Elizabeth Robertson QUIZ FOR UNIT 1 & 2

PART ONE:
The Herbal Tradition from Ancient Egypt to the Present By Michael Tierra

True or False
1.Herbal Medicine was first discovered in China and did not come to the Middle East or Africa until later _FALSE_______ 2.Ancient Egyptians believed that death and disease were a natural happening of life and dealt with it as such_FALSE________ 3.All of Hippocrates writings are considered his own __FALSE_______ 4.A Greek doctor was held in high esteem and was often given a palace to live in by the government ___FALSE_________ 5.Herbalism was never a finalized art. Physicians often argued over the usage of various herbs. TRUE___

Questions
6.What are some of the herbs that were found in the tombs of ancient Egypt? Cloves of garlic, coriander. 7.What is the earliest record of Ancient Egyptian Medicine? The Ebers Papyrus. 8.What was the most important healing herb to the ancient Egyptians as well as Roman healers and even in modern times? What was it largely used for in Rome? Raw garlic. It was largely used in Rome for asthmatics and those with bronchial-pulmonary complaints. 9.Three additional herbs are mentioned by the author that were used in Ancient Egypt. These are Coriander, Cumin and Cyperus. Please chose one and list how it was used in Ancient Egypt. THEN, using the Internet or a book (please cite your source), please mention some ways in which it has been used today. If you can please cite any studies that have been done on the herb. Corriander both the plant and seeds are used in cooking to prevent and illuminate flatulence. Also, taken as a tea for stomach and urinary complaints. Fresh Coriander leaves are often added to spicy foods to reduce their irritating effects.

Coriander as an Essential Oil

Coriander produces an essential oil by steam distillation of the crushed seeds which is used in aromatherapy for healing; in aromatherapy use, coriander has the ability to healing of

digestive problems (such as flatulence, indigestion and constipation), to eliminate toxins, stimulate circulation, ease migraine and treat rheumatism and arthritis. Coriander essential oil has properties which include being analgesic, stimulant, anti-bacterial, anti-infectious and carminative; it mixes well with essential oils such as fennel, grapefruit, mandarin, ginger and other spice and citrus oils. If unfamiliar in the use of essential oils, professional advice should be taken as in large amounts, coriander essential oil can be sedating. Source: http://www.suite101.com/content/coriander-for-healing-a117295

10.What herb used by the Ancient Egyptians for paper was also used as a contraceptive herb in Peru? Cyperus (C. esculentus):

11.What other healing methods were practiced by the Ancient Egyptians other than herbal therapy?_ They practiced various methods of spiritual healing, color healing, massage and surgery as well as the extensive use of therapeutic herbs and foods. Plus charms and invocations.

12.Who was the most famous Ancient Egyptian healer? Why is he famous to us today? Imhotep __He was the architect of Zoser's step pyramid at Saqqara. This is located a relatively short distance from the more famous great pyramids outside of Cairo. 13.The Ancient Egyptians used herbs but believed that something else actually cured the person. What is this something else? The shaman- physician, using magic, was considered to drive out the God, Spirit or soul of a dead man which had inflicted the disease upon the person. The herbs were used to alleviate pain only.

14.How did Egyptian knowledge originally come to Ancient Greece? What was the ironic tragedy that befell this portal? When Alexander the Great conquered and encompassed virtually all
of the known world. When Alexandria was founded in Egypt all knowledge was kept their in a library. The tragedy was the destroying of this library as it contained all of the ancient knowledge. 15.What role do you see Ancient Greece playing in the history of medicine? The role of integrating together of all other systems of medicine to date. And an exchanging of information and ideas was made possible by Ancient Greece. 16.List two herbs listed by the author that were used by ancient Greece and their uses. Find some additional information on these herbs on the Internet or in a book and note if the uses are similar or different: (Castor oil, fennel, flax, asafetida, galangal, juniper, and saffron) Fennel Plant (Foeniculum vulgare), a member of the umbelliferae family, the stalks are eaten like celery while the seeds are used as a stomachic, carminative for the relief of intestinal colic and gas. It

is also very beneficial for the liver, aiding regeneration of liver cells and therefore making it a pleasant flavoring addition to formulas with the many bitter herbs customarily used as cholagogues for the liver. Dose: 1 tsp. steeped in a cup of water; of the liquid extract, 20 to 30 drops; of the oil, one to two drops. The use of Fennel is similar to todays use. Linseed or flax seed (linum usitatissimum) is used as a soothing demulcent, emollient, laxative, antitussive and pectoral. It is applied externally as a poultice for burns, scalds, boils etc. and also made into a soothing cough medicine. 17.What is the "common thread of evaluating herbs" that we find in all the ancient civilizations and is still used today in Islamic and even Chinese medicine? I think that the common thread was to classify drugs according to broad physiological categories.
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18.What does the author state is the difference between the Ancient Medicine view and the Western Medicine we use today? Ancient medicine views the patient holistically. Whereas, Western medicine only attempts to heal the symptoms of a disease whereas Ancient medicine tries to discover the cause and also to prevent sickness rather than simply alleviating symptoms. 19.Why is the serpent used in ancient cultures to represent healing and why is it still used today in the medical staff? The serpent is used as it is close to the ground and was thought to have knowledge of healing because of its closeness to the Earth. It is still used today by the United States Army Medical Corps to indicate non combatant status in war. 20.How did the ancient Greek temples of healing discriminate against patients? The critically ill as well as pregnant women were refused entry into the temples so the temples could maintain a good reputation, a no patient ever lost record. 21.In what way was the ancient temple a model for the modern hospital? Patients were admitted, consulted with by priests, stretcher bearers, bathmasters, torch bearers, caretakers. Then each patient was freshly bathed and clothed in white sheets laid down to sleep. 22.What do you see the main method of healing as being in these ancient temples? Suggestion? Spiritual? The Opium? Or something else? I see it as a mixture of all three suggestions made upon the psychology, spiritual by where some healing may have been effected by God. And perhaps the opium may have enabled the patient to relax their body enough to enable it to heal itself. I imagine where healing occurred the method may have been different dependent on the individual patient. 23.Describe an example of surgery in the Ancient Temples: (for the ulcer) A man with an ulcer in his stomach had a dream or vision, it seemed the God was ordered him to have his stomach opened! So they incised his stomach, cut out the ulcer and sewed him up. 24.How were medical services paid for in Ancient Greece and how was the pay scale accommodating to the poor?

It was a goodwill offering which was expected to be given! The patient would sacrifice something. It was automatically expected that the rich would sacrifice something of greater value than the poor. For example, a rich person may sacrifice a sheep whereas a poor person may only leave a lock of hair. Time payments were acceptable but for no longer than a year. 25.Why was Hippocrates famous? Hippocrates is considered the father of medicine. He attempted to weed out superstition of the time and instead used logic and reason. 26.When did Hippocrates live? 460?-377? BC

27.Name two things the Hippocratic Oath requires of a doctor? 1- To give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked. 2- To not give to women an instrument to produce abortion. 28.What other famous healers and philosophers lived at the time of Hippocrates? Plato, Aristotle, and Aristotle's pupil, Meno, the historian of medicine.
Around the world lived Buddha, Socrates, Xenophon and Plato at the same time as Hippocrates.

29.What did Hippocrates see as the key to healing each person? He practised holistic medicine focussing on the whole person rather than the disease. He stated a headache could be one thing for one person and another for another. Plato quoted Hippocrates as saying ...." to heal even an eye, one must heal the head, and indeed the whole body." 30.What method did Hippocrates use to heal his patients first? He would carefully note down the progress of a disease discovering when would be the perfect time to support the patient with some sort of therapy to aid the body in healing itself. 31.What was the main difference between his methods of healing and those of ancient Greece? He was opposed to blind dogmatic belief and assumptions. He also found the classification of hot, cold, dry, and wet as too simplistic. 32.Did everyone agree with Hippocrates view of healing as a holistic craft? Why or why not? No not everyone agreed with the holistic view which Hippocrates taught about. Eristratos in Alexandria was scornful of this holistic concept. He said why bother with the whole body, if only part of the man is sick.

