Public Speaking and usefulness within society: It is a way to express your ideas and to have an impact on issues that

t matter in society. Public speaking offers you an opportunity to make a difference in something you care about very much. Similarities and Differences between public speaking and conversation: Similarities o Organizing your thoughts logically Take your listener step by step. Ex: giving directions to a friend o Tailoring your message to your audience Changing story for your audiences understanding. Ex: telling 9 year old and 25 year old the same story, just different terms. o Telling a story for maximum impact Build up your story, adjusting your words and tone of voice to get the best effect. o Adapting to listener feedback Whenever you talk to someone, you are aware of that persons verbal, facial, and physical reactions. Differences o Public speaking is more highly structured Usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker. Speaker must accomplish her or his purpose in the speech itself; involves much more detailed planning and preparation than ordinary conversation. o Public speaking requires more formal language No slang or bad grammar. Polish your language to make your speech special when addressing your audience. o Public speaking requires a different method of delivery Adjust voice to be heard clearly to all audience members. Avoid saying, um, like, you know, uh. Communication/Public Speaking Definition: People using the art of language and gestures by sharing information. Process of (who?) humans using (how?) symbols (why?) to create and regulate a social reality. Communication/Public Speaking Model:

Global plagiarism: Act of taking someone elses entire work and passing it as your own. Patchwork plagiarism: Stealing others ideas or language (2-3 sources) and acting as if it is yours. Basically a quilt of everyones ideas without giving him or her credit. Incremental plagiarism: When you take an idea but do not cite where it came from. Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. Ethical guidelines for speakers: Make sure goals are ethically sound o That they are consistent with the welfare or society and your audience. Be fully prepared o The better you prepare, the better your speech will be. Be honest in what you say o Responsible speakers do not distort the truth for personal gain-they are accurate and fair in their message and in their methods. Avoid name-calling o Name-calling is the use of language to degrade individual groups. o Dehumanizes the groups. Put ethical principles into practice o Knowledge about right and wrong Ethical guidelines for listeners: Be courteous and attentive o Give speaker the attention that you would want them to give you. o Be conscious of the feedback you give while listening (faces, etc). Avoid prejudging the speaker o Dont judge speaker by name, race, lifestyle, appearance, or reputation. o Dont judge a book by its cover Maintain the free and open expression of ideas Types of Informative Speeches: Objects: People, places, things Events: Present day, historical Process: Series of actions that lead to a specific result Concept: Belief, attitude, abstract value Criteria for Informative Speeches: Accuracy: Cite sources Clarity: Know what details/ examples to use to help the audience understand Meaningful: Direct use for information Extended Examples: A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. Because some audience members may know some details Brief Examples: A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. Because audience already knows Hypothetical Examples: An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. Imagine what might have happened if Statistics: Numerical data Suggestions/challenges for using: Peer Testimony: Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic Expert Testimony: Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields Criteria for quoting vs. paraphrasing: Cite sources orally, make sure you dont misquote someone, make sure you dont violate meaning of statements you paraphrase,make sure you dont quote out of context. use testimony from qualified or unbiased sources. Identify ppl you quote/paraphrase Benefits/criteria for using each type of evidence:

Concluding attention getter Re-establishes audiences attention and closes speech with energy/enthusiasm Summary Statement: Summary of main points from above (opposite of thesis) General purpose: To (inform, persuade, or entertain) my audience. Specific purpose: To (inform, persuade, or entertain) my audience about o Personal Narrative- (complete with statement relevant to your object(s), narrative story, and message about you) o Informative Speech- (complete with statement relevant to your informative goal of speech) Thesis statement: The central idea that should identify/preview the main points you will make in the body of the speech (1 sentence) Criteria for topic selection: Who are you as a speaker?Who is your audience?Whats the occasion? Audience-centeredness: Speaker centers his/her own work on the audience on every frame. Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation o To whom am I speaking? o What do I want them to believe or do? o What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? o Topic selection, source selection,delivery(notes) Target Audience: Select members of entire audience that you mostly want to target Identification: A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences Audience as selective listeners and audience as egocentric: People pay close attention to messages that affect their own values,belief,well-being. Demographic audience analysis: Identifying the general demographic features of your audience and gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation. Ex: age, gender, race, religion, culture, etc. Situational audience analysis: Focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting of the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, speaker, and occasion Persuasive Speaking and Persuasion Methods 1. Mental dialogue with the audience during persuasion o The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech 2. Target Audience o Portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade 3. Claim of fact o Claims something is true/false with evidence-usually organized topically 4. Claim of Value o Question about the worth, rightness, morality, and etc of an idea/action o Arguing something is right over wrong, criteria over standards 5. Claim of Policy o A question about whether a specific course of action should/shouldnt be taken o Passive(persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince audience that policy is desirable w/o encouraging the audience to take actionin support of policy)Active(pers speech that speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy) o criteria of need:(1st basic issue in analyzing ? of policy.is there a serious problem or need that requires change from current policy)plan(if theres a prob w current,does speaker have plan to solve problem)practicality(will plan solve problem or create more?) 6. Persuasive Appeals o Process of creating, reinforcing, or changing peoples beliefs or actions 7. Organization patterns for policy speeches o Problem-solution: 2 main points in body of speech. Prove that the problem exists. Show how the solution(policy) is going to address/fix the problem. o Problem-cause-solution: 3 main points. If people are confused of what causes this problem, explain it miniture claims of fact o Comparative advantages: comparing adv/dis. Only use if majority of audience knows of the problem o Monroes motivated sequence: what life will be like if need is satisfied. Ppl take action. Everyone knows the problem is necessary.seeks immediate action.5 steps:attention,need,satisfaction,visualization,action 8. Ethos o Credibility:Audiences perception of 3 things in a speaker: competence character, enthusiasm 9. Pathos o emotion o ways to use it:peer testimony y examples as evidence strategies, language strategies, delivery strategies. 10. Logos o Logic-reasoning to connect evidence to claim (why?prove it!) Reasoning patterns: inductive reasoning-specific example. Collection of examples/statistics deductive reasoning-general principle.general principle that audience accepts(do job you are paid to do) and make an observation about your topic(Xavier police .not in job desc) and connect principle to observation(fliriting w students isnt what XU police are paid to do, therefore) analogical reasoning-takes 2 similar cases(bc these 2 are similar in this way they should do the same in this way bc obviously it is working there) 11. Reasoning o Process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Chronological organization: A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern Spatial organization: A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern Topical organization: A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics Casual organization: A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship Transitions: A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another Internal preview: A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next Internal summary: A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points Signpost: A very brief statement that indicates when a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas Attention Getter: Grabs audiences attention; directs to your story Credibility Establishing Material: Full sentence that tells audience why youre experiences or sincere to speak on this topic Concluding Remarks: