Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer-I Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer-II

• Analytical solution tends to become complex, but

• We Studied one dimensional heat transfer from are used as benchmark solutions to qualify
plates, cylinders, spheres, Fins and Fin arrays approximate numerical methods
• Many real life applications are more complex and • We shall restrict to two-dimensional cases in this
need 2-d or 3-d analysis. course
• Complex three dimensional cases are now solved
• Three approaches are available, viz., analytical, mostly with numerical codes
graphical and numerical
• We shall also restrict to Cartesian case. Complex
• Analytical solution is exact, while graphical and cases can be studied in a course in Partial
numerical solutions are approximate Differential Equations and Boundary Value
• Graphical solutions are obsolete and will not be Problems.
discussed

Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer-III Heat Transfer in a Plate-I T2

y
• The governing equation for 2-d steady heat • The governing equation W

transfer in Cartesian equations without heat

∂ 2T ∂ 2T
generation is + = 0 0 ≤ x ≤ L; 0 ≤ y ≤ W; T1 T1
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ (T )  ∂ 2T ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 T  ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
ρc = k 2 + 2 + 2  + q ′′′ ⇒ + =0 • Boundary conditions x
∂t  ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x 2 ∂y 2 0 T1 L

T(0,y) = T1; T(L,y) = T1; T(x,0) = T1; T(x,W) = T2

• The methodology that is used is called separation
of variables • To non-dimensionalize the temperature, we define
• This methodology is valid for linear equations T − T1 ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ
θ= ⇒ 2
+ = 0 0 ≤ x ≤ L; 0 ≤ y ≤ W;
with boundary conditions that can be separated T2 − T1 ∂x ∂y 2
• Let us illustrate this for one problem
θ(0,y) = 0; θ(L,y) = 0; θ(x,0) = 0; θ(x,W) = 1

Heat Transfer in a Plate-II Heat Transfer in a Plate-III

• The solution for θ(x,y) is assumed of the form: • The solution for X and Y are;
θ(x,y) = X(x)Y(y) X = C1 cos(λx ) + C 2 sin(λx ) Y = C 3 e − λ y + C 4 e λy

• Substituting this in the governing equation, we get

(
⇒ θ = XY = (C1 cos(λx ) + C 2 sin(λx ) ) C3 e −λy + C 4 e λy )
• The BC at y =0; θ = 0, at y = W; θ = 1
d 2 X ( y) d 2 Y ( y) 1 d2X 1 d2Y
⇒ Y ( y) + X(x ) =0 ⇒− = at x = 0; θ = 0, at x = L; θ = 0
dx 2
dy 2 X dx 2 Y dy 2
BC at y =0 ⇒ C 3 + C 4 = 0 ⇒ C 3 = −C 4
• Since LHS is only a function of x and RHS is only
BC at x =0 ⇒ C1 = 0
a function of y and yet they be equal, would
require that both sides be equal to a constant (
⇒ θ = (C 2 sin(λx ) )C 4 e λy − e −λy )
2 2 2 2
1 d X 1 d Y d X d Y We still have to satisfy two more conditions at x = L, y = W
⇒− = = λ2 ⇒ + λ2 X = 0; − λ2 Y = 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2 dx 2 dy 2 (
BC at x = L ⇒ θ = 0 = (C 2 sin(λL) )C 4 e λy − e − λy )

1
 Heat Transfer in a Plate-IV Heat Transfer in a Plate-V
• If either C2 or C4 is zero, then we get the trivial • We still have to satisfy the boundary condition;
solution, which will violate the boundary condition at
At y = W; θ = 1
y = W, Hence not possible
⇒ 0 = sin(λL) ⇒ λL = nπ; n = 1,2,3,...∞ • This involves concepts in orthogonal functions
• If we have several functions f1(x), f2(x), …fn(x),
nπ They are said to be orthogonal in a domain a ≤ x ≤ b,
⇒λ= ; n = 1,2,3,...∞
L if b


  nπx   nπx   ∫ f n ( x )f m ( x )dx = 0 for n ≠ m
 nπx     L  y − y

⇒ θ =  C 2 sin   C 4  e − e  L  ; n = 1,2,3,...∞ a

  L    • It turns out that

 
L
∞  nπx   nπy   nπx   mπx 
⇒ θ = ∑ C n sin   sinh   ∫ sin  L  sin  L dx = 0 for n ≠ m
n =1  L   L  0    

