Asexual reproduction: DNA of the offspring is

identical to the parent plants DNA 1. Taking cuttings- clipping off and rooting a piece of a shoot. 2. Divisions- Divide a larger plant into smaller sectionsplant each section to make new plants. (perennials) 3. Tissue culture- remove the cells at the tip of a shootadd hormones to develop new plants. (lilies) 4. Bulbs- swelling of leaves or stems at the base of the plant- can be removed and planted. (daffodils) 5. Rhizomes- underground stems- (grasses) the tip surfaces and starts a new plant. 6. Runners- above ground stems (strawberry plants) 7. Grafting- cutting off a branch from one plant and fusing it to another. (fruit trees).

Taking cuttings: 1. Fill tray with mix 2. Remove 1.5 cutting from the tip of a branch. 3. Take off leaves up to from the bottom of the stem. 1. Dip stem end of cutting in rooting hormone. 2. Put one to three cuttings in each cell. 3. When the tray is full- water over the cuttings. 4. Add the tent over the top of the tray.

Asexual Propagation by Stem or Leaf Cuttings:

http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1411cd/IMAGES/special/woodyctt.jpg

Asexual propagation by cuttings:

http://hibiscus-sinensis.com/images/cutting.jpg http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~JN7H-OONM/propagat on/cuttings/cuttings07.JPG

http://www.symmetrix.ch/Public/guarana/images/gua30.jpg

http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/graphics/rose_propagation.jpg

Examples of pineapples and stem cuttings propagated asexually.

http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/images/scet_03_img0243.jpg

After cuttings are placed in media- they are misted or covered in a tent to keep humidity high (slows the rate of water diffusing out of the leaves and so keeps them from wilting due to water loss).

Asexual reproduction: Tubers

http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/C849/SpudHill.jpg

http://www.healthwayfarms.com/Resources/headingmain.jpeg

Commercial Asexual propagation

A: Greenhouse plant production from cuttings

B: Harvesting potatoes

http://fdcm.nic.in/7.5.5.gif

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://wwwhzpc.ca/images/p_production.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hzpc.ca/english/production.html&h=113&w= 404&sz=22&hl=en&start=167&tbnid=sMHmYEn9lSmLdM:&tbnh=35&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpotato%2Bproduction%26start%3D160%26gbv% 3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Asexual Reproduction by stems: Above ground: Stolons Below ground: Rhizomes

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts /Breeding%20Systems/32-Vegetative.jpg http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/bistrawberries.gif

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb4pg6_files/image002.jpg http://www.visit-islay.com/biology/stg/graphics/plants/runner.gif

Asexual Reproduction by leaves

http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/cape/bryo.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 5/50/Kalanchoe_veg.jpg/350px-Kalanchoe_veg.jpg

Asexual reproduction in bulbs (Swollen leaves)- bulbs can be separated to form new plants.

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/p icts/Breeding%20Systems/32-Vegetative.jpg

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/755/260916.JPG

http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/cape/corm.JPG

Storage structures in plants: only the top two are TRUE bulbs- formed from modified leaves.

http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/cape/bulb.JPG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B918-figures/B918-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pubs.ca es.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B918.htm&h=590&w=32&sz=104&hl=en&start=76&tbnid=P7rA2WNAa4L2oM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=74&pre v=/images%3Fq%3Dpropagation%2Bby%2Bbulbs%26start%3D60%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Horticultural practices: How gardeners make more plants.

Reproduction by division:
http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profiles0900/images/division.jpg

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/Gardeners/f0266.jpg
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/755/253383.JPG

Tissue Culture

http://www.necps.org/images/20040508-CP-S.alata-Growing%20Contest%20tissue%20culture%20flasks.jpg

Tissue Culture: Removing a few cells, putting them on a

growing media, adding hormones to stimulate leaf and root growth- then planting them in soil media. Simplified cycle:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/biplantcloning.gif

Tissue culturecomplete cycle:

http://www.jains.com/Tissue/images/tissue1.jpg

Steps in Tissue culture: 1. Remove cells from an area

where cell division is occurring

2. Place cells on sterile growing media and let them divide and grow

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/tisscult/pltissue/fig5.jpeg

http://www.liv.ac.uk/~sd21/tisscult/uses.htm&h=635&w=923&sz=126&hl=en&start =4&tbnid=LJjr-Ftb7KlxkM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=147&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPlant%2Btissue%2 Bculture%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

3. Divide mass of cells (callus), plate them on culture media and apply hormones to stimulate leaf and root development

http://www.nrdcindia.com/images/Tissue%20Culture.gif

4. Move small plants onto a peat-based media for hardening off (getting used to conditions outside the lab).

Tissue culture is done in sterile labs to avoid contamination with disease from virus, bacteria or fungus.

http://schatz.cas.psu.edu/images/XmasTrees.jpg

http://www.terranovanurseries.com/wholesale/images/misc/LABPlantsinTC.jpg

Grafting: adding one type of plant to another.

http://www.garden.org/images/App/articles/25a.jpg http://www.danishchurch.vancouver.bc.ca/service/graft.gif

