EE2721

Electric Circuit Analysis

6. Three phase circuits
After attending this lecture, you should be able to :
Understand the Y- and A- connection
Calculate the line and phase voltage/current and
3-phase power of balanced load
Measure the 3-phase power by 2-wattmeter method
1
3-phase Equation and Phasor
2
3
(connecting R-Y, Y-B, and B-R)
(connecting R-Y-B)
(R)
(B)
(Y)
V
RB
V
YR
V
BY
V
R
V
B V
Y
N
V
RY
V
RY
=V
R
V
Y
V
RY
(V
L
= \3 V
P
)
(I
L
= I
p
)
Since V
R
=V
Y
=V
B
=V
P
for balanced system, it concludes that for y connection
V
Y
V
YB
V
B
V
RY
V
BR
i
R
V
RY
Line values
are external
Phase values
are internal
N
V
R
Note: For Y-connection, V
R
is short-form of V
RN
4
V
RY
V
YB
V
BR
I
R
=I
1
I
2
(V
L
=V
P
)
(I
L
= \3 I
p
)
Summary of Line and Phase relationship
Note: V
L
, V
P
, I
L
, I
P
are all scalars.
5
P = 3V
P
I
P
cos| = 3(V
L
/\3) I
L
cos|
P = 3V
P
I
P
cos| = 3V
L
(I
L
/\3) cos|
In general
3-phase power P = 3V
P
I
P
cos| = \3 V
L
I
L
cos|
3-phase reactive power Q = \3V
L
I
L
sin| (+ve Q for lagging PF)
3-phase apparent power S = \3 V
L
I
L
= \(P
2
+Q
2
)
Power factor at supply=P/S
6
Worked example-1:
A 3-phase 380V is connected to a three-phase load and each of impedance
Z=10/20. Calculate the line current and power if the load is a) Y-connected ,
b) A-connected
7
Solution:
a) V
L
=380V, V
P
= V
L
/\3 = 219.4V
Let V
RN
=219.4/0, I
R
=V
RN
/Z =22/-20, I
P
=22 (=I
L
)
Power P
Y
= \3 V
L
I
L
cos (20) =13569 W
Reactive power Q
Y
= \3 V
L
I
L
sin(20) = 4939 VAr
Note: for R-phase, 1-ph VA: S
P
=P+jQ=V
RN
I
R
*=219.422/+20 =4523+j1646
3-ph VA: S=3S
P
=13569+j4939, i.e. if Z=Z/|, | is used for P & Q calculation
b) V
P
=V
L
=380V
Let V
RB
=380/0 V, I
RB
=V
RB
/Z=38/-20 A , I
P
=38 , I
L
=\3I
P
=65.8A
Power P
A
= \3 V
L
I
L
cos (20) = 40707W =3P
Y
Reactive power Q
A
= \3 V
L
I
L
sin (20) = 14816 VAr =3Q
Y
Note: Usually the current calculation is based on phase value
because impedance (internal) must be phase.
The working sequence is: V
L
V
P
I
P
(=V
P
/Z) I
L
One-line equivalent circuit for balanced load
For balance load, the line current can be obtained when only one of them is
calculated. Very often the exact angle of line voltage/current are of not interest
(as one line voltage is associated with two line current, or vice versa.)
Worked example-2:
A 3-phase 380V is connected to a three-phase load and each of impedance
Z=10/20. Calculate the line current and active/reactive/apparent power if the
load is a) Y-connected , b) A-connected.
(b) V
P
=380, I
P
=V
P
/10=38, I
L
=\3I
P
=65.8
P = \3V
L
I
L
cos| = 40707.5 W
Q=\3V
L
I
L
sin| = 14816.4 VAr
S=\(P
2
+Q
2
) =43320 VA
power factor=P/S=0.9397
Solution
(a) V
P
=380/\3, I
P
=V
P
/10=21.94=I
L
P = \3V
L
I
L
cos| = 13569.2 W
Q=\3V
L
I
L
sin| = 4938.8 VAr
S = \(P
2
+Q
2
) =14440 VA
power factor=P/S=0.9397
[check: cos(20)=0.9397]
Note: The calculation does not particularly refer
to any phase, nor to any voltage/current angle

