InputData

R.D.Barree Barree&AssociatesLLC

InThisSession
Discussinputdatarequiredfor3Dfracmodels Introducethecompletestressequationas implementedinGOHFER Breakaparttheelementsofthestressequation
PoissonsRatioandYoungsModulus NetEffectiveStress
PorePressure,OverburdenPressure,BiotsConstant

ExternalStressBoundaryConditions

HeightContainmentMechanismsotherthan StressContrast
2009

Types ofInputData
ControlofStressProfile
PoissonsRatio YoungsModulus StressandStrainOffsets PorePressure BiotsAlpha Depth OBGradient

ControlofFracture Growth
StressProfile ProcessZoneStress

Otherinputdatarelatingtofluidlossandefficiency, fluidandsolidtransport,andpostfracproductionwill bediscussedlater. 2009

DefinitionofStressandPressure
Stressandpressurearebothtermsforthemagnitudeofan appliedforceperunitarea(lbf/in2,Pa,bar,atm,kg/m2,etc.) thetermpressureisappliedtofluids
Pressureactsequallyinalldirections Pressurehasmagnitudeonly

Thetermstressisappliedtosolids
Stresshasdirectionandmagnitude Stressisconsideredtobeavectorortensorquantity Stressisnotisotropic Positivestressesleadtocompressionandnegativestressesto extension

2009

InSituEarthStresses
Stressescausedbyoverburdenweight
Verticaltohorizontaltransformthroughconfined compaction

Stressescausedbytectonicmovements Stressescausedbycreepflowandplasticity Effectsofporepressureanditsvariation Stressescausedbydiagenesis Obtain elastic properties from core and logs Infer all other influences from field measurements
2009

GOHFERs CompleteStressEquation
Pc =

(1 )

[Pob v Pp ] + h Pp + x E + t
Pp =PorePressure x = regional horizontal strain, microstrains E = Youngs Modulus, million psi t = regional horizontal tectonic stress
2009

Pc = closure pressure, psi = Poissons Ratio Pob = Overburden Pressure v = vertical Biots poroelastic constant h = horizontal Biots poroelastic constant

UniaxialStrain: DeformationinOneDirection
v = POB-PP Horizontal stress required to assure no lateral strain

H = (P PP ) OB (1)
2009

OverburdenPressure
Pob istheexternallyappliedload InGOHFERexpressedby: Dtvob Where obistheoverburdenstressgradient, psi/ft Dtvisthetrueverticaldepth,feet
2009

NetStressCausesRockDeformation
Pob Pp = Pi n Pp = 0 n Pob

TotalStressRemainsConstant Asporepressuredeclines,netstressincreases n = Pob Pp

2009

DefinitionofStrain

L Original Length L1 Compressed Sample Length

L2

2009

Stress/StrainRelationship
F (Stress) F/A L A L = L/L (Strain)
2009

Stress/StrainSlope RockStiffness
Youngs Modulus: E=/ HigherSlope Indicates Stiffer Material
2009

Stress () Strain ()

YoungsModulusisNotaConstant &DeformationisNonLinear

2009

CoreAlterationDuring CoringandHandling
Removalofoverburdenstresswhilecoring:
Corediskingandfracturing

Removalofconfiningstressduringcorerecovery:
Expulsionoftrappedporepressure Generationofmicrofractures Anelasticstrain(differentialexpansion)ofcore

Thermalcontraction Dessicationandoxidation Stresscyclingandnonrepresentativestressstates Improperrestorationofsaturation

2009

ModulusDependsonConditionsof Measurement
Differential Stress

E4 E5

E2

E3

E1 Axial Strain
2009

DefinitionofPoissonsRatio
PoissonsRatio= = x / z
z=L/L1 L1

D1

x=D/D1

0 < < 0.5

2009

MeasurementofDynamicand StaticElasticProperties
Dynamicmodulusmustbeconvertedtostatic modulus
StaticModulus:largeamplitudeatlow(zero)frequency (loadframetests) DynamicModulus:smallamplitudeathighfrequency (acousticwaves)

Whichstressstatebestdefinestherightconditions tomeasuremodulus?
Resultsaffectedbystrainrate,saturations,temperature, frequency,history,time,andmanyotherfactors
2009

ModelingofPp:

