India

India
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This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
Republic of India

Bhrat Gaarjya
Flag
Emblem
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

(Devangar)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem:
Jana Gana Mana

Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people
National Song[4]
Vande Mataram
I bow to thee, Mother
[3]
[2]
Area controlled by India in dark green;

Claimed but uncontrolled territories in light green
New Delhi
Capital
2836.8N 7712.5E / 28.6133N

77.2083E
Largest city
Official language(s)
Recognised
regional languages
Mumbai
Hindi, English[show]
8th Schedule:[show]
None defined by the

Constitution[6]
Demonym
Indian
Federal parliamentary
Government
constitutional republic[7]
- President
Pratibha Patil
- Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh (INC)
- Speaker of the House Meira Kumar (INC)
- Chief Justice
S. H. Kapadia
Legislature
Parliament of India
- Upper House
Rajya Sabha
- Lower House
Lok Sabha
Independence
from the United Kingdom
- Declared
15 August 1947
- Republic
26 January 1950
Area
3,287,263 km2 (7th)
1,269,219 sq mi
- Water (%)
9.56
Population
- 2011 census
1,210,193,422[8] (2nd)
365.7/km2 (31st)
- Density
947.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2010 estimate
- Total
$4.060 trillion[9] (4th)
- Per capita
$3,339[9]
National languages
GDP (nominal)
- Total
- Per capita
Gini (2004)
HDI (2010)
Currency
Time zone
- Summer (DST)
Date formats
Drives on the
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD
Calling code
Non-numbered Footnotes:[show]
2010 estimate
$1.632 trillion[9] (9th)
$1,371[9]
36.8[10] (79th)
0.519[11] (medium) (119th)
Indian rupee ( ) (INR)
IST (UTC+05:30)
not observed (UTC+05:30)
dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
left
IN
.in
International TLDs[show]
91
India i/ ndi/, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhrat Gaarjya; see
also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by
geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most
populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the
southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the
west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China, and Nepal to the northeast; and Bangladesh and
Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives,
and its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast
empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much
of its long history.[13] Four of the world's major religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and
Sikhismoriginated there, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the 1st
millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture.[14] Gradually annexed and
increasingly administered by the British East India Company from the early 18th century and
governed directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an
independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence which was marked by non-violent
resistance and led by Mahatma Gandhi.
India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28
states and 7 union territories. It is one of the five BRICS nations. India is a pluralistic,
multilingual, and multiethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of
protected habitats. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing
army in the world and ranks tenth in military expenditure among nations. The Indian economy is
the world's ninth-largest economy by nominal GDP[15] and fourth largest economy by purchasing
power parity (PPP).[9] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one
of the fastest growing major economies and is a newly industrialised country; yet it confronts
mass poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and inadequate public health.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
o 2.1 Ancient India
o 2.2 Medieval India
o 2.3 Early modern India
o 2.4 Modern India
3 Geography
o 3.1 Environment
4 Politics
o 4.1 Government
o 4.2 Administrative divisions
o 4.3 Foreign relations
o 4.4 Military
5 Economy
6 Demographics
7 Culture
o 7.1 Society and traditions
o 7.2 Arts and cinema
o 7.3 Sport
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Etymology
Main article: Names of India
The name India is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from
Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.[16] The ancient Greeks
referred to the Indians as Indoi (), the people of the Indus.[17] The Constitution of India and
usage in many Indian languages also recognises Bharat (pronounced [bart ] ( listen)) as an
official name of equal status.[18] The name Bharat is derived from the name of the legendary king
Bharata in Hindu scriptures. Hindustan ([ ndstan] ( listen)), originally a Persian word for
Land of the Hindus referring to northern India and Pakistan before 1947, is also occasionally
used as a synonym for all of India.[19]
History
Main articles: History of India and History of the Republic of India
Ancient India
The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia are from approximately
30,000 years ago.[20] Near contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many
parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[21]
Around 7000 BCE, the first known neolithic settlements appeared on the subcontinent in
Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan.[22] These gradually developed into the Indus Valley
Civilisation,[23] the first urban culture in South Asia,[24] which flourished during 25001900 BCE
in Pakistan and western India.[25] Centered around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa,
Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged
robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.[24]
Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, sixth century.