33.What is Mithridaticum? Why was it invented? Does it remind you of any modern practice we have today? Mothridaticum was a shot gun antidote containing no less than 54 ingredients. It was developed for Mithridius, king of Pontos, who lived in mortal fear of being poisoned. It contained small amounts of all the possible poisons people could have killed him with. Yes this reminds me of modern day vaccinations to prevent illnesses.

34.What was the most and first important contribution of the Romans to medical history? The Romans increased the number of toxic ingredients in Mithridaticum from 54 to 70 and named it "Theriacum" it was described in pharmacopoeias for centuries up through the European Renaissance. 35.Who are the two most important medical figures of ancient Rome? Dioscorides and Galen 36.What was Dioscorides amazing contribution to modern medicine?
He wrote the five botanical books entitled De Materia Medica.

37.What idea about herbs did his book introduce that had never been introduced?
Instead of grouping various plants according to botanical families, or treatment of specific diseases, or even according to the organoleptic criteria of flavors and energies (hot, cold, moist, dry), he arranged them according to their physiological effects. Being first and foremost an empiricist, Dioscorides sought to classify drugs according physiological categories of action.

38.What does the author claim is the foundation of European Herbalism as we know it today? Please keep this in mind as the course continues. Dioscorides and Galens work is what the author claims is the foundation of European Herbalism as we know it.

39.Why was medicine forbidden by the church? As they saw it as an avowed intention to imitate Christ and instead encouraged faith healing. 40.Who are the only two Muslim healers the author mentions in his writings?
Rhazes, a Persian-born physician of the late 800s and early 900s wrote the first accurate descriptions of measles and smallpox, Avicenna, an Arab physician of the late 900s and early 1000s, wrote a vast medical encyclopedia called Canon of Medicine. It represented a summation of medical knowledge of the time and influenced medical education.

41.Who is one of the most important woman healers of Europe? Why? Hildegard of Bingen (St. Hildegard), she is important as medical history is dominated by male author (white?) figures, leaving us with little knowledge of the role of women in the history of medicine. 42.When were most of the great European herbals printed and preserved? What years or era? During the renaissance. 43.Why was Culpepper hated by his colleagues and loved by the people? Because he translated some of the most elitist works from latin into lay man language enabling the common man to be empowered to treat themselves.

44.Why does the author compare the Jewish Holocaust to the situation of women healers? Because it is the extinction of a minority or a vulnerable group in society. Women healers were burnt as witches and therefore became near extinct. Just as Jewish people were tortured and killed in the Holocaust. 45.Why, after so many years of herbal and healing traditions was American medicine so dangerous in the early 19th century? Because there was a general lack of knowledge,poor hygiene, and worthless theories and toxic remedies being adhered to. Plus there was an overuse of bleeding, mercury, arsenic, opium, emetics, and purgatives weakened patients just as much as the diseases of that time. 46.What motto of Thomsonian Medicine reminds you of Culpepper? Thomsonian Medicine motto Every man as his own doctor like Culpepper empowered the patient to self treatment. 47.Name the three different and progressive alternative medicines of the 19 th century in America 1 - the Physio-medicalists 2- The American System of Medicine 3- The Eclectics 48.Which of these three is closest to the modern herbalist? The American System of Medicine. 49.Why did the eclectics fail in their popularity and how did they revive? Why did they finally die out again? I think the Eclectics failed in their popularity because of the constant fighting? John Milton Schudder revived Eclectic medicine by proposing a new model for practise in his books. It finally died out as changing centuries brought new ideas which the Eclectics were reluctant to embrace. 50.How did Chinese Medicine originally evolve? It originally evolved through a process of trail and error. Legend states that because of Shen Nongs compassionfor the sick he would go into the countryside and poison himself a hundred times by tasting various plants and substances each time finding a natural antidote. 51.What was the most important book of Chinese Medicine? Shen Nong Pen Tsao Jing or Emperor Shen Nongs Classic Herbal. OR
Huang-ti Nei-ching (The yellow Emperors classic of internal medicine, written in the 3rd century BC.

