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Tips mpoexruponanni mseHinx HaAeAMH AAs COaAAHHS KONTIOSHIEH ¢opmsi ucnoansyior caeqyiommue AMHUM: CMAY9 THe (BHEUTEKE oveptanua cbopMn); KOHCTPYKTMS He (UID H BBrrasKu, MpHMe- alemBie Aas cosaanus chopyt, KoTOpHIe Halle BCerO OCTaIOTes Manosa- MeTHuiMi); KOHCTPYKTHBHO-AeKOPATHD MMe (IIH, BAITAUKH, CKAGAKH 1 T.1L, BLIACACHHBIe ACKOPATHBHOM CTPONKOM, KarITOM 1 AP.); ACKOpAT HH He (KonTypHue ANNUM AeTaAelt H HACTpOLeHHBIe 9A€- MeHTHI OTAPAOK — KDYXKEHO, TEChMA, BMIILMBKA i.) HanGonee tostol # auctepnstmaiomeit XapaKrepucrHkoH (bopwss mmefitioro HaneAns aBAseTCH CHAysr. Vimenno cHAyaT OMpeAeeT OOMIYIO BuipasuTeasHoct® MoaeaH. TToa cayoTHOH (bOpMOH MOXHO CKPEITE He- Aoctarkx dbirypsi. A rpamorHoe coveranme caayora H MponopIHOHaAb- Horo peutentx nomoxxer caenaT® cpHTypy Gonee rapmonWaHo!. Tipu npoexruposanmu ueitnen naqeamit ans KoppeXMHH (>HTYpSL ucnoaBsyior orrriyeckwe HANIo3HH. [IpH 3TOM HCTOAESy:07TCs CROHicTBA ‘BePTHKaADHHIX, POPHSOHTAAKHBX M AMaronaADITHX ANEMIA, TIpannastioe punerenue onnyecnix wAIO3Hit NOSBONHT BHSyAXKHO MOAHYO Gp TYPY cAeaaTh crpolistee, y BHICOKOH barype HeMHOTO CKPHITS poct WTA. (Canaeres, 40 Haaume nepramansmerx xmmtt (noACc) B M3AeAN Aenaer dburypy Gone crpofttiott, KaK Ohi BHITATUBAeT ee 1, HAOGOPOT— 11 IMPOKMe BepTHKAABHBe HOAOCH MOFYT cAeAaTE dbuLypy HOAHee, a B Ma AOOGLEMHBIX HAACAHAX Ha YHACTRAX, TAC H9ACAHE AOTHO mpHaeraeT K cburype, nepraKanbias AUHHSI MpeBpalljaeTcs B eKT OyAeT AOCTATHYT, ‘KorAa uMeIoTCa OcoGeHHOCTH purypEl. CKoppeKTHpowaTL OcoGeHHOCTH ¢buryper NoxkHo HecKonssaH cnocobaNEL = Cm0co6 1. Cxpsrrs reaocrarkn ¢ nomompsto mpoctopHott onerans. = Cm0c06 2, Moneanposars npoGnemnyio aony, HCHOABays onmirseckne nanioom. = Cnoco6 3. CGarancuposath urypy Hocpeacraom «Ao- Crpanpanna» Heaocraiomeli wacrH (Hampumep, noKaTHIe "MAe4H CKOpPeKTHpORATs.c HOMOMIO REPKHHX HACHERIIX Ha xnaaox). © Coco 4, Bugeants c nomouuo axneron jocrouncTaa dburypus Y cOananicuposasinx cburyp mMpaHa MAe paBHa mMpuHe OeAep, Ho pit sToM nisaeAsiOT duryi ¢ TOHKOM, KPKO mIspaKeHHO} TAANeH 1 cna6o oGoauaeHbiM yuacTKoM TaAHH, PaccMorpis Ha mpHMepe burypet ¢ ulupoKusty Gegpau tt yaxustu marewasu nepemicnenniie nist cHoco6Hi KoppeKTHpOBKE, Cm0coGom 1, pacnpocrpanenminn cpeast moTpeOnTenet— cmps- ‘Tarn nmporste Geapa m0, mmHApOKOit rOGKOi, — noaysM GoABUNA OO LEM sp oOnactu Genep. Ecait Moneaupopars npoGnensty:o ony (1mpoxne Geapa) (co 606 2), 70 yMecrua 106ka ¢ neprHKaABHIMH cKAAAKAMH (yMepeHHOrO [pasMepa), Koropasi cnenaer mKpoKe Geapa Goaee crpoitina, Ho cre ayer uaGerats o6yxerua nagenitit wa yuacrke wixe ypostia Geaep (He aonyexatores 10GKH € HAOTHIM OGAeraHHEN 1H 3ayREHHE KHHGY, a TawoKe yaxite YKopoweHHe Gpioxn). [peaourene crour ova Yanuutenoil woGke c ymepennbim pacumpeniten Ha yuacrKe oT Geaep {AO maa (pic. 2:1, a) aM Kraccusecxoi: ope GpioK. He pexowenay- ores 10GKut «Constile> 1 MOAYCOAHeD, COAAAIOUIME AOTIONHHTEABHAIL OGveM B oGAacTH Geaep (PHC. 2.1, 6). Ecait ypanitint oGuen nepxieli (yaxue Het) W HEKHEH (UIMpOKMe Geapa) sacteit burypst (c110.c0 6 3), 70, ¥crIOABsya pepxHe MAcenLe HaKAaaKut, Moxkho Hloayuirs yMepentioe pactuspene nrevenoro yuacr- 1, AXIICHT B MpOeKTHPyeNOMI MOACAH PeKOMeHIAVeTCH PacTIOnaraTt BIC ‘Tannit —» OGxacTH rpyau, Aes, Ha nepxHtx ywacTKax pykana, [IpHBE- Gope toxpos pyxaa mpeaTiyrenme OTAaBaTs BHByaNBHOMY PacmIMpe- Mito, nanpustep srawioii pyran c HartonHenueM oxava pyxasa va cuer 13 cGopxx man samuntos. BH3yaAbHO paclMpHTh yaKHe HACI TOMODKET IpuMeHteHwe mimpoKex BopoTHMKoR H eAepHH. ‘YroOu MpHBAeE BHNMAHMe K AOCTOMHCTBaM dburypEH (cOCOG 4), HcHoaBsyen mpi KOHCTPYHPORAHHH MOAeAH ROPOTHHTKH yReamueHHOrO PasMepa MAH sIpKuii aKileHT B OOAACTH Ie. OCHORHKINE CHAY9TAMH Oyayr noaympmaeraromynii, npiranermnait (c pactmpennem no ARKH Husa), Tparerwesuarntit ymepertoro ofmema. Marepwanst Aas TAe%e- BOTO H3AeAHA — TKAHH ¢ PUCYHKOM m peakedpHOH MoRepxHOCTEIO. Yro- Gur spirensto yMexbunirr® ILMpUTTy GeAep AAR HOHICHOTO H3AeAHLA, PEKO- MeHayeTes raaaxoxpamienuit manepuan, CHOKOHHOe pemierue cHaysTa a 6 Pao. 2.1. Monenn anexabi ans burypat c ySkuMU nneann v wnpoKinen Gen pam {8 — npasuneno; 6 — wenpaaunHo 14 i pam (cM, puc. 2.1, a). Hexbas mpHMexsrs Hoxpoit pykasa pernatt, ‘Tak Kak OH He CAAAer YUACTOK MAC TIMP, a MBILIHAsE KOPOTKAA 1OOKA Ha MaTepuana ¢ KPyTMHBIM (HAH CpeAHHM ro paamepy) PHICYHKOM Ht aK- eHTOM 0 HUSY pyxkaBon H Bray 2RaKeTa ene Gonwute pactmpstT Geapa (em. pac. 2.1, 6). PaceMotpust napnanrr, KorAa XapakrepHen NepraMu ¢burypBt aBAa- orca uupoKue new u nAocxne Gegpa. Torna 8 oNexKAe CAcAyeT H3- Gera pacmimpeHHa Mevenoro yuacrka M APKUX, GPOCKUX AeTareii B BepxHeli vacta. Tax, KPYIBI HOpOTEHK, ocoBeHHO TAOCKOAe Kau, AONOAIHITEABHO YBeAH“UTT IIMpHHY MAeYeROrO ywacrKa, PeAuedp|UbIe KE AMA Ha CrIMEKe H TlepeAe HOMOTYT pasGuTs UIMPHHY WAeweBoro yuacr- ‘a Ha HecKoAsKo wacTelt 1 BHSYAAbHO COKDaqIETS ETO, BAXHO UPABHALIO -ui6pars noxpoit