During the period 2000500 BCE, many regions of the subcontinent evolved from copper age to
iron age cultures.[26] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[27] were composed during this
period, and historians have analyzed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the
upper Ganges Plain.[26] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several
waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the northwest.[27] The caste system,
creating a social hierarchy, appeared during this period.[28] In the Deccan, archaeological
evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organization.[26]
In South India, the large number of megalithic monuments found from this period,[29] and nearby
evidence of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions suggest progression to sedentary life.
[29]
By the fifth century BCE, the small chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the northwest regions had
consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies called Mahajanapadas.[30][31] The
emerging urbanization as well as the orthodoxies of the late Vedic age created the religious
reform movements of Buddhism and Jainism.[32] Buddhism, based on the teachings of India's first
historical figure, Gautam Buddha, attracted followers from all social classes;[32][33] Jainism came
into prominence around the same time during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira.[34] In an age of
increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal,[35] and both established
long-lasting monasteries.[30] Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had
annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[30] The empire was once
thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions
are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.[36][37] The Maurya kings are
known as much for their empire building and determined management of public life as for
Ashoka the Great's renunciation of militarism and his far flung advocacy of the Buddhist
dhamma.[38][39]
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that during the period from 200 BCE to 200
CE, the southern peninsula was being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas, dynasties
that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with west and south-east Asia.[40][41] In north
India during the same time, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family.[42][30] By the
fourth and fifth centuries CE, the Gupta Empire had created a complex administrative and
taxation system in the greater Ganges Plain that became a model for later Indian kingdoms.[43][44]
Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual
began to assert itself[45] and was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which
found patrons among an urban elite.[44] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian
science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.[44]
Medieval India
The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, in the state of Tamil Nadu, was built by the Cholas in
1010 CE.
The Indian early medieval age (600 CE to 1200 CE) is defined by regional kingdoms and
cultural diversity.[46] When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Ganges plain from 606 to
647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.
[47]
When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of
Bengal.[47] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the
Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still
farther south.[47] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control
lands much beyond his core region.[46] During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been
cleared to make way for the growing agriculture economy were accommodated within caste
society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.[48] The caste system consequently began to
show regional differences.[48]
In the sixth and seventh centuries CE, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil
language.[49] These were imitated all over India and led both to the resurgence of Hinduism and to
the development of all the modern languages of the subcontinent.[49] Indian royalty, big and
small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which
became economic hubs as well.[50] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as
India underwent another urbanisation.[50] By the eight and ninth centuries, the effects were
evident elsewhere as well as South Indian culture and political systems were being exported to
Southeast Asia, in particular to what today are Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia
and Java.[51] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this
transmission, and south-east Asians took the initiative as well with many sojourning in Indian
seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[51]
After the tenth century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift horse cavalry and
raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's northwestern plains, and led eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[52]
The Sultanate was to control much of North India, and to make many forays into South India.
Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the Sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim
subject population to its own laws and customs.[53] By repeatedly repulsing the Mongol raiders in
the thirteenth century, the Sultanate saved India from the destruction seen in west and central
Asia, and set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics,
traders, artists, and artisans from that region into India, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic
culture in the north.[54] The Sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South
India, paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[55] Embracing a strong Shaivite
tradition and building upon the military technology of the Sultanate, the empire came to control
much of peninsular India,[56] and to influence the society and culture of South India for long
afterwards.[55]
Early modern India
Scribes and artists in the Mughal court, 15901595.

