COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Directive Counseling deciding with the member what should be done, and then encouraging

g and motivating the person to do it. Nondirective Counseling encouraging the person to explain bothersome problems, and helping him or her to understand those problems and determine courses of action. PERSONAL QUALITIES OF EFFECTIVE COUNSELOR Encouraging Emotionally stable Has self-awareness Has positive self-esteem Empathic and caring Has self-acceptance Artistic Patient Nonjudgmental Courageous

Sexual Relationship THE COUNSELING PROCESS The privacy of the place and the willingness of the counselor constitute the proper setting for counseling. SITTING, OPEN, LEAN, EYE-TO-EYE CONTACT, RELAX STAGES OF COUNSELING PROCESS 1. Relationship Building Empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence, respect, immediacy, confrontation, concreteness, self-disclosure 2. Assessment and Diagnosis

Has self-realization Has self-disclosure

COUSELING SKILLS Nonverbal communication Verbal communication Primary Listening Skills: Open-ended questions, Paraphrasing, Reflection of feeling, Minimal Encouragers, Clarifying Remarks, Summarizing, Perception Check Secondary Listening Skills: Normalizing, Structuring, Probing Influencing Skills: Interpretation/reframing, Directive, Advice/information, Self-disclosure, Feedback, Logical consequences, Influencing summary MAJOR GOALS OF COUNSELING

Has tolerance for ambiguity Has spirituality ETHICAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Clients welfare Counselors competency Informed consent Confidentiality Privacy Confidentiality

1. Providing information Privileged Communication Personal relationship with clients Dual Relationship 2. Assisting the client in problem solving 3. Initiating change

4. Client motivation 5. Providing support 6. Educating the clients THREE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF GOALS IN COUNSELING 1. Goals have motivational function. 2. Goals have educational function. 3. Goals have evaluative function. CRISIS INTERVENTION It is an active but temporary entry into the client's life to support the client, help client resolve existing crisis, restore the client to precrisis level of functioning, and to facilitate the client's attainment of a higher level of CRISIS defined as a perception of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the persons resources and coping mechanism. usually takes place 24-72 hours prior to seeking help; usually self-limiting, and resolved within 46 weeks; clients most suicidal 3 days after the life-changing event TYPES OF CRISIS situational crisis--> extraordinarily stressful life events such as loss maturational crisis--> normal processes of growth and development. adventitious crisis--> extremely stressful events that are catastrophic, unplanned, and accidental FIVE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CRISIS psychological and physiological discomfort. intense emotion such as feelings of inadequacy, helplessness, panic or agitation.

more concerned with gaining relief from the symptom than with the problem that precipitated the symptom. reduced ability to function efficiently. crisis occurs during a short period of time. FOUR STEP MODEL FOR CRISIS INTERVENTION 1. Determine whether the client is in crisis. 2. Assessment 3. Action 4. Follow-up Some reasons why human beings depend on groups: Humans are group-oriented. Humans seek to meet most of their basic and personal needs through groups Groups are most influential in how a person grows, learns, and develops POSSIBLE CRITERIA FOR MEMBER SELECTION: Common Interest Volunteer or self-referrred Willingness to participate Ability to participate in the group process. LEADERSHIP TECHNIQUES FOR COUNSELORS Support Reflection Clarification Information Interpretation Summary Questioning

TYPES OF GROUPS GROUP GUIDANCE. Its goal is to provide group members with accurate information that will help them make more appropriate plans and life decisions.

GROUP COUNSELING. It focuses on assisting counselees to cope with their daily adjustments and developmental concerns. GROUP THERAPY. It provides intense experiences for people with serious adjustment, emotional or developmental needs. T-GROUPS. They represent the application of laboratory training methods to group work. SENSITIVITY GROUPS. personal and interpersonal issues and on the personal growth of the individual. They emphasizes self-insight, which means that the central focus is not the group as it progresses but rather the individual member. ENCOUNTER GROUPS. personal growth through the development and improvement of interpersonal relationships. TASK GROUPS. They are used to improve an organizations functioning. PSYCHOEDUCATION GROUPS. cognitive and behavioral skill development in groups structured to teach these skills and knowledge. MINIGROUPS. They consist of one counselor and four clients. GROUP PROCESS. It is a continuous, ongoing movement of the group toward achievement of its goals. GROUP DYNAMICS. It refers to the social forces and interplay operative within the group at any given time. IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS. They are not formal groups but they are often important influences on client behaviors. SOCIAL NETWORK. It results from the choices that individuals make in becoming members of various groups. Effective group leadership is seen when the leader:

conducts himself honestly, openly, and ethically at all times. is open to and accepts the inputs of all group members. has the primary interest in the personal growth and well-being of all the group members. models values behavior that can enhance the lives of the group members.