Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Compulsory Section
The test format for the compulsory section, i.e. Basic Mathematics, is as follows: 30 minutes will be allowed for the section, which will consist solely of multiple-choice questions. Each multiple choice question will carry 1 mark and -1/4 of a mark will be deducted for each incorrect answer.
Questions may be independent of particular topics, being designed instead to test general mathematics aptitude and potential. A single question may often require knowledge of various different topics. Examiners will aim to cover a wide range of topics, but not every topic will be examined every year. Knowledge of elementary topics will be assumed and some questions might require students to recall basic concepts not explicitly included in the outlines below.LUMS
Physics syllabus
Content: 1) Measurement Fundamental and derived units Dimensions of physical quantities Precision, accuracy and errors
2) Scalars and vectors Differences between scalar and vector quantities Addition and subtraction of vectors Resolving a vector into its components Scalar and vector products
3) Motion and Forces Displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration and equations of motion Distance-time, velocity-time graphs Newtons laws of motion Linear momentum Angular motion with concepts of angular momentum, torque, centripetal and centrifugal forces Projectile motion Moment of inertia Gravitational attraction Weightlessness
4) Work and energy Work, energy and power Different forms of energy, their inter-conversion and conservation Kinetic and potential energies
5) Fluids Pressure and Pascals principle Archimedes Principle and flotation Basic concepts of fluid continuity and incompressibility of liquids
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6) Waves Simple harmonic motion Examples of simple pendulum and mass connected to a spring Standing and traveling waves Wave characteristics such as wavelength, frequency and speed Wave properties such as reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction Nature of sound
7) Heat Molecular description of the temperature of a gas Laws of gas behaviour Relationship between heat and mechanical energies Specific and latent heat capacities
8) Electricity and Magnetism Charges and electric fields due to static charges Concept of electrostatic potential and potential differences Capacitance Electric current and its basic physical description DC and AC currents Electrical resistance Magnetic fields and magnetic flux Amperes law and magnetic field due to a current carrying conductor Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields Faradays law and electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic waves
9) Materials Elasticity and Hookes law Difference between crystalline and amorphous solids Difference between electrical conductors, insulators, metals and semiconductors Magnetic properties of solids
10) Modern Physics Blackbody radiation and motivation for quantization of energy levels Existence of photons and the photoelectric effect Wave and particle nature of matter Equivalence of mass and energy Heisenbergs uncertainty principle
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Existence of energy levels in atoms Absorption and emission of radiation from energy level transitions in atoms Production and nature of X-rays The atomic nucleus and its constituents Nuclear energy fission and fusion Radioactivity
Biology syllabus
Content: 1) Cell structure Features of plant and animal cell Principles of microscopy Structure and function of organelles
3) Enzymes Role of enzymes in lowering activation energy Enzyme Kinetics Role of Temperature, pH and Co-factors in enzyme Kinetics Competitive and no-competitive inhibition of enzymes
4) Cell membranes and transport Structure of cell membranes and Phospholipids Transport across cell membranes Active transport and passive transport
5) Genetic control of protein structure and function Structure of DNA and RNA DNA replication RNA synthesis mRNA, tRNA and rRNA function Protein synthesis Control of gene expression
Structure and synthesis of ATP Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
7) Nuclear division (mitosis) Chromosome structure Cell cycle Stages of mitosis Cancer
8) Meiosis, genetics and gene control Gametogenesis Stages of meiosis Independent assortment of chromosome in meiosis Basic concept of genetics Common genetic disorders
9) Energy and ecosystems Components of ecosystem Food chain Energy transfer in ecosystem Nitrogen cycle
10) Classification of eukaryotes and prokaryotes Basis for classification Principles of modern classification systems
11) The transport/circulatory system Modes of transport in plants and animals Transport vessels in plants Open and closed circulatory systems Vessels of circulatory system Composition of blood Globin molecules Transport of oxygen Structure and physiology of mammalian heart
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12) Gaseous exchange Principles of gaseous exchange Gaseous exchange in plants and animals Anatomy and physiology of human lung
13) Nutrition Modes of nutrition Nutrition in plants Nutrition in animals Anatomy and physiology of human digestive system Diseases of malnutrition
14) Homeostasis Osmoregulation Thermoregulation Excretion in plants and animals Anatomy and physiology of human excretory system
15) Coordination and control Coordination and control in plants Plant hormones Coordination and control in animals Nervous system in animals Basic physiology of human nervous system Endocrine system in humans
16) Reproduction Modes of reproduction Reproduction in plants Reproduction in animals Anatomy and physiology of human reproductive system
17) Infectious diseases Global impact of infectious diseases Modes of transmission of infectious diseases Case study of Hepatitis B, Aids, Malaria, TB and Cholera
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18) Immunity Types and salient features of immune responses Role of B and T cells in generating an immune response Role of memory cells Antibody structure and function Vaccination and disease eradication
19) Photosynthesis The energy transfer process Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis Leaf structure and function Chloroplast structure and function Factors necessary for photosynthesis
20) Selection and evolution Role of sexual reproduction in generating variations Overproduction Natural selection and allele frequencies Natural selection as an evolutionary force Artificial selection Evolution of isolated species
21) Biotechnology Restriction endonucleases Cloning vectors Gene cloning (recombinant DNA) PCR Electrophoresis DNA sequencing Transgenic organisms Gene therapy Genetically modified plants and bacteria
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Chemistry syllabus
Content: 1) Atoms, molecules and ions
Atomic theories of matter Electron configuration and related laws/principles The periodic table General trends of chemical/physical properties of elements Quantum numbers and their significance Covalent and ionic compounds and their general properties
2) Chemical bonds
Theories of chemical bonding Hybridization of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals and their geometries Sigma and pi bonds Non-covalent interactions
3) States of matter
Gases Kinetic-molecular theories; general characteristics; gas laws; ideal gas behavior and deviations from ideal gas law Liquids intermolecular interactions; phase changes; heats of vaporization; vapor pressures; critical temperatures and pressures; surface tensions; viscosity and colligative properties of solutions etc.
Solids melting points and heats of fusion; sublimation; phase changes and phase diagrams
4) Thermochemistry
Forms of energy, their inter-conversions and quantitative determination Internal energy, work and the first and second laws of thermodynamics Heats of reaction and enthalpy changes Hess law of heat summation and calculating heats of reaction from standard enthalpies of formation
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5) Chemical reactions
Stoichiometry and the mole concept The concept of molarity, molality and normality Reactions in aqueous solutions. Examples of combination, decomposition, single replacement and double replacement reactions Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Factors affecting reaction rates Collision theory of reaction rates Activation energy, Arrhenius equation and reaction rate laws Reaction mechanisms and rate of reactions
7) Chemical equilibrium
The dynamic nature of equilibrium Reversible reactions and the equilibrium constant Effect of changing concentration, pressure and temperature Le Chateliers principle Calculations involving chemical equilibrium
Definitions of acids and bases Conjugate acids and bases pH, Ka/Kb, pKa/pKb and their significance in acid base reactions Acid/base titrations Buffer solutions and their significance
9) Electrochemistry
Ionization and electrical conductivity Standard redox potentials and half-cell reactions Balancing redox equations Non-standard-state cell potentials
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