In the early sixteenth century, northern India, being ruled then mainly by Muslim rulers,[57] fell
again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[58]
The Mughal empire, which resulted, did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but
rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices,[59][60] and diverse and
inclusive ruling elites,[61] leading to more systematic, centralised and uniform rule.[62] Eschewing
tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far flung
realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near
divine status.[61] The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture,
[63]
and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[64] caused peasants and
artisans to enter larger markets.[62] The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of
the seventeenth century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[62] and resulted in greater
patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[65] Newly coherent social groups
in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs gained military
and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave
them both recognition and military experience.[66] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave
rise to new Indian commercial and political elites in the southern and eastern coastal India.[66] As
the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own
affairs.[67]
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being
increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India
Company, had established outposts on the coast of India.[68] The East India Company's control of
the seas, its greater resources, and its army's more advanced training methods and technology,
led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the
Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in the Company becoming the ruler of the Bengal
region by 1765, and sidelining the other European companies.[69] Its further access to the riches
of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or
subdue most of India by the 1820s.[70] India was now no longer exporting manufactured goods as
it long had, but was instead supplying the British empire with raw materials, and most historians
consider this to be the true onset of India's colonial period.[71] By this time also, with its economic
power severely curtailed by the British parliament and effectively now an arm of British
administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as
education, social reform, and culture.[72]
Modern India
Map of the British Indian Empire from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, Oxford University Press,
1909.
Depending upon the historian, India's modern age begins variously in 1848, when with the
appointment of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the Company rule in India, changes
essential to a modern state, including the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the
surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens, were put in place, and technological
changes, among them, railways, canals, and telegraph were introduced not long after being
introduced in Europe;[73] 1857, when disaffection with the Company's rule, set off by diverse
resentments, which included British social reforms, harshness of land taxes, and the humiliation
of landed and princely aristocracy, led to the Indian rebellion of 1857 in many parts of northern
India;[74] 1858, when after the suppression of the rebellion, the British government took over the
direct administration of India, and proclaimed a unitary state, which on the one hand envisaged a
limited and gradual British-style parliamentary system, but on the other hand protected India's
princes and large landlords as a feudal safeguard;[75] and 1885, when the founding of the Indian
National Congress marked the beginning of a period in which public life emerged at an all-India
level.[76]
Jawaharlal Nehru (left) became India's first prime minister in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi (right) was
a political and ideological leader during the Indian Independence Movement.
Although the rush of technology and the commercialization of agriculture in the second half of
the 19th century was marked by economic setbacksmany small farmers became dependent on
the whims of far away markets,[77] there was an increase in the number of large-scale famines,[78]
and, despite the Indian taxpayers enduring the risks of infrastructure development, little
industrial employment was generated for Indians,[79]there were also salutary effects:
commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, increased food production for
internal consumption,[80] the railway network provided critical famine relief,[81] reduced notably
the cost of moving goods,[81] and helped the nascent Indian owned industry.[80] After the first
world war, in which some one million Indians served,[82] a new period began, which was marked
by British reforms, but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and
by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-cooperation, of which Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[83] During the 1930s, slow
legislative reform was enacted by the British and the Indian National Congress won victories in
the resulting elections.[84] However, the next decade would be beset with crises, which included,
the second world war, the Congress's final push of non-cooperation, and the upsurge of Muslim
nationalismall capped by the independence of India in 1947, but tempered by the bloody
partition of the subcontinent into two states.[85]
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950,
which put in place a sovereign, secular, democratic republic.[86] In the 60 years since, India has
had a mixed bag of successes and failures.[87] On the positive side, it has remained a democracy
with many civil liberties, an activist Supreme Court, and an independent press;[87] economic
liberalization in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle-class, transformed India into one of
the fastest-growing economies in the world,[88] and increased its global clout; and Indian movies,
new music, and spiritual teachings, have increasingly contributed to global culture.[87] However,
on the negative side, India has been weighed down with seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural
and urban;[87] by religious and caste-related violence,[89] by the insurgencies of Maoist inspired
Naxalites,[90] and separatists in Jammu and Kashmir;[91] India has unresolved territorial disputes
with the People's Republic of China, which escalated into the Sino-Indian War of 1962,[92] with
Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999,[93] and nuclear rivalry which came
to a head in 1998.[94] India's sustained democratic freedoms, for over 60 years, are unique among
the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want
for its disadvantaged population, remains a goal yet to be achieved.[95]
Geography
Main article: Geography of India
See also: Geology of India
The Himalayas form the mountainous landscape of northern India. Seen here is the Kedar range
behind the Kedarnath Temple, an area of religious and cultural significance.
India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, lies atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor
plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.[96] India's defining geological processes commenced
seventy five million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern
supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards driftlasting fifty million yearsacross the
then unformed Indian Ocean.[96] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate
and subduction under it gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountains, which abut
India in the north and the north-east.[96] In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging
Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough which, having gradually been filled with riverborne sediment,[97] now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[98] To the west lies the Thar Desert, which
is cut off by the Aravalli Range.[99]
The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable
part of India and extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These
parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota
Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[100] To the south the remaining peninsular landmass, the
Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern
Ghats respectively;[101] the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one
billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 644'
and 3530' north latitude[102] and 687' and 9725' east longitude.[103]
Topographic map of India.

India's coast is 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) long; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi)
belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and
Lakshadweep Islands.[104] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast
consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46%
mudflats or marshy coast.[104]
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges (Ganga)
and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[105] Important tributaries of the
Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient causes disastrous
floods every year. Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from
flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into
the Bay of Bengal;[106] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.[107]
Among notable coastal features of India are the marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the
alluvial Sundarbans delta, which India shares with Bangladesh.[108] India has two archipelagos:
the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.[109]
India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive
the monsoons.[110] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in,
keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[111]
[112]
The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer
monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[110] Four
major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and
montane.[113]
Environment
Main article: Environment of India
The brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) is identified with Garuda, the mythical mount of Vishnu. It
hunts for fish and other prey near the coasts and around inland wetlands.
India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity hotspots.[114] One of 17
megadiverse countries, it hosts 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian,
4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[115]
Endemism is high among plants, 33%, and among ecoregions such as the shola forests.[116]
Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and
Northeast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist
deciduous sal forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India;
and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[117] Under
12% of India's landmass bears thick jungle.[118] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian
herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The luxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of
Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate
separated long ago. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards and collision with the
Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climatic changes
20 million years ago forced a mass extinction.[119] Mammals then entered India from Asia through
two zoogeographical passes flanking the rising Himalaya.[120] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and
55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[121] Among
them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172,
or 2.9%, of IUCN-designated threatened species.[122] These include the Asiatic lion, the Bengal
tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which, by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-laced
cattle, nearly went extinct.
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically
endangered Indian wildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first
established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection
Act[123] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was
enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.[124] India hosts more than five hundred wildlife
sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[125] four of which are part of the World Network of
Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[126]
Politics
Main article: Politics of India