Grafting is
1. used to produce most of the fruit trees used in orchards and also those purchased by homeowners. 2. Used by the nursery industry as an easy way to produce lots of a specific variety of fruit tree. 3. To fix girdling damage

To graft a tree, two parts are necessary:

1. The root stock 2. The scion (the twig that will be attached to the root stock).
http://www.extension.umn.edu/yardandgarden/YGL News/images/scion&rootstock.jpg

To fix damage from girdling (vascular tissue is removed from the tree so water and nutrients can no longer travel from the root to the shootsso the tree will die unless a bridge graft is successful)

http://www.extension.umn.edu/distri bution/horticulture/images/0532_F13.GIF

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://oliver.seeto.com/siteimages/grafting/finishedwedge.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.oliverk.org/weblog/archives/000204.html&h= 960&w=720&sz=326&hl=en&start=126&tbnid=FTZBAfUj4ZNBhM:&tbnh=148&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScion%2Bin%2Bgrafting%26start%3D120%26gbv%3D 2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

1. The root stock: a variety chosen for its hardiness and/or its dwarfing ability. (root stocks can actually limit how a tree growsHomeowners like dwarf trees- it is easier to pick fruit and allows the homeowner to plant multiple trees in a small space.)
http://www.bighorsecreekfarm.com/images/whatwe3.jpg

http://www.dred.state.nh.us/divisions/forestandlands/b ureaus/forestprotection/graphics/clip_image002_034.jpg

The Scion: The part attached to

the root stockThe scion can be a twig, or a bud.

http://www.state.sc.us/forest/7graft.gif

http://asgap.org.au/APOL24/graft.gif

http://www.coenosium.com/march99/cut1d.jpg

Pine scion being attached to a root stock- this can be used to produce lots of clones of varieties of ornamental evergreens.
http://pehuen.tripod.com/scionunstoock.jpg

Examples of different types of cuts for grafting:

http://www.rodsgarden.50megs.com/whip1.JPG

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.actionvideo.freeserve.co.uk/grafting2.gif&imgrefurl=http:/ /www.actionvideo.freeserve.co.uk/grafting.htm&h=423&w=275&sz=12&hl=en&start=45&tbnid=6_S4GoCOFJ fG9M:&tbnh=126&tbnw=82&prev=/images%3Fq%3DROOT%2BSTOCK%2BIN%2BGRAFTING%26start%3D 40%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

http://www.lapshin.org/cultivar/N30/Hasan/19-step-graft-and-sidegraft.jpg

Grafting with cactus

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lapshin.org/cultivar/N30/Hasan/19-step-graft-and-sidegraft.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.lapshin.org/cultivar/N30/hasan-e. htm&h=393&w=460&sz=34&hl=en&start=87&tbnid=Bl_rtnMT9FVrrM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScion%2Bin%2Bgrafting%26start%3D80%26g bv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

In any type of grafting- to be successful, the vascular tissue (veins) of the root stock and the scion MUST be connected

http://members.cox.net/vacs/Graft-2.gif

http://www.srgc.org.uk/nurseryws/200704/Daph%20works%20107.jpg http://www.divinecactus.com/images/adv_g1_vr.jpg

After inserting the scion, the graft must be wrapped tightly so the cells from the root and the scion fuse together
http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/images/FNR-105.fig6.gif

http://bonsainurseryman.typepad.com/bonsainurseryman/images/grafttie2.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.2spi.com/catalog/supp/images/parafilm-grafting.jpg&imgrefurl=http: //www.2spi.com/catalog/supp/parafilm-grafting.shtml&h=265&w=320&sz=11&hl=en&start=118&tbnid=Jw5FdiMUWKMY zM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScion%2Bin%2Bgrafting%26start%3D100%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3 D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

http://www.knowledgeofbonsai.org/grafting/images/grafting/pinusgraft.jpg

http://www.appleluscious.com/images/graftwt.jpg

Find where the graft was on these trees:

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/757/426145.JPG

http://www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/htmpubs/images/plnttree.gif

Name the type of asexual reproduction:

Slide 1
A B
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts/Breeding%20Systems/33-runners.jpg

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/hort400/4tutos/391950.jpg&imgrefurl=http://instruct1. cit.cornell.edu/courses/hort400/4tutos/cutpro5.html&h=338&w=469&sz=75&hl=en&start=140&tbnid=KVtHJlmCGfIvDM:&tbnh=92&t bnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpropagation%2Bby%2Bcuttings%26start%3D120%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3 D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Slide 2

A
http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/images/feuillets/calendrier_horticole/diviser_vivaces_ls.jpg

B C D

http://www.gemination.com/Images/TissueCultureGroup.jpg

Slide 3

http://www.fuchsiaclark.pwp.bluey onder.co.uk/two_types_cuttings.jpg

D C

http://www.perennialresource.com/image/Dividing_Perennials.jpg

Slide 4
A

http://www.necps.org/images/20040508-NECPS-CP-Ken%20Uhnak's%20Tissue%20Cultur e%20efforts-propagation%20in%20vitro.jpg http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/gif/ag396-7.gif