PorePressure
Incorrect Pressure Distribution Incorrecttotal stressprofile Incorrect Fracture Geometry

Usualapparentgradientgivespressureonlyatdatum IntheGOHFERtotalstressequation expressedinmorecomplexform reflectschangeinpressure(andstress)acrossdepth intervaltobestimulated

Pp = (Dtv p + Poff )

Dtv = true vertical depth (feet) p = pore fluid gradient, psi/ft Poff = pore pressure offset, psi
2009

VariablePorePressureOffset
GeoPressuredEnvironment
Apparent pore gradient Top of Overpressure

Dtv

Poff
Pore Pressure Depletion

Pp

2009

VariablePorePressureOffset
GravityCapillaryPressureSystem
Caprock seal

Pcgw

Dtv

Pcgw

Sw
Free Energy Surface (Pc=0)

Pp

2009

EffectofPorePressureonStress
Porefluidsupportspartofthetotalstress Porepressuredepletionincreasesnetstress andleadstocompaction Porepressuredepletiondecreasestotal (fractureclosure)stress Fracturestendtogrowintoregionoflowest porepressure

2009

PorePressureVariationsInduce ClosureStressContrasts
ClosurePressure(Pc)isaffectedby PorePressure(Pp): (Pob Pp ) + Pp + x Pc = (1 )
Closure Press, psi
4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 0

1000

2000

3000

Reservoir Pressure, psi

2009

ClosureStressChangeRelatedto PressureDepletionandPR
Change in Closure Stress with Pore Pressure

Poissons Ratio ()

2009

ReservoirPressureGradients
Fracturesgrowintoareasoflowerclosure stressorpressure verticalfracsgrowupwardinuniformrock Lateralpressuregradientshavethesame effectasverticalgradients Drillingandfracinginapressuregradientcan leadtoasymmetricfracturegrowth

2009

WhatWeHaveSoFar
Sofarwehavetransformedthis:

[Pob v Pp ] + h Pp

to

[D

tv ob

v (Dtv p + Poff )] + h (Dtv p + Poff )

Sowhataboutthat??
2009

BiotsPoroelasticConstant
Internalfluidpressureisnottransmitted perfectlytotherockmatrix Correctionfactorapplied
Biotsporoelasticconstant()

Soneteffectivestressis:
n = Pob Pp Which should make one part of the GOHFER equation recognizable as the net effective stress.
2009

BiotsConstant&Its EffectsonStress
Biotsporoelasticconstant()istheefficiencywith whichinternalporepressureoffsetstheexternally appliedverticaltotalstress as declines,net(intergranular)stressincreasesand porepressurevariationshavelessimpactonnetstress

t = 1 n <1

t n

2009

PossibleCorrelationsfor
Biots Poroelastic Constant

= 1

cg cb

= 1

Kb Kf

Data from Detournay and Cheng (1993)

Effective Porosity, fraction

2009

AssumptionsinStressCalculations
Pc =

(1 )

[Pob v Pp ] + h Pp + x E + t

TocalculatePc assumptionsmustobviouslybe madeabout possibilitiesinclude: v =h f(PHIE),constantstrainoffset v =h f(PHIE),constantstressoffset v variable,h=1,strainoffset v =h=1,strainoffset

2009

ResultingStressProfiles

Closure Stress, psi

Depth, feet

2009

Drainedvs.UndrainedPoissonsRatio andYoungsModulusinCoals
DrainedTest:
Porefluidisfreetoescape orcompress Porepressureconstant withcompaction Cleatssupportloadand mayshear =0.35

UndrainedTest:
Porefluidistrappedand incompressible Porepressureincreases withcompaction Porefluidsupportstotal stress =0.5
2009

TriaxialLoading:
DefinedbyThreePrincipalStresses E = z/z = y/z z
Is the material homogeneous and isotropic?

x y
2009

OrientedAnisotropicCoreData: Whatdoesitmean?
z=v

z=h
zv rH B

rv

r=h

rH rH

Optimum angle for shear along horizontal bedding

rh

C
2009

Fractures,Laminations,andSample ScaleEffectsinShale

2009

HomogeneityandAnisotropy: Whatarewemeasuring?

2009

WhatAretheMechanicalPropertiesof This?