Barack Obama addresses a joint session of parliament in the Sansad Bhavan.
India is the world's most populous democracy.[127][128] A parliamentary republic with a multi-party
system,[129] it has six recognised national parties, including the Indian National Congress and the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[130] The Congress is considered
centre-left or "liberal" in Indian political culture, and the BJP centre-right or "conservative". For
most of the period between 1950 when India first became a republic and the late 1980s, the
Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared the
political stage with the BJP,[131] as well as with powerful regional parties which have often forced
the creation of multi-party coalitions at the Centre.[132]
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957 and 1962, the Jawaharlal
Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly
became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Indira
Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following
public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out
of power in 1977, and a new party, the Janata Party which had opposed the emergency was voted
in. Its government proved short-lived, lasting just over three years. Back in power in 1980, the
Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated and
succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general elections later that
year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the
newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too
proved short-lived lasting just under two years.[133] Elections were held again in 1991 in which no
party won an absolute majority, but the Congress as the largest single party was able to form a
minority government, led by P.V. Narasimha Rao.[134]
The two years after the general election of 1996 were years of political turmoil, with several
short-lived alliances sharing power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996;
it was followed by two relatively longer-lasting United Front coalitions, which depended on
external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful coalition, the National
Democratic Alliance (NDA), which under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, became the
first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term.[135] In the 2004 Indian general
elections, again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest
single party, forming a successful coalition, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), with the
support of left-leaning parties and MPs opposed to the BJP. The UPA coalition was returned to
power in the 2009 general election, with increased numbers that ensured it no longer required
external support from India's Communist parties.[136] That year, Manmohan Singh became the
first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a second
consecutive five-year term.[137]
Government
Main articles: Government of India and Elections in India
Rashtrapati Bhavan, residence of the President of India.

India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India,[138]
which serves as the country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and
representative democracy, in which "majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by
law". Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the federal government and the
states. The government abides by constitutional checks and balances. The Constitution of India,
which came into effect on 26 January 1950,[139] states in its preamble that India is a sovereign,
socialist, secular, democratic republic.[140] India's form of government, traditionally described as
'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weak states,[141] has grown increasingly federal since the
late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.[142]
Indian National Symbols[143][144]
Flag
Tricolour
Emblem
Sarnath Lion Capital
Anthem
Jana Gana Mana
Song
Vande Mataram
Calendar
Saka
Game
Hockey
Flower
Lotus
Fruit
Mango
Tree
Banyan
Bird
Indian Peafowl
Land animal
Royal Bengal Tiger
Aquatic animal
River Dolphin
River
Ganges
The federal government comprises three branches:
Executive: The President of India is the head of state[145] elected indirectly by an electoral
college[146] for a five-year term.[147][148] The Prime Minister of India is the head of
government and exercises most executive power.[145] Appointed by the president,[149] the
prime minister is by convention supported by the party or political alliance holding the
majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.[145] The executive branch of the Indian
government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the council of ministers (the
cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the prime minister. Any minister
holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament. In the Indian
parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the prime
minister and his council directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.[150]
Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament, operating under a

Westminster-style parliamentary system, and comprising the upper house called the Rajya
Sabha (Council of States) and the lower called the Lok Sabha (House of People).[151] The
Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six-year terms.[152]
Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures, their numbers in
proportion to their state's population.[152] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are
directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituencies for five-year terms.
[152]
The remaining two members are nominated by the president from among the AngloIndian community, in case the president decides that the community is not adequately
represented.[152]
Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court, headed
by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[153] The
Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over
disputes between states and the Centre and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[154]
It is judicially independent[153] and has the power both to declare the law and to strike
down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.[155] The Supreme Court is
also the ultimate interpreter of the constitution.[156]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of India
India is a federation composed of 28 states and 7 union territories.[157] All states, as well as the
union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected
legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five
union territories are directly ruled by the Centre through appointed administrators. In 1956,
under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[158] Since then,
their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided
into administrative districts.[159] The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and ultimately
into villages.
The 28 states and 7 union territories of India

States:
8. Haryana
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Arunachal
Pradesh
9. Himachal
Pradesh
3. Assam
10. Jammu and

Kashmir
4. Bihar
11. Jharkhand
5. Chhattisgarh
12. Karnataka
6. Goa
13. Kerala
7. Gujarat
14. Madhya
Pradesh
Union Territories:
A. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
B. Chandigarh
15. Maharashtra
22. Rajasthan
16. Manipur
23. Sikkim
17. Meghalaya
24. Tamil Nadu
18. Mizoram
25. Tripura
19. Nagaland
26. Uttar Pradesh
20. Orissa
27. Uttarakhand
21. Punjab
28. West Bengal
C. Dadra and Nagar Haveli

D. Daman and Diu
E. Lakshadweep
F. National Capital Territory of Delhi
G. Puducherry
Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of India and Indian Armed Forces
India and Russia share an extensive economic, defence and technological relationship.[160] Shown
here are Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at
the 34th G8 Summit.
Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the
1950s, it strongly supported the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia and
played a pioneering role in the Non-Aligned Movement.[161] In the late 1980s, India made two
brief military interventions at the invitation of neighbouring countries, one by the Indian Peace
Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and the other, Operation Cactus, in the Maldives. However, India has
had a tense relationship with neighbouring Pakistan, and the two countries have gone to war four
times, in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The Kashmir dispute was the predominant cause of these
wars, except in 1971 which followed the civil unrest in erstwhile East Pakistan.[162] After the
India-China War of 1962 and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India proceeded to develop close
military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by late 1960s, the Soviet Union had emerged
as India's largest arms supplier.[163]
Aside from continuing strategic relations with Russia, India has wide ranging defence relations
with Israel and France. In recent years, India has played an influential role in the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organization.[164] The nation has
provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in thirty-five UN peacekeeping
operations across four continents.[165] India is also an active participant in various multilateral
forums, most notably the East Asia Summit and the G8+5.[166][167] In the economic sphere, India
has close relationships with the developing nations of South America, Asia and Africa. For about
a decade now, India has also pursued a "Look East" policy which has helped it strengthen its
partnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan and South Korea on a wide range of issues but
especially economic investment and regional security.[168][169]
Military
The HAL Tejas is a light supersonic fighter developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency
and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics.[170]
China's nuclear test of 1964 as well as its repeated threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in
the 1965 war convinced India to develop nuclear weapons of its own.[171] India conducted its first
nuclear weapons test in 1974 and carried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite
criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban
Treaty (CTBT) nor the NPT, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.[172] India
maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of
its "minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[173][174] It is also developing a ballistic missile defence
shield and, in collaboration with Russia, a fifth generation fighter jet.[175][176] Other major
indigenous military development projects include Vikrant class aircraft carriers and Arihant class
nuclear submarines.[177][178]
India has increased its economic, strategic and military cooperation with the United States and
the European Union.[179] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the
United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it received waivers from the International Atomic
Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), ending earlier restrictions on India's
nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India has become the world's sixth de
facto nuclear weapons state.[180] Following the NSG waiver, India was also able to sign civilian
nuclear energy cooperation agreements with other nations, including Russia,[181] France,[182] the
United Kingdom,[183] and Canada.[184]
With 1.6 million active troops, the Indian military is the third largest in the world.[185] India's
armed forces consists of an Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, and auxiliary forces such as the
Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command.[186] The President of
India is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The official Indian defence budget
for 2011 stands at US$36.03 billion (or 1.83% of GDP).[187] According to a 2008 SIPRI report,
India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power stood at US$72.7 billion,[188] In
2011 the annual defence budget increased by 11.6 per cent,[189] although this does not include
money that goes to the military through other branches of government.[190] India has become the
world's largest arms importer, receiving 9% of all international arms transfers during the period
from 2006 to 2010.[191] Much of the military expenditure is focused on defence against Pakistan
and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.[189]
Economy
Main article: Economy of India
See also: Economic history of India, Economic development in India, and Transport in India
Indian agriculture dates from 7,0006,000 BCE,[192] employs most Indian workers, and is second
in farm output worldwide. Indian renewable energy capacity is 20 gigawatts, or 8% of installed
power generation potential.[193]
According to the International Monetary Fund, India is the world's ninth-largest economy by
market exchange rates, with US$1.632 trillion, and the fourth-largest by purchasing power parity
(PPP), with US$4.06 trillion.[9] With its average annual GDP growing at 5.8% for the past two
decades, and at 10.4% during 2010,[194] India is also one of the fastest growing economies in the
world.[195] However, the country ranks 138th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in
GDP per capita at PPP.[9]
Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by
socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation[196] caused the Indian economy
to be largely closed to the outside world. After an acute balance of payments crisis in 1991, the
nation liberalised its economy and has since continued to move towards a free-market system,[197]
[198]
emphasizing both foreign trade and investment.[199] Consequently, India's economic model is
now being described overall as capitalist.[198]
The Bombay Stock Exchange is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange by market
capitalisation.
With 467 million workers, India has the world's second largest labour force.[200] The service
sector makes up 54% of the GDP, the agricultural sector 28%, and the industrial sector 18%.
Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and
potatoes.[157] Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, food processing,
steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery and software.[157] By 2006,
India's external trade had reached a relatively moderate proportion of GDP at 24%, up from 6%
in 1985.[197] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[201] India was the world's fifteenth
largest importer in 2009 and the eighteenth largest exporter.[202] Major exports include petroleum
products, textile goods, jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather
manufactures.[157] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals.[157]
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% during the last few years,[197] India has more than
doubled its hourly wage rates during the last decade.[203] Moreover, since 1985, India has moved
431 million of its citizens out of poverty, and by 2030, India's middle class numbers will grow to
more than 580 million.[204] Although ranking 51st in global competitiveness, India ranks 17th in
financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication and
39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies.[205] With 7 of the world's top 15
technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second most
favourable outsourcing destination after the United States.[206] India's consumer market, currently