pyxasa. PexoMenayeTcs BTa¥HOHl PyKan, mpH¥eM n CO- ‘eran c coxpantertHo# mIMpHHOMK MAeua 1 BLICOKHM ypoBHeM rpoiiMt, moayperaai H peraaut Kaaccit4ecKoit cbopatts (c orpopmaetneM ANH. polio, GaH3koit K npaMoauuefinoit), neABHOKpOeHEIH (oTReCHOH no- cTaHOBKH, GAMSKH 0 cbopMe K BTa¥HOMy). He aonyckaetea mpuntenerte noKpos pernati —norou, u3qeanit Gea PyKaBa CO CHYMCHHEM MAKOM H «aMepuRANCKOiy MpoiiMbt (naar TOMI Ges pyxaBa, HOA TOPAO, C MpOHMOH, KaK y OKPos PerAasl] —9T0 cuALHIO yaeamTunBaer INMpHHY Aes. [aeeBHe HAKAAAKH HCKAIOYEHE Anmiia Moxer GurTs A1000IK H 3aBMCHT OF MOAHENX TeHAeHIMTH H bop- az Hor, [pH Keaanun caenaTe ysacTOK GeAep mMpe, MOXIO PeKOMEH- AoBaTS OTPeSHTyIO AMHHIO Ha YPOBHE TAAMM HAM HIDKE 1 1OGKY KOHHUe- ‘cKott opmen (AarKe «CORNED Ht «TOAYCOAHED), AHGO CO CKAAAKAMH, cGopxamm, mutcce 1 T.11. OcHosine cuayarsi — noayupuaeraiomuti, mpanoli, tpaneuwesmannti, aonycKaerca MprtancHHbiil (CCAM OGbeM ‘TaaMit HeGOABILOH). Ans buryp c xpymbinu Gegpanu samme pcero npHxoarTes 3axpumnare YeacToK ot Tan Ao Geaep. Tpawas 100Ka ¢ CoAbITHM KOAMECTROM. bbrTa4lex Ho TaAHHE TOABKO TlOAYepKner sty ocoeHHOCT®. FIpit HeGOAK= molt umpire Geaep pexomenayrores 100KH Ht Opioxi Co CGopKoH ot Ta- Aut, packnemienEte KHM3y. AoycKacTex MpaMoll HAH OGBeMmEIiE nepx. Ao yponiia Geaep. B MaAOOOseMHBIX H3ACAMAX CKPHITh MOGAeMHDit Yuactox ¢burypsr oMOer orpesiiaa AMHAA TaAMH u pacumpeHHax HIDKHAE YaCTL HAGAN HAM Gacka (8 Gay3Ke, KaKeTe). HioKe yponrts “TaAHH AOTIYCRAIOTCA CKAAAKE. Bosmoxvo mpunerterie ioGoi cuaysrHoi opsnt, Aas @uryp c Ooamoi noanomoit Goamuux pasmepos c MeIrKuNu ‘Oxpyrabinu cbopmamit BaxHO MpaBMAsHO BHIGpark CHAYDT i AAHRY — ‘cimmrxom KopoTKoe H3AeAHe OANePKHET MACCHBHOCTE GeAep, & HSAMIL- Hast qua caenaer dburypy T=KeAo!. Tponopuan BuiGHpalor Taku 15 06pasom, «706s HEHTp TsPKeCTH CHAYSTa KaSaAcH BBIITe (OCOGEHHO AAS -xeHUWUH HeBBICOKOTO pocTa). AAs COsAaHHA HeTKO! AMHMH MAeTEROTO Hosica MpHMcHaIOT HACHeBBIe HAKAAAKH (TOHKMe HAM CpeAeti TONITE!) (C 2aKpyTACHHEIM KpaeM (KaK As PyOallieuHOrO OKO PyKana HAM pe rata), PeKOMeHAyIOTCs 1OGKH c paciliupenem oT cepeaunnt GeApa— or HeGoanInoro AO cpeaHtero ToAe, KOHHYeCKHe Fpyrmmbt Kent (6e3 Ha- TOAHeHHst B OGAACTH TAAHH H Geaep) 1 10GKH C MeAKINH CKAaAKAMH nance, OcHosHo#t cuayar — nloxynpuaeraiouprit CHAABHBIM TIpoTsDKeH- HIM, HECKOABKO 3ABKINIeHHBIM Y4acTKoM MpHTAAMBaHTs. BoSMOmHO Mpumenenue MpsaMoro # TpartenHenuaHoro CHAYSTOB YMepeHHOTO oGtema (oGtensias Geapaameprast onerna