52.Who was the greatest surgeon and acupuncturist in Chinese Medicine? When was He alive?
Hua Tuo (100-208) is regarded as one of the greatest acupuncturists and surgeons of Chinese medical history. He is famous for the discovery and use of a special set of accessory points along the spine which are called Hua-Tuo points.

53.Did Arab medicine influence Chinese medicine?___YES_____________ Did Chinese Medicine influence Arab medicine? _____YES_______________

54.What is the most important Chinese Herbal and when was it published?
The most important clinical manual of Traditional Chinese Medicine is the Shang Hang Lun (Treatise On the Treatment of Acute Diseases Caused by Cold). It was written by Chang Chung-Ching (Ad 142220) and describes the Six Stages of acute disease caused by the invasion of Cold. It was written as a result of Changs tragic experience of losing three-quarters of his family from a plague. During that time, he observed the ineffective treatment of many of the herb doctors of the time with their inability to effectively respond to the changing character of acute disease.

55.Who had more influence on modern American medicine? The Arabs or the Chinese? The Arabs. 56.What is important about TCM? How did it combine the modern and the ancient?
Traditional Chinese Medicine represents an attempt to rationalize Chinese Medicine with western scientific medicine, by initiating state sponsored research of herbs and treatments and downplaying the role of Taoist-Buddhist psycho-spiritual practices. With the introduction of TCM in the west there is currently a renewed interest in the value and reintegration of psycho-spiritual orientation for the treatment of disease.

57.What is Ayurveda and when were the first books published on this topic? Did Ayurveda come before or after ancient Egyptian medicine? Ayurveda is the term from traditional medicine of ancient India. Ayer means life and veda means the study of the Ayurveda means the study of life.
Ayurveda, is called by Susruta, a minor veda of the Atharva-veda dating from 1500- 1200BC. The earliest written records of Egyption medicine were around 1600 BC so that means Ayurveda medicine came after Egyption medicine. PART TWO: Medical History Overviews Open Book Quiz
1. Sayyed Hossain Nasr says, "The more elaborate formulations of the traditional sciences which have survived ...to this day are to be found..." where?

The more elaborate formulations of the traditional sciences are to be found in the oriental civilizations such as Indian and Islamic.

2. What point is Donna Haraway making in the first paragraph? What point does Seyyed Hossain Nasr make? How are these points similar?

She is making the point that the scientists are the spokespersons for the facts. But we cannot be sure whether the facts themselves are speaking or the scientists. But how can they be facts of nature when they are observed in such artificial laboratory environments.

3. What did the prophet say about the pursuit of knowledge that influenced scientific exploration in the Islamic world?

That the pursuit of knowledge is obligatory on all Muslims and as the saying goes should be from the cradle to the grave. It was also related by Anas b. Malik that the Prophet (peace be upon him)

said: Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim. [Sunan Ibn Mjah (224) and others]

The Prothet (SAW) said Verily, knowledge consists of these three: the firm sign, the just duty, and the establish praxis. All else is superfluous."One who proceeds on a path in the pursuit of knowledge, God makes him proceed therewith on a path to the Paradise. And, verily, the angels spread their wings for the seekers of knowledge out of delight. Verily, every creature of the heaven and the earth asks forgiveness for the seeker of knowledge, even the fish in the sea. The merit of the learned over the devout is like the merit of the moon over the stars on a full-moon night. The learned are the heirs of the prophets, for the prophets did not leave behind a legacy of wealth but that of knowledge. So whoever partakes of it derives a plenteous benefit.
4. What is science defined as in the articles?

