the pack (Photo 25a).
Photo 25. Papayas packed in large bamboo baskets (a) and in plastic bags (b) Considerations when using plastic crates
Photo 27. Storage of plastic crates in separate area (a) and not together with
vehicles, fertilizers and other chemicals (b)
POST- HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF PAPAYA TO ENSURE QUALITY AND SAFETY 11
Transport
Generally papayas are transported during three
major steps in the supply chain: BAD GOOD
• From the field to the collection centre
©UPLB
Good transport practice is critical to maintaining
quality during transportation:
Photo 28. Bad practice – Cartons or boxes used as steps to load packages in a
✓Bulk packaging containing the papayas must vehicle; Good practice – plastic crates stacked on a truck
be handled gently and must not be dropped or
thrown down.
©UPLB
✓The transport vehicle must be clean to ensure
the safety of the produce. Safety can be
compromised by:
Photo 29. Transport vehicle used to store farm implements and tools
• decaying remains of produce from the
previous shipment;
• insects and rodents nesting in the vehicles;
• use of the vehicle to store farm implements
(Photo 29).
(Photo 31).
Bibliography
Bautista, O.K. & Esguerra, E.B. (Eds) 2007. Postharvest technology for Southeast Asian perishable crops. Second Edition.
University of the Philippines Los Baños and DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research. 447p.
FAO. 2012. Third mission report to project Lead Technical Officer under TCP/RAS/3310:
Capacity-development to reduce post-harvest losses in horticultural chains in GMS countries. Bangkok, the Kingdom of
Thailand, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Kanlayanarat, S., Rolle, R. & Acedo, A. 2009. Horticultural chain management for countries of Asia and the Pacific Region: a
Training Package. FAO RAP 2009/2006. Bangkok, the Kingdom of Thailand, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations – Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Kitinoja, L. & Kader, A.A. 2003. Small-scale post-harvest handling practices: a manual for horticultural crops, Fourth Edition,
United States, Postharvest Technology Research and Information Center, University of California, Davis.
Rapusas, R.S. & Rolle, R.S. 2009. Management of reusable plastic crates in fresh produce supply chains – a technical guide,
Bangkok, the Kingdom of Thailand, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – Regional Office for Asia
and the Pacific.
©FAO
©FAO, 2020
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