the world's thirteenth largest, is expected to become fifth largest by 2030.[204] Its
telecommunication industry, the world's fastest growing, added 227 million subscribers during
201011.[207] Its automobile industry, the world's second-fastest growing, increased domestic
sales by 26% during 200910,[208] and exports by 36% during 200809.[209]
Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socioeconomic challenges. India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World
Bank's international poverty line of $1.25/day,[210] the proportion having decreased from 60% in
1981 to 42% in 2005.[211] Half of the children in India are underweight,[212] and 46% of children
under the age of three suffer from malnutrition.[210] Since 1991, economic inequality between
India's states has consistently grown: the per capita net state domestic product of the richest
states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.[213] Corruption in India is perceived to have
increased significantly,[214] with one report estimating the illegal capital flows since independence
to be US$462 billion.[215] Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita has steadily
increased from U$329 in 1991, when economic liberalization began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is
estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it has always remained lower than those of
other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and
Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future.[216]
According to a 2011 PwC report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity will overtake Japan's
during 2011 and the United States by 2045.[217] Moreover, during the next four decades, India's
economy is expected to grow at an average of 8%, making the nation potentially the world's
fastest growing major economy until 2050.[217] The report also highlights some of the key factors
behind high economic growtha young and rapidly growing working age population; the
growth of the manufacturing sector due to rising levels of education and engineering skills; and
sustained growth of the consumer market because of a rapidly growing middle class.[217]
However, the World Bank cautions that for India to achieve its economic potential, it must
continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural
development, removal of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and
nutrition.[218]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of India
The already densely settled Ganges Basin is the main driver of Indian population growth.
With 1,210,193,422 citizens reported in the 2011 provisional Census,[8] India is the world's
second most populous country. India's population grew at 1.76% per annum during the last
decade,[8] down from 2.13% per annum in the previous decade (19912001).[219] The human sex
ratio in India, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males,[8] the lowest since
independence. India's median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.[186] Medical advances of the last
50 years as well increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "green revolution" have
caused India's population to grow rapidly.[220][221] India continues to face several public healthrelated challenges.[222][223] According to the World Health Organization, 900,000 Indians die each
year from drinking contaminated water or breathing polluted air.[224] There are about 60
physicians per 100,000 people in India.[225] The percentage of Indians living in urban areas has
grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.[226] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.[227][228]
According to the 2001 census, there are 27 million-plus cities in India,[226] with Mumbai, Delhi,
Kolkata and Chennai being the largest. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among
females and 82.14% among males.[8] Kerala is the most literate state; Bihar the least.[229][230]
India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the
population) and Dravidian (24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic
and Tibeto-Burman language families. India has no national language.[231] Hindi, with the largest
number of speakers,[232] is the official language of the union.[233] English is used extensively in
business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";[234] it is
important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Every state and union
territory has its own official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 21
"scheduled languages". The Indian Constitution recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which
together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.[235] The 2001 census reported the
religion in India with the largest number of followers was Hinduism, with over 800 million
(80.5%) of the population recording it as their religion. Other religious groups include Muslims
(13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%), Jews, Zoroastrians,
and Bah's.[236] India has the world's third-largest Muslim population and the largest Muslim
population for a non-Muslim majority country.
Culture
Main article: Culture of India
The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a memorial to his deceased
wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding
universal value".[237]
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[238] During the Vedic age (c. 1700-500 BCE),
the foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology and literature were laid, and many beliefs and
practices which still exist today, such as dhrma, krma, yga and moka, were established.[239]
India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity and
Jainism among the nation's major religions.[240] The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been
shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the Upanishads,[241] the Yoga
Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[240] and by Buddhist philosophy.[242]
Indian architecture is highly diverse. Much of it, including notable monuments such as the Taj
Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture and South Indian architecture, comprises a
blend of ancient and varied local traditions from several parts of the country and abroad.[243]
Vernacular architecture also displays notable regional variation.
Indian cuisine is best known for its delicate use of herbs and spices and for its tandoori grilling
techniques. The tandoor, a clay oven in use for almost 5,000 years in India, is known for its
ability to grill meats to an 'uncommon succulence' and for the puffy flatbread known as the naan.
[244]
The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east), wheat
(predominantly in the north)[245] and lentils.[246] Many spices which are consumed world wide are
originally native to the Indian subcontinent. Chili pepper which was introduced by the
Portuguese is widely used in Indian cuisine.[247]
Scene from Kalidasa's The Recognition of akuntal as painted by Raja Ravi Varma.
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1,400 BCE and 1,200 AD, were in the
Sanskrit language.[248][249] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as
Mahbhrata and Ramayana, the dramas of Kalidasa such as the Abhijnakuntalam (The
Recognition of akuntal), and poetry such as the Mahkvya.[250] Developed between 600 BCE
and 300 AD in Southern India, the Sangam literature consisting of 2,381 poems is regarded as a
predecessor of Tamil literature.[251][252][253] From the 14th century AD to 18th century AD, India's
literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of
devotional poets such as Kabr, Tulsds and Guru Nnak. This period was characterised by
varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression and as a consequence, medieval Indian
literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.[254] In the 19th century, Indian
writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. Twentieth-century
Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.
[255]
Society and traditions

Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The Indian caste system
describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which
social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jtis or
castes.[256] Several influential social reform movements, such as the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya
Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission, have played a pivotal role in the emancipation of Dalits (or
"untouchables") and other lower-caste communities in India.[257] However, the majority of Dalits
continue to live in segregation and are often persecuted and discriminated against.[258]
Traditional Indian family values are highly valued, and multi-generational patriarchal joint
families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban
areas.[259] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged
by their parents or other family members.[260] Marriage is thought to be for life,[260] and the
divorce rate is extremely low.[261] Child marriage is still a common practice, more so in rural
India, with more than half of women in India marrying before the legal age of 18.[262]
Many Indian festivals are religious in origin. The best known include Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi,
Thai Pongal, Holi, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, and Vaisakhi.[263][264] India has
three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories Republic Day,
Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve,
are officially observed in individual states.
Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various
factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for
women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for
women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.[265]
The wearing of delicate jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a
tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India as talismans.[266]
Arts and cinema

Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses
two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic
schools.[267] Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of
the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical
forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the
chhau of West Bengal and Jharkhand, sambalpuri of Orissa, ghoomar of Rajasthan, and the
Lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological
elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music,
Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar
Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of
Manipur, odissi of Orissa, and the sattriya of Assam.[268]
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.[269] Often based on
Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances and social and political events,
Indian theatre includes the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila
of North India, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil
Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[270] The Indian film industry is the world's most watched
film industry.[271][272] Established traditions exist in Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada,
Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu language cinemas.[273] South Indian cinema
attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.[274]
Sport
Main article: Sport in India
A 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super
Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders.
In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, among them kabaddi, kho
kho, pehlwani, and gilli-danda. Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as
Kalarippayattu, Yuddha, Silambam, and Varma Kalai, originated in India. The Rajiv Gandhi
Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic
achievement; the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. Chess, commonly
held to have originated in India, is regaining widespread popularity with the rise in the number of
Indian Grandmasters.[275] Tennis has become increasingly popular; this stems from the victorious
India Davis Cup team and the recent successes of Indian tennis players.[276] India has a strong
presence in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting
Championships, and the Commonwealth Games.[277][278] Other sports in which Indians have
succeeded internationally include badminton,[279] boxing,[280] and wrestling.[281][282] Football is
popular in the northeastern states, West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.[283]
India's official national sport is field hockey; it is administered by Hockey India. The Indian
hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and have, as of 2011, taken eight gold, one silver,
and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the most successful team. Cricket is by far the most
popular sport;[284] the Indian national cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 World Cups, the 2007
ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in
India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); the Ranji Trophy, the
Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are
domestic competitions. BCCI conducts a Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier
League. India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982
Asian Games; the 1987, 1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cups; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the
2006 ICC Champions Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth
Games. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the Chennai Open,
Mumbai Marathon, Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters.
Notes
1.
^ "State Emblem -Inscription", India 2010: A reference manual (National

Informatics Centre (NIC), Government of India), 2010,
http://www.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_emblem.php, retrieved 17 July 2011
2.
^ "National Anthem Know India portal", India 2010: A reference manual

(National Informatics Centre(NIC), Government of India), 2010,
http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_anthem.php, retrieved 17 July 2011
3.
^ "National Song Know India portal", India 2010: A reference manual (National
Informatics Centre(NIC)), 2010, http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_song.php,
retrieved 17 July 2011
4.
^ "Constituent Assembly of India Volume XII", Constituent Assembly of India:

Debates (National Informatics Centre(NIC), Government of India), 24 January 1950,
http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm, retrieved 17 July 2011, "The
composition consisting of the words and music known as Jana Gana Mana is the National
Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may
authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic
part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana
and shall have equal status with it."
5.
^ "The Union: Official Language", Department of Official Language,

Government of India (National Informatics Centre(NIC), Government of India), 2010,
http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php, retrieved 17 July 2011
6.
^ There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court, Times Of India, 6

January 2007, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-0125/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi, retrieved 17 July 2011
7.
^ a b "India at a Glance", Know India Portal (National Informatics Centre(NIC),

Government of India), http://india.gov.in/knowindia/india_at_a_glance.php, retrieved 7
December 2007
8.
^ a b c d e "Provisional Population Totals Census 2011", Office of the Registrar

General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India),
2011, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html, retrieved 29
March 2011
9.
^ a b c d e f g "India". International Monetary Fund.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?
sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD
%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=49&pr.y=13.
Retrieved 26 May 2011.
10.
^ "Field Listing Distribution of family income Gini index", The World

Factbook (CIA), 15 May 2008, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/rankorder/2172rank.html?
countryName=India&countryCode=in&regionCode=sas&rank=79#in, retrieved 6 June
2008
11.
^ (PDF) Human Development Report 2010. Human development index trends:

Table G, The United Nations, 2010,
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf, retrieved 4 November 2010
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^ "Total Area of India" (PDF), Country Studies, India (Library of Congress

Federal Research Division), December 2004,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf, retrieved 3 September 2007, "The
countrys exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian
government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area
as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263
km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2 (1,147,960 sq mi)."
13.
14.
15.
^ Stein 2008, pp. 1617