Science, has been defined in the articles as (a direct quote) "the ordered knowledge of natural phenomena and the relations between them. Its end is the rational interpretation of the facts of existence as disclosed to us by our faculties and senses. The articles also state that science is about knowledge and power.
5. What does Karl Pearson say about science? Do you agree with him? How did his contemporaries feel about this idea?

Karl Pearson says that science is the hypotheses of science are based on "observed facts, which, when confirmed by criticism and experiment, are turned into laws of Nature. One contemporary, which seemed in agreement with Pearson, the celebrated scientist Sir J. Arthur Thomson considers science to be "the well criticized body of empirical knowledge declaring in the simplest and tersest terms available at the time what can be observed and experimented with, and summing up uniformities of change in formulae which are called laws verifiable by all who can use the methods.
6. Who were the first Muslims to undertake the refutation of Greek logic?

Ishraqi and Ibn-iTaimiyya were first to undertake the systematic refutation of Greek logic.
7. Al-Ghazali was a follower of which Greek philosopher?

Al-Ghazali was a follower of Aristotle in logic.

8. Which Arab scientist is said to have influenced Roger Bacon?

Ibn Haitham
9. Who translated most of Abu Yusuf Ibn Ishaqs works into Latin?

Gerard of Cremona.
10. One author states that Only in Hellenistic Alexandria was any approach to scientific work conducted in the ancient classical world. Others seem to be saying that the Arabs contributed to most scientific research. Are both people right or is either one right or neither?

I think both may be right as one is talking about the ancient world and the other is about modern science.
11. Where did botany flourish? What animal was most researched?

Botany flourished in Spain where the horse was most researched animal.
12. Who are the most prominent Muslim chemists in medieval times?

In the words of Max Mayerhaff, the development of chemistry in Europe can be traced directly to Jabir Ibn Haiyan.
13. What was Abdullah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baytars contribution to scientific history?

Abdulla Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baytar, was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of Spain--in fact the greatest of mediaeval times. He roamed about in search of plants and collected herbs on the Mediterranean littoral, from Spain to Syria, described more than 1,400 medical drugs and compared them with the records of more than 150 ancient and Arabian authors. The collection of simple drugs composed by him is the most outstanding botanical work in Arabic. "This book, in fact is the most important for the whole period extending from Dioscorides down to the 16th century." It is an encyclopedic work on the subject. He later entered into the service of the Ayyubid king, al-Malik all( amil, as his chief herbalist in Cairo.
14. Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) in credited in the readings with many amazing chemical experiments. His experiments are given the name of chemistry in this article. Do you know another name for his work?

I dont know
15. What does the first author claim to have been the center of all Muslim education? But what evidence in Emilie Savages writing contradicts this?

The author claims that the Bakhtishu family played an important part in the cultural education of the Arabs. However, in Emily Savages writings she explains about the following; Early in the 9th century, there was established in Baghdad a foundation called the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah), which had its own library. Its purpose was to promote the translation of scientific texts. The most famous of the translators was Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-`Ibadi, a Syriac-speaking Christian originally from southern Iraq who also knew Greek and Arabic.

16. What did Jabir and other Arabian chemists do differently than Razi?

Razi was greater than Jabir and other Arabian chemists in his exact classifications of substances. Razi describes chemical experiments and their apparatus with more clarity than Jabir and others. Jabir and other Arabian chemists divided mineral substances into bodies (gold, silver), souls (sulphur, arsenic...) and spirits ( mercury and sal-ammoniac) while Razi classified his mineral substances as vegetable, animal and mineral.
17. Who discovered that light travels faster than sound?

Abu Rehan Beruni.

18. Name three Christian and/or Jewish and/or other religion scientists mentioned in these articles. Were all Arab scientists Muslim?

Christian scientists - St.Thomas Aquinas. Jewish scientist - Ibn-Maimon's No not all Arab scientists were Muslim, some were, some were not.
19. Who wrote about gem therapy?

I cannot find the answer to this question in the articles please could you help point me in the right direction?

