Conges tion Control in CDMA Networks

S 72.333 Pos tgraduate Cours e in R adiocommunications 2002-2003 Mauri Kangas , 11.02.2003 S ource: Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, T omas Novos ad: R adio Network Planning and Optimis ation for UMT S
1 Mauri Kangas CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Conges tion Control Concept in WCDMA (1)

Congestion Control is used to resolve overload in both the uplink and the downlink. If it happens ,

conges tion control reduces bit rates of existing connection tolerant to delay or as a second option, removes exis ting connections
Air interface load of WCDMA mus t be kept within predetermined limits in order to:

E ns ure Quality of S ervice (QoS ) Offer the planned coverage area Keep the requires capacity Keep the network in s table condition

T hree different functions are attached to the Conges tion Control Concept:

Admission Control: handles all new incoming traffic; whether a new packet or circuit s witched R AB can be admitted to the s ys tem and produces parameters for the newly admitted R ABs Load Control: managing the s ituation when s ys tem load has exceeded the thres holds Packet S cheduling: for all the non-real traffic decides , when the packet trans mis s ion is initiated and the bit rate to be us ed.

Mauri Kangas

CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Conges tion Control Concept in WCDMA (2)

T he following as pects of the admis s ion and conges tion control algorithms are es pecially interes ting in terms of evaluation:

S ys tem s tability: is the s ys tem s table relative to total downlink power us age and uplink nois e ris e? S ys tem robus tnes s : is the s ys tem able to recover from overload s ituations ? S ys tem capacity: what is the average capacity provided in a cell? Connection quality: the quality of individual connections mus t be maintained

Mauri Kangas

CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Definition of Air Interface Load (1)

WCDMA s ys tems have the pos s ibility to have as ymmetrical loading on uplink and downlink, thus the conges tion control mus t als o be inves tigated s eparately for uplink and downlink:
Uplink:

Wideband power-bas ed uplink loading (receive power) T hroughput-bas ed uplink loading (receive bit rate s um)

Downlink:

Wideband power-bas ed downlink loading (trans mit power) T hroughput-bas ed downlink loading (trans mit bit rate s um)

Mauri Kangas

CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Air Interface Load (2)

Wideband power-bas ed uplink loading P rxT otal = I own + I oth + P N (I own = increas ed interference nois e power from own cell,
I oth = increas ed interference nois e power from other cells , P N = total nois e power)

UL =

I own + I oth Prx Total

NR =

Prx Total 1 = 1 UL PN

with the following parameters : UL = uplink load factor, and NR = uplink nois e ris e

T hroughput-bas ed uplink loading

UL =
k

1 (i + 1) W 1+ k R k k

Wideband power-bas ed downlink loading:

DL =
Ptx Total , relative used capacity vs. available capacity Ptx max

T hroughput-bas ed downlink loading:

DL =
5 Mauri Kangas

R
k =1

R max

R k is the bit rate of connection k, and N = number of connection s

CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Admis s ion Control

Admis s ion Control is to decide, if a new R AB is admitted or a current R AB can be modified T wo kinds of traffic: R eal-T ime and Non-R eal-T ime will be handled s eparately F or R eal-T ime traffic it mus t be decided if the mobile s tation can enter the network F or Non-R eal-T ime traffic the optimum s cheduling of packets mus t be determined after the R AB has been admitted T he Admis s ion Control algorithm es timates s eparately uplink and downlink channels for the load increas e following the es tablis hment or modification of the bearer If both uplink and downlink criteria is fulfilled, the res pective reques t is admitted T he current load s ituation in the neighbor cells mus t be known and the additional load due to the reques ted s ervice has to be es timated T hus the Admis s ion Control functionality is located in the R NC where the all this information is available
6 Mauri Kangas CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Wideband Power-Bas ed Admis s ion Control (1)

A real-time bearer will be admitted, if P rxNC + I P rxT arget (4.20) P rxT otal P rxT arget + P rxOffset (4.21)
where P rxNC is a non-controllable uplink load, I is the increas e of wideband interference, P rxT arget is a thres hold, and P rxOffs et is an offs et thereof, defined by R adio Network Planning.

A R eal-T ime bearer will be admitted, if equations (4.20) and (4.21) are fulfilled, but for Non-R eal-T ime bearers only equation (4.21) T he wideband interference can be es timated by the derivative method:
I PrxTotal L 1 -

, where

I own + I oth , PrxTotal

PrxTotal = I own + I oth + PN

and I own is the increas ed nois e power received from us ers in own cell and I oth is the increas ed nois e power coming from us ers in neighbor cells , and P N repres ents the total nois e power
7 Mauri Kangas CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Wideband Power-Bas ed Admis s ion Control (2)

T he s econd approach is called the integration method. Here the power increas e is es timated to be
I PrxTotal L 1 - L

In the derivative and integration method the fractional load us er can be calculated as derived in Chapter 3:
L = 1 W 1+ R

L of the new

where W is the chip rate, of the new bearer

is the required E b/No and the s ervice activity

Mauri Kangas

CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Wideband Power-Bas ed Admis s ion Control (3)

S ame admis s ion algorithm is defined for the downlink as for the uplink. A real-time bearer for the downlink will be admitted, if

P txNC + P P txT arget P txT otal P txT arget + P txOffset where P txNC is a non-controllable downlink load, P can be bas ed on the initial trans mit power es timated by the open-loop power control, P txT arget is a thres hold, and P txOffs et is an offs et thereof, defined by R adio Network Planning.