caeaaeT (burypy Gectbop- Meroit). Cneayer 1aGerars oGxerarist mpoGAeMHBIX Y¥aCTKOB (PHTYPHI, ocoGertHo TOHKHMH TKarsMM (tpospayitbIMH H ¢ paspexeHHO# CTPYK- ‘Typoit) -1pHKOTAKHBINM NOAOTHAMH, WX HY>KHO SaMeHVITH Wa TRAN, Gonee nxotnute H cbopmoycroitummue, TIpx BkiGope KONCTpyKTHBHOTO peuleHHa HCTOABayIOT GonBIOe KOAMYECTBO BepTUKAABHBIX AUTH — IBul, peaLedbet, paapeabt T.A. HeoGxoAMMO OTKasaTECH OT HCTIONB3O- ‘Banus onpestioii AMHMICTAAHH H 11osICOB; He aalIpaBAsTTs GAYSKHCTION TOC 1OGKH HAH GprOK (pUC. 2.2, 6). Kaker (>xHAeT) 2KeAATeABHO He SacTerH- Bay3ka HaBBInyCK 110, kaKeTOM CosAAeT OMYHIeHHe CrpOHHOM TAME Tipopeatuie KapMaHl IpoeKTHpyIOT C BepTHKAAHLIM BxoAOM. He pe- KOMeHAYeTCH KOPOTKHt pyKaB. PaaMephi ACTaAeH AOAMHLI GIT TPO- noproraanina naennio, BopoTHHKH Goabiile HOAOHAYT KPYMHLIC B CO- ‘yeranun c yrayOxeHHO# ropaoBHHOt ‘Hemanonaxxitis cpopma a pactionokene orAeaouHEIx AeTaneli n AaKe uicora cantor i chopMa KaGayka. YMeHLUIUTL MOAHOTY (PHTYpEE MOKHO 5a C¥er HCHOABSORAHUS XOAOAHBIX IIBETOB: TeMHO-3eAeHOTO, CHHETO, cutie-qvoaeronoro, MOpCKO# Boat 1 7.11, HeKeAATEABH AA NOAHEIX quryp sera Genii w uepmuatit (ocoOenno c Grecrauieli noBepxHO- ‘crbio), Kpytitiait KoHTpacrathil PHCYHOK (CM. PHC. 2.2, 6) Aas cmpoiiitmx monxux duryp, umerouurx TawKe ocobeHHocTH ‘TeAOCAOKEHHsA — HeGOABIYIO TPYAb, TOHKy10 TAAMMO H yaKHe Geapa, — HeAbaM OGTAFUBATe MAM OTOARTS, BKICTABASH Ha TIOKAS, CAIIIKOM XYABIC YuacrKH TeAa, HO H NpeaMepHO OGEeMHas OAeKAA GYAeT CMOTPETECA HeyMecTHo Ha TaKoil cburype. ‘OnruMaabisim papuantrom cumraeres yMenoe coveTaHHe yMepeHHo MpHACTAIONIHX YUACTKOB TISIUIEBIMH, YBEAMUHIRAIOMMME OBE ATA AsiMet: CGOpKAMI, CKAAAKAMH, ApAIIMPOBKaMM x4 7.11, YReAMuITE OGEEM ‘ON@KAK MOKHO ¢ HOMOMYMO TKAHH CBETALIX TeTASEX yReToS. Crpodtirsmm, cburypan c HeverKo BuiAeacHHOlt TaAHeli ¥ MAOCKHM STOAHTIAMH PeKO- 16 Puc, 2.2. Moneni ones! ana nonkbix cburyp Gansu pasmepos: 2 — npaswowsi, — HenpaBnnsHo -MeHAYIOTCH MPOCTHIe H AKOHIIHNE HAM CACrKa DAV AKEHEELLE KUMOY CH- AYSTHI MS MAOTHBIX MaTepHAAOB, C KECTKUMH CKAGAKAMH.. ns buryp moicoxore pocma ‘iucho Beprixkanbitbix aM YACKEHH AeTanell AoxxHO Girt orpanHeHo, mpeATOYTeHHe OTAAeTCH TOPHBOH- ‘TaAbHEIN AMHHSM. Ocuosmute cuayorn — mprrancniisit a noaynpuneraionpait. Pexo- -MerAYeTCA MpHNeHeHHe LIMPOKOTO Nlosica Ha TaAHH HAH HIDKe. MioTO- caolinas oneaa TOC MOMORT CKOPPEKTHPOBATH TAKYIO D'TYPY. ‘Creayer waGerart eAbHOKPoeHIx HAeaitt (\AMIILLe MAATBS, NAABTO, Yanuiieuniie xxaKeT4 1 