20. What was the common language among the scientists at this time in the same way English is the common language today?

Latin was the common language used among the scientists at that time.
21. Who was said to be one of the greatest zoologists in the Arab world?

Abu 'Uthman 'Amr ibn Bahr al-Basri Al-Jahiz (776 - 868 C.E.) was said to be one of the greatest zoologists of the Arab world.
22. Who attempted to reconcile the traditional medicine of Arabia and the revelations of the Prophet Muhammad with the ideas and terminology from the Greek-based system?

ABUL-WALEED MUHAMMAD IBN RUSHD (AVERROES) (1128 - 1198 C.E)

23. Who were the four most prominent translators who translated Muslims works from Arabic into European languages?

The four most prominent translators who translated Muslims works from Arabic into European languages were 1 Gerard 2 Gundisalvi 3- Adelard of Bath 4 Constantine
24. Was Ibn Sina's The Canon of Medicine greeted with respect everywhere?

No Ibn Sinas The Cannon of Medicine was NOT greeted with the same respect everywhere.
25. What was it prohibited to do in early prophetic medicine?

In early prophetic medicine it was prohibited to use alcohol. As the Prothet (SAW) when asked about the use of alcohol for medicinal purposes said .... Verily that is not a cure, rather it is a disease [Abu Dawood and At-Tirmidhi]

26. Why did Muslim material medica surpass that of their predecessors?

Muslims were in contact with more people and cultures than their predecessors; also, the preparation and use of medicinal drugs had its own specialized literature among Muslim scientists and they were told it was ok and were encouraged to do so.

27. What were some of the many many roles of the Islamic hospitals? Do hospitals today have these same roles? How are hospitals today different?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Teaching institutions with student accommodation and resource libraries. Centre of medical treatment Home for those recovering from illness Retirement home for the aged Insane asylum ]

Hospitals today are primarily centres for medical treatment, but also serve as convalescent centres for those patients who are recovering from an acute or protracted illness or accident. In modern times, patients with mental illnesses are sent to specialized

Psychiatric hospitals or insane asylums. Retirement homes are now independent profit based institutions. Modern hospitals are not set up for teaching---medical students receive their training in medical schools---however, students final year in school consists of working in the hospital to gain hands on experience. However, many Universities in the UK have a teaching hospital attached to it that serves the surrounding city. Also, hospitals today do not have separate wards for men and women and staff members treat both genders. Generally, hospitals today focus on a patients disease or physical symptoms. However, Islamic hospitals from the Middle Ages attempted to treat the patient from a holistic perspective, using many non medical modalities such as massage, music therapy, etc Islamic doctors focused more on diet and nutrition that drugs which is quite the opposite to todays methods where drugs are the main aspect of healthcare.
28. At what time did European Medicine as a separate school start to come into the Arab World and exist alongside Arab Medicine rather than with it?

In the 19th century.

29. What did al-kimiya mean?

It is an Arabic word which means chemistry and alchemy.

30. Why is Joseph Labrosse a good example of how Islamic Medical knowledge came to the West? To what effort did he go to retrieve this knowledge? What did he give back in return?

Jospeph Labrosse visited Muslim lands, studied the arts and sciences and returned to his home lands to teach about their ways. He went to Rome and studied Arabic language for two years. Later he wrote two books one of them which was a dictionary which paid particular attention to medical terms.
31. Why did Islamic hospitals flourish?

Islamic hospitals flourished because one of the five pillars of Islam (zakat) or charity or to care for those less fortunate than themselves. Muslim civilisation is ordered in the Quran to take care of those less fortunate than themselves. Many Mulsim rulers interpreted this by setting up hospitals. By the 12th Century Baghdad had 60 hospitals whilst London was building its first. There were also hospitals in other Msulim countries. As well as there being more hospitals in the Muslim empire than in Europe, treatment in these hospitals was also far superior. Medicinal knowledge was far more advanced as many Muslim scientists had translated works such as Galens.
32. How were Muslim doctors tested and given exams to be considered qualified as physicians? Was there a central agency for this? Was this practice widespread? What do these methods have in common with the online courses given today?