Z
Y
Z
A
Can be solved by mesh or nodal
Using per
unit system
Y
A
One-line equivalent
Y or
A
8
Worked example-3
What is the line current and power factor of a 3-ph 200V system feeding
balanced load of
(a) A-connected phase impedance of Z
A
=15 /15
(b) Y-connected phase impedance of Z
Y
=7.071/30
(c) consisting both (a) and (b)
Solution
(a) V
P
=200, I
P
= V
P
/15=13.333, I
L
= \3I
P
=23.094, pf
a
=cos(15)=0.966
(b) V
P
=200/\3, I
P
= V
P
/7.071=16.333=I
L
, pf
b
=cos(30)=0.866
(c) P
a
= \3V
L
I
La
cos(15) = 7727.4, Q
a
= \3V
L
I
La
sin(15) = 2070.6
P
b
= \3V
L
I
Lb
cos(30) = 4899.0, Q
b
= \3V
L
I
Lb
sin(30) = 2828.5
P
T
= P
a
+P
b
= 12626.4, Q
T
= Q
a
+Q
b
= 4899.1, S
T
= \(P
T
2
+Q
T
2
) =13543.5
S
T
=\3 V
L
I
LT
I
LT
=39.1A, power factor=P
T
/S
T
=0.932
Exercise:
Repeat the above with V
L
=380V, Z
A
=25/-20, Z
Y
=10/40
Ans: (a) 26.32A; 0.94 lead (b) 21.94A, 0.766 (c) 41.86A, pf=0.993
9
Measurement of 3-phase power
Both current & voltage coils are measuring phase values and
the W-reading is for R-phase only
Only applicable to star-load with accessible neutral
Repeat the measure for the power for Y- & B- phases
10
11
Two-Wattmeter method
Instantaneous power
= p
1
+ p
2
= i
R
(V
RN
-V
YN
) + i
B
(V
BN
-V
YN
)
= i
R
V
RN
+ i
B
V
BN
- (i
R
+i
B
) V
YN
= i
R
V
RN
+ i
B
V
BN
+ i
Y
V
YN
=3-phase power
since i
R
+i
B
+i
Y
=0
The derivation here assumes Y-connection.
In actual case, the load can be of any
combination
Y A
R
Y
B
For balanced Y-load only
if V
RN
=V
P
/0 , V
RY
=V
L
/30,V
BY
=V
L
/90
0
if I
R
=I
L
/-|, I
B
=I
L
/120-|
Worked example-4
A A-connected balanced load with Z
A
=15/30 and a Y-connected balanced load
with Z
Y
=10/-30 are both connected to a 3-ph 208V system. Find the line
current, the total system power and the two wattmeter readings.
Solution
Converting A to Y
Recall Z
A
=Z
1
Z
2
/(Z
1
+Z
2
+Z
3
): if Z
1
=Z
2
=Z
3
=Z
A
,
Z
Y
=Z
A
=Z
A
/3=5/30
Z
Y
and Z
Y
are in parallel such that Z
//
= Z /u
eq
= 3.78/10.9
V
P
=208/\3=120, I
P
=120/3.78=31.8, I
L
=31.8A,
P=\3V
L
I
L
cos(10.9)=11239W
To evaluate wattmeter readings:
Let V
RN
=120/0, V
RY
=208/30, I
R
=31.8/-10.9 ,
Angle between V
RY
and I
R
: u
1
= 10.9+30
W
1
=20831.8cosu
1
=4995W
V
BY
=208/90 , I
B
=31.8/12010.9
Angle between V
BY
and I
B
: u
2
=90-(120-10.9)= 10.930
W
2
=20831.8cosu
2
=6244W
Check: W
1
+W
2
=11239
12
In general, the 2 wattmeters readings are V
L
I
L
cos(u
eq
30) for balanced load