Heat Transfer in a Plate-VI Heat Transfer in a Plate-VII

L
2  nπx  L
 mπx  ∞  nπW  L  mπx   nπx 
∫ sin  L dx = L / 2 ∫ 1sin  L dx = ∑ C n sinh L  ∫ sin  L  sin  L dx
0   0   n =1  0    
L
• Further, ∫ sin  nπx dx =  L (1 − cos(nπ)  • Note that in the RHS, only term n=m will survive
0 L   nπ  
L
 nπx   nπW  L 2  nπx 
• We shall make use of all these to satisfy the BC at y = W ∴ ∫ sin  dx = C n sinh  ∫ sin  dx
0  L   L 0  L 
∞  nπx   nπW 
⇒ θ = 1 = ∑ C n sin   sinh  
n =1  L   L  ⇒
L
(1 − cos nπ) = C n sinh  nπW  L
• To make the above true for 0 ≤ x ≤ L, we need to do nπ  L 2
some tricks to find the correct form of Cn. For this, the 2(1 − cos( nπ)) 2(1 + ( −1) n +1 )
⇒ Cn = =
above expression is integrated over the domain to give  nπW   nπW 
nπ sinh  nπ sinh 
L
 mπx  L ∞
 mπx   nπx   nπW   L   L 
∫ 1sin  L dx = ∫ ∑ C n sin  L  sin  L  sinh L dx
0   0 n =1      

Heat Transfer in a Plate-VIII Elements of Numerical Method-I

T
y θ=1 y 2
W θ=0.75 • Numerical methods employ j=5 W
• Hence the solution is θ=0.5
what is known as discrete
∞  nπx   nπy  θ=0.25
⇒ θ = ∑ C n sin   sinh   θ=0 θ=0 mathematics T1 T1
n =1  L   L  θ=0.1
• In this method, the domain is
∞ 2(1 + (−1) n +1 )  nπx   nπy 
x
discretized into discrete points j=1 0 x
⇒θ= ∑ sin   sinh   0 L T1 L
n =1  nπW   L   L  θ=0
and the solutions are found at i=1 i=5
nπ sinh  
 L  these discrete locations
• It may be observed that the solutions require fairly • The nodal temperatures are expected to be
complex techniques. These become more complex in representative value for the control volume shown
cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. Compilation in red
of these solutions are available in Hear transfer • We represent any nodal temperature as T(i,j),
handbooks and a treatise by Carslaw and Jaeger where i increases along x direction and j increases
along y direction

2
 Elements of Numerical Method-II Elements of Numerical Method-III
• If we apply Taylor series, we can write • Similarly Eqs. (3) and (4) we get
∂T ∂ 2 T ∆x 2 1
T (i + 1, j) = T (i, j) + ∆x + 2 + hot T (i, j + 1) − T (i, j − 1) ∂T
∂x i , j ∂x i , j 2! ⇒ ≈ 6
2 ∆y ∂y i , j
∂T ∂ 2 T ∆x 2 2
T(i − 1, j) = T (i, j) − ∆x + 2 + hot • Now adding Eqs (1) and (2) we get
∂x i , j ∂x i , j 2!
∂T 2
∂ T ∆y 2 ∂ 2 T ∆x 2
T (i, j + 1) = T (i, j) + ∆y + 2 + hot 3 T(i − 1, j) + T(i + 1, j) = 2T(i, j) + 2 + hot
∂y i , j ∂y i , j 2! ∂x 2 i , j 2!
2 2
∂T ∂ T ∆y T (i + 1, j) − 2T (i, j) + T (i − 1, j) ∂ 2T
T (i, j − 1) = T (i, j) − ∆y + 2 + hot 4 ⇒ ≈ 2 7
∂y i , j ∂y i, j 2! ∆x 2 ∂x i , j

• Subtracting Eqs. (1) and (2) we get • Similarly adding Eqs (3) and (4) and simplifying. We get
∂T T (i + 1, j) − T (i − 1, j) ∂T T (i, j + 1) − 2T (i, j) + T (i, j − 1) ∂ 2T
T (i + 1, j) − T(i − 1, j) = 2 ∆x + hot ⇒ ≈ 5 ⇒ ≈ 2 8
∂x i , j 2∆x ∂x i, j ∆y 2 ∂y i , j