T.1,). OT YAAHHeHHOMI 1OGKU, 3pHTeABHO BEITA- Tunaromelt burypy, Toxe ayumie Orkanarues. He pexoMeHayercs KAMIO- n HOE AIT 7. pocssaas, x uryp nusxoro pocma » w3aeamn aonxubl mpeoOnaaath BeprA- xanbabie AMI (PHC. 2.3, a), Bee anenenris KoMmostiiaH AOA OMS HanIpaBAeHA Ha 3pHTEAG- oe yaeauuenue pocra (burypst. KomioaiiHoHtisti1leHTp Yaulye BcerO paaMemiator Bpepxy. CAgayeT OTKa3aTECH OT CARIKOM KOPOTKOH OACAEL 1 Kpymitix aetaneli, Muorocoiiocr. ToHepesiible ANHUK CAeAaIOT urypy mpe, Ho pocta He mpuGanar. Baxxo mpaBHAsHo BISACpKATs Mponopiym # ocropoxHo BiIGHpaT> KPyMHodaxTypHte MaTepHaAsl (otex c aaMMBIM BOPCOM, OG LEME TpHXOTAK HT.) (PHC. 2.3, 0). ve. 23. Monent onexnei ans churyp Haskoro pocra: ‘2 — npaounen; 6 — Henpasunsvo 18 Apa guryp c cymyaoit cnunoit nomoryr ee sanackuponars naeiensie HaKAAAKH OcOGoIk KOHCTPYKIHH C AOIOAKHTEABHBIM YTOAIIEHHEM 32,- nero yaacrna, HK MCTIONSYIOT MaKe MIpH CHDsMACHTOH AHHH MACY — 970 SplTeaHo aenaer cry Gone mpsMoM. B KOHCTpyRMINTACEREIX H2- exntt OOx2aTeABHO mpoexTupytor cpeAmt mop CTU. BepruKaanitte ensecpar caqai oGecriewmaior Gaxce BEICOKOe KaNIeCTRO TIOCAAK Ha pit- Type. Pexomeayemie cuayors — noaynpuaeraiouy, npsofi, spaste- vesuagtatit m mpuranennisi (Ho Ges orpesxoii amsus Taam). B HGNC AWVIX IPUTAACHHOTO CHAYITA Ha CIUHKS {IPOCKTHPYIOT HECKOALKO a> ‘AuleBLIx nutTaveK— ix pacrsop Oyaer PacmpeaencH papkioMepHo, TAH BBusyaaBHo Gyaer KasaTbca GoAee TOHKOHL. CKPBiTh cyryAOCTH B nepxHeit ‘¥aCTH CHHLHEL MOH C HOMOMNIO OTAOHOTO BOPOTHHKA YREAHICHHOFO ppasMepa mart Kamouroria, a BOT NOAYePKHeT cyTyAOCTD ropHIOHTaABHAA KOKeTKa Ha cHMHKe, pactonoxertHas Ha YPOBHe AOMATOK H BBIIMe, OAFa- 0, AOMYCKAeTCA MIpHMeHeLHe OTACTHOIE KOKETH, HIDKHMT Cpes KOTOPOI Gyaer pactionoment sHasirTeAbHO HiDKe AOTIATOK. MoxkHo peKOMeHAORAT IM3,eAHAC HanyCKoM coayye a ANH TAANH HOGHEMHOIK HepXHeH Acro Hoaeams. Tipu ssinpamrennoit ocanne » oOAAcTIC TAAHH C2anut HaBALONACTCH snasirrensitsit nporHG, KorOpst sarpyarier 1locrpoenne ¢popMooGpa- sytouex snemenToR Ha cTMHKe, [losTOMY PeKOMeHAyeTCs POeKTHpO- BaTb OTpesHYIO AMHHO TaAAMH (NOAHOCTBIO HAM TOABKO Ha CHMHKE, HOA, 2oxcrHKo™); HiDKHIO10 YaCTS HSAEAHSLIIPOCKTUPYIOT ¢ KOHHYECKHIM Pac xnetienuent mast morowoBHyl0, ¢ KAKEBAMK TONS, BTA OF AEH TaAHH Ha 100Ke AeAAIOT MATKMM, a Ha BEPxHeH YACTH HOACAILR 24CTPO- NeHHBIMA, CxpiITe MPOrHO CIEE MORHO TOA OACKAOIK NpsMOTO HAM sxpanienesuasiono cuaysra, - Boabwoi sicmynaowuit xusom moxer Ox1rs pu. A1oGOM pocre 1 pasMepe