From 931AD Muslim doctors had to pass a test and gain a license in order to practise. Yes there was a central agency called the Mutasib. The Muhtasib also inspected weights and measures of traders and pharmacists. The chief physician gave oral and practical examinations, and, if the young physician was successful, the Muhtasib administered the Hippocratic Oath and issued a license. This practice was the standard throughout the Muslim world Online programs in healthcare follow this same procedure; in order for a student to practise they must first pass a test to gain a license.
33. What were the eight characteristics of Islamic Hospitals and the four reasons for high standards in them outlined by Ezzat Abouleish

1. Secular: Hospitals served all peoples regardless of color, religion, or background. 2. Separate wards: Patients of different sexes occupied separate wards. Also different diseases especially infectious ones, were allocated different wards. 3. Separate nurses: Male nurses were to take care of male patients, and vice versa.

4. Baths and water supplies: for prayer cleansing and for certain diseases which require a patient to bathe, Islamic hospitals ensured that the hospital would have plentiful water supply with complete bathing facilities. 5. Practicing physicians: Only qualified physicians were allowed by law to practice medicine. 6. Medical schools: Islamic hospitals also functioned as fully equipped medical schools and many prominent physicians graduated from these institutions. 7. Proper records of patients: For the first time in history, these hospitals kept records of patients and their medical care. 8. Pharmacy: during the Islamic era, the science and the profession of pharmacy had developed to an outstanding degree.

34. What act during war showed the Muslims respect for learning and knowledge while they were conquering new lands? Muslims preserved the cultures of the places they conquered, they also freed a captive if they taught 10 Muslims how to read and write. 35. When was the first known hospital built in the Islamic world?

The first known hospital was in Damascus, Syria in 706 AD. The earliest documented hospital established by an Islamic ruler was built in the 9th century in Baghdad probably by the vizier to the caliph Harun al-Rashid. Few details are known of this foundation. There is no evidence to associate the construction of the earliest hospital with any of the Christian physicians from Gondeshapur in southwest Iran, but the prominence of the Bakhtishu` family as court physicians would suggest that they also played an important role in the function of the first hospital in Baghdad.

36. What were the three methods (in order) employed to heal patients at Islamic hospitals? Spiritual (dua from Quran and Hadith), physical (phsiotherapy, diet, massage etc ) then combination of spiritual and physical.

37. How did the Arabs use opium? What other herbs were used the same way and who made them popular?

Arabs described in detail the pharmacology of important narcotics such as opium and other central nervous system depressants such as hyoscyamus and hashish., fumitory, opium, hyoscyamus (half dram doses of each); nutmeg, crude aloes-wood, mandrake, two varieties of poppy, henbane, hemlock, the soporific black nightshade and lettuce seeds; also included cold water and ice among the analgesics. Ibn Sina made the use of these popular as an analgesic and for surgery. 38. How did the Islamic World treat lepers? How did the Europeans treat them?

There was a separate hospital in Damascus for sufferers of leprosy whist Europe were burning sufferers of leprosy up to 6 centuries later. 39. What was the soporific sponge? Who introduced it to the medical world? The soporific sponge which was like the modem aesthesia. It was a sponge soaked with aromatics and narcotics and held to the patient's nostrils. Ibn Sina introduced it to the medical world 40. How was anatomy taught in Baghdad? Anatomy was taught by dissecting apes, skeletal studies and didactics. 41. What was one of the prerequisites for medical school in the Arab world that today is now considered a fringe science and even condemned by countries like Saudi Arabia? Alchemy. 42. How many books did the University library in Tripoli have? How were they all printed? How many books do some Universities have today? The University library at Tripoli had 3million books. They were all printed by hand and book editing was done by skilled scribes. I imagine Universities today have less with the increased use of the Internet. 43. What does Razi say a physician has to do to be a REAL physician? Razi says to be a REAL physician one must be fully conversant with new and old medical literature and to have worked in a hospital as a Physician.