2009

MoreComplex RealisticInSituStressStates

Actualinsitustresses canonlybedetermined bydirectmeasurement.

x y

x y z

2009

InSituStressFieldControls FractureOrientation
Fractureorientation determinedby relationshipofprincipal stresses
1

Stressdistributioncontrols fractureorientation,height containment,treatingpressure magnitude,andchangein treatingpressureduring Orientationofinducedfractures controlledprimarilybythe stressdifferencebetweenthe3 principalstresses themajordisplacement (openingoffracturewidth) occursinthedirectionofthe minimumprincipalstress
2009

ExternalStressBoundary Conditions

Pc =

(1 )

[Pob v Pp ] + h Pp + x E + t

2009

HandlingTectonicStress
Twoways
1. aconstantregionalstresscanbeaddedtoone (orboth)horizontalstressesoversomevertical extent 2. assumesomeregionalstrainwhichthen generatesadifferentstressineachlayer, accordingtoitsstiffness
allowscomponentofstressproportionaltoYoungs Modulus showntoworkeffectivelyinmanyfieldcases
2009

RegionalStrain ProducesTectonicStress

Tension

Regional Strain

Compression
2009

Estimated Stresses Dependonthe ModelUsed

2009

StressAdjustmentsThrough TectonicStrain
Uniaxial Strain
-5500 poroelastic -5600 linear

Adjusted Stress

-5700

-5800

-5900

-6000

Added200micro strainsregionalstrain tostresscalcstomatch observedclosurestress of4500psiat6050

Depth (ft)

-6100

-6200

-6300 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Closure Stress (psi)

2009

GOHFERsTotalStressEquation
Wehavenowexaminedthevariouspartsofthe totalstressequation:

[Dtvob v (Dtv p + Poff )]+h(Dtv p + Poff )+xE +t P= c (1 )

2009

OtherHeight ContainmentMechanisms
Inelasticenergydissipation
shearfailure bedslip naturalfractures plasticdeformation NeedtoreexamineclassicalLEFMmodels (LinearElasticFractureMechanics)
2009

PlasticDeformationofRocks UnderConfiningStress
Original Sample 4000 psi Confining Stress 6500 psi Confining Stress

2009

RocksBehaveLikePlasticMaterials

2009

AreAllShalestheSame? Brittlevs.DuctileBehavior

2009

DefinitionofBrittlenessBasedon E(YMS_C)and (PR_C)

Ductile Rocks

Brittle Rocks

YM_BRIT = ((YMS_C - 1)/(8- 1)) * 100 PR_BRIT = (( PR_C- 0.4)/ (0.15 - 0.4)) * 100 BRIT = (YM_BRIT + PR_BRIT) / 2

2009

ProposedFractureStimulation ChoicesBasedonBrittleness

Mullen, SPE 115258

2009

DefinitionofBrittleDuctileFailure

Quasi-plastic or strain-hardening

Brittle failure or strain-softening

2009

TernaryDiagramofthemineralogyoffourBarnett ShaleWells
Quartz SPE 115258 Quartz Rich

Carbonate

Clay
2009

TernaryDiagramofthemineralogyofallShalesinthe NorthAmericaDatabase
Quartz 1: Brittle quartz rich 2: Brittle carbonate 3,4: Ductile, hard to frac

Carbonate
2009

Clay

PlasticityandCreep:
EffectsonStressEstimates ApparentPoissonsRatioapproaches0.5 Horizontalstressesbecomenearlyequal Horizontalstresscanalmostequal verticalstress Tendencyforstrongheightcontainment inclayrich,plasticsediments Possiblebluntingorfracturetruncation
2009

LithologiesSusceptible toPlasticCreep
Coals Carbonates(atgreatdepth) GumboShales Evaporites Halite Anhydrite
2009

ConfirmingInputDataAccuracy
Needdirectmappingof fracturegrowth Mostdatasuggeststhat containmentismuch betterthanexpected Thestressmodelused isatleastasimportant astheinputdata Elasticproperties derivedfromsoniclogs maynotbethemost useful
Surrogatepropertiesmay givemorepredictive results Poroelasticityis importantandmaygivea timeandpermeability dependenceonapparent stress Assumingv(PHIE)and h=1givesthelargest stresscontrastinmost systems Oftenothercontainment mechanismsmustbe invoked(shearslipand layeredmedia)
2009