cburypHl. KONCTPYKIVA MOAeAK IITBeHHOTO H3AEAHSL AOKHA yuunamans aTy ocoGentocT. Halle ncero pexomenayencs mpoeKTHpO- baTs BepTHKaABHBe PeaBedut AO Hua (OT MACHA HAH BAIXOARIIHE 14a mpoiin), mop nocepeanHe nepena, NeHTpadstyio sacTeRKY crlepeAy 117.4, OcHoBHofi axier aysne pasMecriits 8 OGNACTH eH, HAE HAM ya. Tipeaowrenme oraaeres tpanienlepMaHOMy, lIpsMoMy u soAyEpH- aeraromeny cuayorant (yMepeitHoro o6sewa). AAs yuera pbicryaioute- To 2kiBoTa 8 KOHCTPYKIVIH MPeayCMaTPHBAIOT FOPHSOHTAABHYI0 BEITaN- XJ OF GoKOBOTO mIBa, B MOAeAI HEOGXOAHIMO IPOAYMA BOIMOKHOCKS COBMeIjeHHA sTOM BEITAYKK C peAKed>HO! AMHUCH, KAPMAHOM H.-A. B onexae ut GepeneHHhix WacTo McHOABSYIOT KOKETKH BHILIG PORE TPYAML 8 CoNeTaIHH CO CKAAAKAN, CGOPKAMH, 2allLUNAMH Ha IDKHeHt 19 eran nepena. Koxcrpyxrupiniie AeKopaTHBHBIe ANH B OOAACTH ‘TAAHM, IMMPORHe Tlosca He AOTYCTHMET. CACAYET OTKAATHCH OT TOHKIX “TPHKOTAXHKX NOAOTeH, TAOTHOOBACTAIOMINX H3AEAMIE — 9TO TOAEKO TONepRHeT BBITYKAOCTE KUBOTA, ICKALONAKOTCH MOAEAH Co CMerTeRHOH SaCTERKOH M YIKHMH CKAAAKAMH, Boasuan ssicmynasouas rpyge — Aoctountcrs0 xeHCKOH HTYPE, Mo CAM He YUECTS 9TY OCOGHHOCTS IPH TpOeKTHpOBAHHH MOAeAT, TAeweROe HaAeAHe GyAeT HAAMUTHE MIMpOKEN Ha ypoBHe Geaep, a dAry- a craner rsixeaoiin, Ecau rpyab suawirrensio (Gonee 2.cM) Buicrynaer ‘ortocuteAbHo 2uBoTa, TO TIpH paspaGOTKe OCHOBEI KONCYPYKIH IAC- ‘ueROTO HGAEAMI Ha yponlie Geaep Ha NOAOTKe MpoeKTUpyIOT peabedbEt AO Hr19a HOAEAMA B eASX YMeHEUTeHHs OGKeMA. TTOSTOMY B MOAEAH He- ‘OGXOAHMO MpeAYCMOTPeT HepTAKAABHTEIe PeAbeGbe HAN BapMalT TeX- HMecKOTO MOAEAHPORAHH TIO MepememenMio 9THX peakerbos. He pe- KOMeHAYeTCs pasMel{ar AKHEHTH B OOAACTACIIEH H CHABHO OOTATHBATD npyas. 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AAR. ‘9n0ro BRINYCKAIOT YaCTE IIPHITYCKA lo CpeAHeMY mIBy CHMHKH (B.CAyUAe paapesHoit cnHMKH) — mpx 9ToM KOHTpOAHpyIOT YBeAHUeHHe LIMPHHEI TOPAORMHEL CHHHKH — H cMeIIaioT RePXHIM YHACTOK MpOHiMer 3a cxeT AONOAMMTeABHOTO IPMIYCKa B BepxHeit YacTH NpOHMEL CTIMHKH (pac. 3.3, 6) Bean cknaaka Nstrkas, To Hy2KHIO yrAYGHTE TOPAOBHHY CHMHKH, HO OLIHO- a gaecb Hegonycrusa! Aetexr 4, Topmonraannee nanpsxenmste cKAaAKH 110, Mpoi Moll Ha comuke n3jeans (pic. 3.4, a) cunaeTeaLcrsyior o HeAocraTowHOH IIMpHHe CHMHKK Ha yuacrKe Hoa HpoliMolt u BEE NPOFiMH Puc. 3.4, Topusctranuibie HanpRxeHHbIe CKNaNKH NON NPOAMOM Ha ChiKe agen (a) w criocos wx ycrpanenns (6) 34 Heaocrarouias raySuia mpotinnst ycuaunaer stor aetberr. [IpusHHOtt