^ Mohammada, Malika (2007), The foundations of the composite culture in India,
Aakar Books, ISBN 8189833189, http://books.google.com/?
id=dwzbYvQszf4C&printsec=frontcover
^ IMF datamapper
16.
^ "India", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2011,

http://www.oed.com/, retrieved 17 July 2011
17.
^ Britannica Educational (2010), Kuiper, Kathleen, ed., Culture of India, Rosen

Publishing Group, p. 86, ISBN 1615302034, http://books.google.com/?
id=LiqloV4JnNUC
18.
^ (PDF) Constitution of India, 29 July 2008,

http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf, retrieved 17 July 2011, "Article 1(1):
"India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.""
19.
^ Hindustan, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 2011,

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan, retrieved 17 July 2011
20.
^ Singh 2009, p. 64
21.
^ Singh 2009, pp. 8993
22.
^ Possehl 2002, pp. 2425.
23.
^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 2123.
24.
^ a b Singh 2009, p. 181.
25.
^ Possehl 2002, p. 2.
26.
^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 255.
27.
^ a b Singh 2009, pp. 186187.
28.
29.
^ a b Singh 2009, pp. 250251.
30.
^ a b c d Singh 2009, p. 319.
31.
32.
^ a b Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 5456.
33.
^ Stein 2008, pp. 6768.
34.
^ Singh 2009, pp. 312313.
35.
^ Singh 2009, p. 300.
36.
^ Stein 2008, pp. 7879.
37.
^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 70.
38.
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in neighouring Bengal we have the very popular Jatra plays. Maharashtra has Tamasa.
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Publications, ISBN 8170173574
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of Food, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521402166
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External links
National Portal of the Government of India
India at the UCB Government Information Library
India at the Open Directory Project
India travel guide from Wikitravel
Coordinates:
21N 78E / 21N 78E

[show]v d eIndia
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Overview
technology Mathematics Astronomy Metallurgy Postage Years in the
s
Republic of India
Precolonial
Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas

Mauryans Middle kingdoms Hoysala Cholas Pala Kakatiya Delhi
sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade
East India Company Plassey 1857 Rebellion British Raj Railways

Economy Army Zamindari Social changes Political reforms Princely
Colonial
states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War
II Partition
Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five-Year Plan Sino-Indian War Indo-
Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency

Smiling Buddha Space program The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force
(IPKF) Economic Reforms Pokhran-II
Law Enforcement: Federal

National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
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Border Security Force (BSF)
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Categories: India | Countries of the Indian Ocean | Former British colonies | G15 nations | G20
nations | Liberal democracies | Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations | Member states
of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation | Member states of the United Nations |
South Asian countries | States and territories established in 1947
Hidden categories: Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages | Wikipedia indefinitely moveprotected pages | Articles containing Hindi language text | Articles containing Sanskrit language
text | Articles containing non-English language text | Featured articles
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India

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India

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India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

Jana Gana Mana

Area controlled by India in dark green;

2836.8N 7712.5E / 28.6133N

None defined by the

Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, sixth century.

Early modern India

Scribes and artists in the Mughal court, 15901595.

Topographic map of India.

Main article: Politics of India

Rashtrapati Bhavan, residence of the President of India.

Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament, operating under a

The 28 states and 7 union territories of India

10. Jammu and

24. Tamil Nadu

26. Uttar Pradesh

28. West Bengal

C. Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Society and traditions

Arts and cinema

^ "State Emblem -Inscription", India 2010: A reference manual (National

^ "National Anthem Know India portal", India 2010: A reference manual

^ "Constituent Assembly of India Volume XII", Constituent Assembly of India:

^ "The Union: Official Language", Department of Official Language,

^ There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court, Times Of India, 6

^ a b "India at a Glance", Know India Portal (National Informatics Centre(NIC),

^ a b c d e "Provisional Population Totals Census 2011", Office of the Registrar

^ a b c d e f g "India". International Monetary Fund.

^ "Field Listing Distribution of family income Gini index", The World

^ (PDF) Human Development Report 2010. Human development index trends:

^ "Total Area of India" (PDF), Country Studies, India (Library of Congress

^ Stein 2008, pp. 1617

^ "India", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2011,

^ Britannica Educational (2010), Kuiper, Kathleen, ed., Culture of India, Rosen

^ (PDF) Constitution of India, 29 July 2008,

^ Hindustan, Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., 2011,

^ Singh 2009, pp. 8993

^ Possehl 2002, pp. 2425.

^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 2123.

^ a b Singh 2009, p. 181.

^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 255.

^ a b Singh 2009, pp. 186187.

^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 4143.

^ a b Singh 2009, pp. 250251.

^ a b c d Singh 2009, p. 319.

^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 5354.

^ a b Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 5456.

^ Stein 2008, pp. 6768.

^ Singh 2009, pp. 312313.

^ Singh 2009, p. 300.

^ Stein 2008, pp. 7879.

^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 70.

^ Singh 2009, p. 367.

^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 63.

^ Stein 2008, pp. 8990.

^ Singh 2009, pp. 408415.

^ Stein 2008, pp. 9295.

^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 8991.

^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 545.

^ Stein 2008, pp. 9899.

^ a b Stein 2008, p. 132