Mauri Kangas

CongestionControl.PPT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

T hroughput-Bas ed Admis s ion Control

A new bearer is admitted only if the total load after admittance s tays below the defined thres hold. In uplink this means :

oldUL + L thresholdU
In the downlink this means :

oldDL + L thresholdD L
Where oldUL and oldDL are the network load before the bearer reques t.

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Mauri Kangas

Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Packet S cheduling
Different T raffic Clas s es

Convers ational clas s (R T ) S treaming clas s (R T ) Interactive clas s (NR T ) B ackground clas s (NR T )

Delay Ins ens itivines s Increas es

R eal-T ime T raffic Clas s es (convers ational and s treaming)

Voice-over-IP Multimedia s treaming of video, audio and data

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Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

WCDMA Packet Acces s (1)

WCDMA Packet Acces s is controlled by the packet s cheduler (PS ), which is part of the radio res ource management functionality in R NC:

determine the available radio interface res ources for non-real-time radio bearers s hare the available radio interface res ources between non-real-time radio bearers monitor the allocations for non-real-time radio bearers initiate trans port channel type s witching between common, s hared and dedicated channels when neces s ary monitor the s ys tem loading perform load control actions for the non-real-time radio bearers when neces s ary

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Mauri Kangas

Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

WCDMA Packet Acces s (2): Admis s ion Control and Packet S cheduler (1)
Bit rate

Admis s ion Control handles : Non-real-time radio bearer allocated, packet s ervice s es s ion

R ACH/F ACH, CPCH, DS CH or DCH allocation

Packet call

time

Packet S cheduler handles

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Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

WCDMA Packet Acces s (3): Admis s ion Control and Packet S cheduler (2)
Admis s ion Control takes care of admis s ion and releas e of the radio bearer R adio res ources are allocated only for the duration of the actual data trans mit Packet s cheduler takes care of the radio res ource allocation during the packet call S hort inactive period may appear during the packet call due to burs ty traffic Packet s cheduler is done on a cell bas is with capacity allocated s eparately for uplink and downlink

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Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

WCDMA Packet S cheduler Meas urements (1)

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Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

WCDMA Packet S cheduler Meas urements (2)

B S performing: Uplink total wideband power (R S S I) meas urements Downlink trans mitted carrier and radio link power meas urements R eports of meas urement res ults to R NC over the Iub interface R NC performing: T hroughput meas urements Control of traffic volume meas urements UE performing: Uplink trans port channel traffic volumes Meas urement reports are s ent to R NC

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Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

T rans port Channel Configurations

T he following trans port channels are applicable for packet data trans fer:

Dedicated trans port channel (DCH) Downlink s hared channel (DS CH) (optional) R andom acces s channel (R ACH) F orward acces s channel (F ACH) Common packet channel (CPCH) (optional)

Uplink/downlink trans port channel configurations : 1. Dedicated trans port channel (DCH Uplink) Dedicated trans port channel (DCH Downlink) 2. R andom acces s channel (R ACH Uplink) F orward acces s channel (F ACH Downlink) 3. Common packet channel (CPCH Uplink) F orward acces s channel (F ACH Downlink) 4. Dedicated trans port channel (DCH Uplink) Downlink s hared channel (DS CH Downlink)
17 Mauri Kangas Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Packet S cheduling F unctionality

Packet S cheduling Algorithm Proces s Capacity R eques ts Calculate Load Budget for Packet S cheduling
Yes No

Load below target level?

No Overload thres hold exceeded? Yes

Increas e Loading Allocate / modify / releas e R adio res ources

Decreas e Loading

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Mauri Kangas

Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

B it rate

Packet S cheduling Approaches

Us er 4 Us er 3 Us er 2 Us er 1
T ime

Code Divis ion S cheduling

B it rate

Us er 4 Us er 1

Us er 1 Us er 2

Us er 3

Us er 2 Us er 4

Us er 3

T ime Divis ion S cheduling

T ime

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Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Packet S cheduling vs . S cheduling S chemes

Packet s cheduler decides the bit rate and the length of allocation to be us ed In time divis ion s cheduling the available capacity is allocated to one or very few radio bearers at a time In code divis ion s cheduling the available capacity is s hared between a large number of radio bearers In practice packet s cheduler is a combination of thes e two approaches

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Mauri Kangas

Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Load Control
Load Control takes care that the network is not overloaded and ens ures that the network s tays in a s table s tate Load control works clos ely with Admis s ion Control and Packet S cheduling F as t load control actions in bas e s tation: Deny (downlink) or overwrite (uplink) T PC (trans mit power control) up commands Lower S IR (s ignal-to-interference ratio) target Load control actions in the R NC Interact with PS and reduce packet data traffic Lower bit rates of real-time us ers WCDMA interfrequency or GS M s ys tem handover Drop s ignal calls in a controlled manner

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Mauri Kangas

Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK

Homework
Conges tion control contains three categories : Admis s ion Control, Packet S cheduling and Load Control. E xplain in which s ituations do thes e different categories of conges tion control utilize thes e functions .

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Mauri Kangas

Conges tionControl.P PT / 11-02-2003 / MJK