MODKET ABAATECH He TOABKO 3ayKeHWe CHMHKH M Y4ACTKa TPOHME, Ho HempaBMABHOe (u3AMMHe BorHyTOe) ochopMAeHMe HuDKHeTO yuacrka npoiistst crmsix, OcoGeHHO pe3Ko MPosBAKeTCH 9TOT HEAOCTA- ‘TOK Ha CYTYABIX cburypax. Yempanenue geexma, Koucrpykrunusie cnoco6u yerpaseras Aetexra Aoaxunt npeaycmarpusar> pacuimpenue yuacrxa CHMHKH ‘or Aorlarox Ao GoKosoro cpesa mi mpoiiosi. PaculMpHT® CIMHKY Moro ‘8a cuer mpmmycxa no cpeavtemy msy CMHNKH, He yneaHHBast putty yiacrxa ropaosuitst (puc. 3.4, 0), IIpH HaAMUM peabedbon — a cer ‘pimycxa no peasespan. Ochop rene nxtiero yacrka mpoitana crus ‘Kit CAeayer mponepsirs rio AexanaM. ‘Yauacrox mpoiintst moxkHo pacuIMpHTh 3a C¥eT mpitllycKa 110 GOKOBOMY gy (#14 mtBax orpestioro GoxKa). Ba>kHO MOM, SEO HAAS I Ditiia mpoitis yeaoxIHITT MPOECC COeAFITCHTC PYKABOM, 2 HOAEAH- ‘5x Ge pykaBOB HCHOpTI BHIINHH BMA HACAMA Ha 9TOM yuACTKE. Aedexr 5.Topxsonraxbmne nanpsokenmste CKAaAK Ha yxacrKe utie amma GeAep (PHC. 3.5, a). Fiprtuina wx nosnmKsronenins He B 13- -AMIMIHeH AAMHE ACTAAH AO AUHIK TAAHH, a'B HeAOCTATONHOH UIMpHHe AeAHA TIO ARHHW GeAep, Te. oMMOKa, AOMYmeHHAR MpH CHIT H- Mepenmit, wast Guixa ucrtonssonatta HeaocTaroNrias BeAMunHa TpHOABKH Pro. 3.5. TopracHTanbibie HANPRXEHNLIE CKNanKH Ha YNACTKE BILE MMAWH GGenep (a) v cnocos wx ycrpaneni (6) 35 Km0AyoOxnary Oeaep. Takxe 970 MOET ONE HeyeTeHHAs MPH O*POPN- -AeHInt GoKOBEIX AMET HHAMAMAYAAGHAs OCOBeRHOCTS (baTypH, WampA- Mop BBIITyKARIHt BepXHit yaaCTOK GOKOBOIt TloRepxHOCTH BeApa. Vempanenue gespexma. Croco6si Yerpantenns 9T0r0 nespeRra cast- ‘aH pacummpertuen wayeaxs 110 ANH GeaeP, MpHvem 970 pacummpe-- ue CAeAYeT AeAATS B MecTe HaHGoAee 3aMeTHOTO ero MposBACHHS (puc. 3.5, 0). TIpu onpeaencrin nenuinis HeOOXOAAMOTO pacitApeHHs ACTAAH MOIKHO HCTOABIOBATS MPHEM TACTHIHOTO PacHapsIBAnHst UIBOB ia yuacTKe oGpasovaHiHsl aedbeKra; TorAa ACTAAK H9ACAHA| CAM pasABH- Tarores Ha neoGxoMIMyIO BEAM. Ae@exr 6 [lon rawnpanusa pyxana 8 mpoliay cmement cropoy ‘CIOMHKH MOAEANS MB OGAACTH MBA HAGAWAAeTCA NaMpsDKenMe, BO3- Moxkia paSABIDKKa muTeit Marepuiaaa, Tax MposBAKeTeR Aec>eRT, MpH- MHHOIE KOTOPOTO sBARETCR HeAOCTATONHAs IIMPHHA ACTAAH CHHHKH oGaacr AomaroK. Vempanenue geqbexma. ys ycrpanenus aebexta BoceTaHORA- HMG{ PABHOBECHOTO TIONOKEHHS PYKawA H THMOBOTO MONOKEHH AMAIA "npofiats weoGxoayino pacusnpurs aeranb CHE. ECAM HpAEYCKA 10 Al "HM mpotinest cnMHKH HeaOCTaTOWHO Ay HOAKOTO YcrpAHeHNs AeexTa, ‘TO BRINYCKAIOT ACT» NPHHYCKa 10 CpeAHEMY IBY