Elements of Numerical Method-IV Elements of Numerical Method-V

T 2
j=5
• In Eqs (5)-(8), we have obtained approximate • Eq. (9) is called the finite difference
expressions for the derivatives in terms of discrete form of the Laplace equation in two
T1 T1
values of temperature in the neighborhood dimensions
• These expressions are termed finite difference • Effectively, we have converted the
j=1 0
approximations of the derivatives partial differential equation into an i=1
T1
i=5
algebraic equation
• The governing equation we want to solve is
• For simplicity, if we choose ∆x= ∆y, then
∂ 2 T ∂ 2T
+ =0 T (i + 1, j) − 2T(i, j) + T (i − 1, j) + T (i, j + 1) − 2T(i, j) + T (i, j − 1) = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
⇒ T(i + 1, j) + T(i − 1, j) + T(i, j + 1) + T(i, j − 1) − 4T (i, j) = 0 10
• Expressing the derivatives as finite differences
for any arbitrary point i,j, we get • For the given discretization as shown, we have 25
T (i + 1, j) − 2T (i, j) + T (i − 1, j) T (i, j + 1) − 2T (i, j) + T (i, j − 1) points, of which we know the 16 values as boundary
+ =0 9
∆x 2 ∆y 2 conditions. Hence only 9 interior values need be found

Elements of Numerical Method-VI Elements of Numerical Method-VII

T2
• We can write a difference equation for each of the • The unknowns are for i = 2-4 j=5
interior node and get 9 equations and j = 2,4
• For the known boundary conditions, the 9 unknowns T1 T1
• Assume arbitrary values for
can be found by solving the set of 9 algebraic equations all unknowns, T(i,j) say T1
j=1 0
• There are many techniques to solve these • The algorithm will be T1
i=1 i=5
• We shall illustrate the simplest of all called point For i = 2, 4
Gauss-Siedel procedure For j = 2, 4
• Eq. (10) can be re-written as T (i + 1, j) + T (i − 1, j) + T (i, j + 1) + T (i, j − 1)
T (i, j) =
4
T(i + 1, j) + T (i − 1, j) + T (i, j + 1) + T (i, j − 1) End j
T (i, j) = End i
4
• Repeat till convergence (Tnew – Told)/Tnew < Tolerance

3
 Elements of Numerical Method-VIII Elements of Numerical Method-IX
• When the boundary conditions are not the temperature • Before closure, it is pertinent to point tat to obtain
specified ones, we need to write a finite difference accurate solutions the number of nodes need to be
equation for the boundary nodes increased
• Treatment of heat flux boundary • Usual practice is to first get a coarse node solution
condition with say 10 x 10 nodes. Then the process is repeated
q''
1 2 with 20 x 20 nodes. If the results are not much
(T2 − T1 ) − q′′∆x ∆x
q′′ = − k ⇒ = T2 − T1 different, then no more refinement is done. Otherwise,
∆x k
the number of nodes is further increased till the results
• Treatment of heat transfer boundary no longer change
condition

(T2 − T1 )  k  k h, T∞
h ( T∞ − T1 ) = − k ⇒ T∞ = T1 1 +  − T2 1 2
∆x  h∆x  h∆x ∆x

An Example-I An Example-II
• To illustrate the effectiveness of the numerical ∞
algorithm, let us take a very special boundary condition sin( πx ) = ∑ C n sin( nπx ) sinh( nπ)
n =1
• From our previous lecture on L = 1, W = 1
• Careful observation reveals that with n = 1, C1 =
separation of variable, application y Sin(πx)
1 1/sinh(π) and all other Cn = 0, will exactly satisfy the
of the 0 temperature boundary
boundary condition
condition gave the solution as
0 0 • Therefore we can write the solution as
∞  nπx   nπy 
θ= ∑ C n sin   sinh   x sin( πx ) sinh( πy)
n =1  1   1  0 1
θ=
0 sinh(π)
• The boundary condition at top wall (y = 1) gives • It is very easy to verify that the above satisfies the
∞
differential equation and the boundary conditions
sin( πx ) = ∑ C n sin( nπx ) sinh( nπ)
n =1

An Example-III
31 32 33 34 35 36
T (i + 1, j) + T (i − 1, j) + T (i, j + 1) + T (i, j − 1)
T (i, j) = 25 26 27 28 29 30
4
19 20 21 22 23 24
• Started with arbitrary values for the
interior as 0.5 13 14 15 16 17 18

• Performed 24 iterations 7 8 9 10 11 12

• Compared with analytical solution 1 2 3 4 5 6

• Maximum error less than 1.3%,

when normalized with the
maximum temperature