Dengue fever

Dengue fever is a virus-based disease spread by mosquitoes. Dengue fever is caused by one of four different but related viruses. It is spread by the bite of mosquitoes, most commonly the mosquitoAedes aegypti, which is found in tropic and subtropic regions. This includes parts of:

Indonesian archipelago into northeastern Australia South and Central America Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Dengue fever is being seen more in world travelers. Dengue fever should not be confused with Dengue hemorrhagic fever, which is a separate disease that is caused by the same type of virus but has much more severe symptoms. Symptoms Dengue fever begins with a sudden high fever, often as high as 104 - 105 degrees Fahrenheit. A flat, red rash may appear over most of the body 2 - 5 days after the fever starts. A second rash, which looks like the measles, appears later in the disease. Infected people may have increased skin sensitivity and are very uncomfortable. Other symptoms include:

Headache (especially behind the eyes) Fatigue Joint aches Muscle aches Nausea Swollen lymph nodes Vomiting

Signs and tests Tests that may be done to diagnose this condition include:

Antibody titer for dengue virus types Complete blood count (CBC) Serology studies to look for antibodies to dengue viruses

Treatment There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. You will need fluids if there are signs of dehydration. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is used to treat a high fever. Avoid taking aspirin. Expectations (prognosis) The condition generally lasts a week or more. Although uncomfortable, dengue fever is not deadly. People with the condition should fully recover. Complications

Febrile convulsions Severe dehydration

Calling your health care provider Call your health care provider if you have traveled in an area where dengue fever is known to occur and have developed symptoms of the disease. Prevention Clothing, mosquito repellent, and netting can help reduce exposure to mosquitoes. Traveling during periods of minimal mosquito activity can also be helpful. Mosquito abatement programs may reduce the risk of infection.

Gallstones
Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus

Gallstones are hard, pebble-like deposits that form inside the gallbladder. Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.

Acute cholecystitis Choledocholithiasis

Causes, incidence, and risk factors The cause of gallstones varies. There are two main types of gallstones:

Stones made out of cholesterol. Gallstones made out of cholesterol are by far the most common type. Cholesterol gallstones have nothing to do with the cholesterol levels in the blood. Stones made from too much bilirubin in the bile. Bile is a liquid made in the liver that helps the body digest fats. Bile is made up of water, cholesterol, bile salts, and other chemicals, such as bilirubin. Such stones are called pigment stones.

Gallstones are more common in women, Native Americans and other ethnic groups, and people over age 40. Gallstones may also run in families. The following also make you more likely to develop gallstones:

Failure of the gallbladder to empty bile properly (this is more likely to happen during pregnancy) Medical conditions that cause the liver to make too much bilirubin, such as chronic hemolytic anemia, including sickle cell anemia Liver cirrhosis and biliary tract infections (pigmented stones) Diabetes Bone marrow or solid organ transplant Rapid weight loss, particularly eating a very low-calorie diet Receiving nutrition through a vein for a long period of time (intravenous feedings)

Symptoms Many people with gallstones have never had any symptoms. The gallstones are often discovered when having a routine x-ray, abdominal surgery, or other medical procedure.

However, if a large stone blocks either the cystic duct or common bile duct (called choledocholithiasis), you may have a cramping pain in the middle to right upper abdomen. This is known as biliary colic. The pain goes away if the stone passes into the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). Symptoms that may occur include:

Pain in the right upper or middle upper abdomen:

May go away and come back May be sharp, cramping, or dull May spread to the back or below the right shoulder blade Occurs within minutes of a meal

Fever Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

Additional symptoms that may occur with this disease include:

Abdominal fullness Clay-colored stools Nausea and vomiting

It is important to see a doctor if you have symptoms of gallstones. Gallstones are found in many people with gallbladder cancer. Signs and tests Tests used to detect gallstones or gallbladder inflammation include:

Abdominal ultrasound Abdominal CT scan Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Gallbladder radionuclide scan Endoscopic ultrasound Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTCA)

Your doctor may order the following blood tests:

Bilirubin Liver function tests Pancreatic enzymes

Treatment SURGERY Some people have gallstones and have never had any symptoms. The gallstones may not be found until an ultrasound is done for another reason. Surgery may not be needed unless symptoms begin. In general, patients who have symptoms will need surgery either right away, or after a short period of time. In the past, open cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) was the usual procedure for uncomplicated cases. However, this is done less often now. A technique called laparoscopic cholecystectomy is most commonly used now. This procedure uses smaller surgical cuts, which allow for a faster recovery. Patients are often sent home from the hospital on the same day as surgery, or the next morning. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and a procedure called a sphincterotomy may be done to locate or treatgallstones in the common bile duct.

MEDICATION Medicines called chenodeoxycholic acids (CDCA) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, ursodiol) may be given in pill form to dissolve cholesterol gallstones. However, they may take 2 years or longer to work, and the stones may return after treatment ends. Rarely, chemicals are passed into the gallbladder through a catheter. The chemical rapidly dissolves cholesterol stones. This treatment is not used very often, because it is difficult to perform, the chemicals can be toxic, and the gallstones may return. LITHOTRIPSY Electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of the gallbladder has also been used for selected patients who cannot have surgery. Because gallstones often come back in many patients, this treatment is not used very often anymore. Expectations (prognosis) Gallstones develop in many people without causing symptoms. The chance of symptoms or complications from gallstones is low. Nearly all patients who have gallbladder surgery do not have their symptoms return (if the symptoms were actually caused by gallstones). Complications Blockage of the cystic duct or common bile duct by gallstones may cause the following problems:

Acute cholecystitis

Cholangitis Cholecystitis - chronic Choledocholithiasis Pancreatitis

Calling your health care provider Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have:

Pain in the right upper part of your abdomen Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes

Prevention There is no known way to prevent gallstones. If you have gallstone symptoms, eating a low-fat diet and losing weight may help you control symptoms.