CHEIKH HAH nO mBaM BepTukaAbtbix perse(bon (pH ux HaAWuu). Pactiupars cniusiky GyAer TPYAHO Hp ONCYTCTBUM AOHOAHHETENBHOFO "npunycka no cpesy polio 1 8 HAAS CO CMBIKOM Ges tba H PeAbe bon. B stom caysae rpeGyercst HoAHOCTiIO MepexpoUT BepxinHit Y'ACTOK CHMEKH, HampHDrep AOGABHTE B MOACAb KOKeTKY HWDKe YPOBHA Actbexr 7, Bepruxansusie Hanpswoxenubie cKAaAKH Ha BepxHeM YaacrKe cmH (PHC. 3.6, a) MOTYT GuTb BHISBAHET HeAOCTATONHOH AAH- HOH ACTAAH MAM HIMeHeHHeM ee paBHOBECHOTO MOAOKEHHS. Beprnkanbiioe Hars>KeHne TKAH nocepenMiie CTHKH MOET OBITS BHISBaHO HeOBOCHORAIHBIN TOHILKEHHeM Bepmnst cpeartero cpesa CTIMHIKH HAM HeCOOTRETCTEHEM HaKNOHa TNeNeBOH AMEHH CHEIKH BEICO- ‘re maes ¢betryp. Aetbexr mposnasetes, Kax mpabHAo, TIOcAe mpirratHnaitist KropAoBitHe 2x€CTKOTO BOPOTHHKa, a HeMpasHiasttast TEXHOAOTHHeCKA OOPAGOTKA pH rlommupe(HeoAMHaKonas IIMPHHA MIBOR, HepaBHOMepHaR TOCAAKA TOMAeyeRKIM cpesan, HHAKDe KAYECTBO YTIORMABHENX OnepaTtt HT. A.) yeyryOnser aedbexr. Yempanenue ge@exma. /\ax yorpartenna aedbexta Ha AeTAAM CINE KH HEOOXOAHMO: 36 a 6 Pc. 3.6. Boprixansiie HanprMehibie Cknanki Wa BepxHeM yacrKe crAiKH ‘aneni (a) w cnocob wm yorpanenns (6) = yeeamuirs AAMBY cpeanelt AMHuu CHHHKH Sa cuer npunycKa a 108 lo AHEM TOpAOBHEHEI CIHKE; = wamenums Haxaou nacueRoii AunuM cnuuKu: auGo onycKaTe TACYEBYHO TOXKY AO MOAHOTO HCYE3HOBCHU CKAAAKH, AHOO YAAHMTS CpeAMIOIO AKIHIO CHHHKH H OMYCTHTS MACIeBYIO ‘TOUKY OAHOBpemeHHO (puc. 3.6, 6). EcaM yenuuuTs, AAUHY Ccpeartett Amrit cHHHKH HeBOSMODKHO, TAK KaK HeAOCTATOTHO MpHNYcKa Ha WOR 10 AHHH TOPAORHTEL, TO AAK YCTpaHeHHA Aetbexra IpHAeTCH BEINOPOTE BCIO ACTAAL CIIMHKH H Mepe- pours ee (sa exer npumycxa 10 AuTIHH Ha) Aetbe xr 8. Beprmxaaninie cKAaAXH OT AMHHM TAewa CritHKH H3- ‘AeAHs TlosmAsIOTCs IPH 4pesMepHoM MPOrHGe TtAesenOMk AMHIHH CTIHKH, HAnpHMep CAM MAeteRAK AMHUS He Guta ocpopMAeHa MH aaKpHITO‘ macuenoif murrauke, 13-2a Yero ROSHINKaeT HeaocTaTouHas \ANHa yuacr- a AeTaAH TIO RepTHKAAH. Yempanenue gesbexma. Aas ycrpanenust nepraKaAbHoll CKAAAKH HeoGxoauoo pacopors maevesoii m1o8 4 epeotbopmuTs ammuIo HACE Boro cpesa CHAK. Ecan mporu6 neuenoil AHHH aRASeTCH peayauTaTOM eTO CEMOBHAHOTO OcopMAeHHs HAH siBAKeTCH OCOGEHHOCTIO NpOeKTHpyeMO! MOACAL, ‘To pexomenayercs HCHOALSOBATE BepXHHe MACTERLIE HAKAAAKH OCOOOH KOHeTpYKIUHH, Tipumerienue cranaaprinix nepxitiix HAeveRBIX HaKAaAOK HpeBpatht MOAGABHYTO OcOGeHHOCTS B Aet»eRT, 37

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