44. How many surgical instruments did Zahrawi invent? 200. 45. How did Ibn Sina define love? How did he cure one man of this disease after a pulse reading? Ibn Sina associated changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings such as love. He is said to have treated a terribly ill patient by feeling the patient's pulse and reciting aloud to him the names of provinces, districts, towns, streets, and people. By noticing how the patient's pulse quickened when names were mentioned Ibn Sina deduced that the patient was in love with a girl whose home Ibn Sina was able to locate by the digital examination. The man took Ibn Sina's advice, married the girl, and recovered from his illness. I can relate to this personally as before I married my husband if I heard he was in the same building or I could see him in the distance my heart would beat faster. 46. Who described a clinical cure for cancer that is still valid today? Ibn Sina.

47. What diseases were thought to be one until Al-Razi distinguished between them?

Measles and smallpox. 48. Name six words used in the medical world that are of Arabic origin: 1- alchemy 2- Elixir 3 Alcohol 4 Antimony 5- Alcanfor 6 Chemistry 49. Why does one of the authors state that there are most likely elements of Chinese science in Islam? Most of the ancient civilisations sought to express the unity of Allah just as Islam does. Isalm when coming into contact with Chinese civilizations most likely absorbed elements of Chinese science into Islam. Alchemy, points to some early contact between the Muslim and Chinese scientists. 50. What is the heart of Islamic science according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr? The heart of Islamic science is the concept of Unity and the inter relatedness of everything in the cosmos. Thus, contemplating the unity of the cosmos will come to an understanding of the unity of Allah of which nature is an image. 51. What categories does Khayyam divide seekers of knowledge into? Which did he put himself into? He placed seekers of knowledge into four groups. 1 The theologians are content with saitisfying proofs 2 The philosophers and learned men (of Greek inspiration) - use logic 3 The Islamailis (a branch of Shia Islam) seek their knowledge from a learned person. 4 The Sufis who seek knowledge not through thinking but through cleaning their hearts.

He places himself in category 4 a Sufi. 52. How does the idea of unity (tawhid) affect the Muslims view of healing? That healing comes from Allah. 53. Why do Muslims see science as sacred? List three reasons. Science is the study of nature. Muslims see nature as signs (ayats) of the unity (tawhid) of Allah(SWT). To understand the signs of nature is to understand something of Allah(SWT).

54. Why were the Jews an integral part of Islamic medical history? I imagine Jewish people lived amongst the Muslims and that they worked together absorbing knowledge from each other. 55. What was the number one thing a scientist did in medieval times? Experiment. 56. The Arabic language was considered by the Christian scholarly world to be a language in Which the Quran was written. 57. The distinct impression that one receives from viewing medieval science at the crossroads of civilization is that, in spite of the divergence in cultural values alleged to have divided Christendom from Islam, these values were considerably less divergent than is generally supposed. Why do you think the author says this? Islam came to conclude and purify once again His words. One third of the Quran reviews stories of the Prophets from Judaism and Christianity. There is a vast similarity because of this and of course because of the oneness of Allah taught in both Christianity and Islam.

58. Did the Arabs invent astronomical tables? Why or why not? Yes. It is possible to trace the Indian astronomical tables known as the Sindhind into the

corpus of Arabic science, through Persian intermediaries.

59. The relationship between practical chemistry and alchemy parallels that between astronomy and astrology, alchemy being described by Islamic alchemists as "inferior astronomy. What do you think this means?

The assumption that bodies interconnected in the great chain of being had mutual influence over each other accounted for the blurring of boundaries between observational astronomy and interpretive astrology, between alchemical technology and its mystically tinged theory, and between science and magic generally.

60. Arabic numerals are the expression used to describe the numbers we use today in the English speaking world. In fact, where did these numbers come from and how did they come to the Arab world?

These numerals came from India and were transmitted to the Arab world by al-Khwrizm's book

on the Indian style of calculation (hisb al-hind) was translated into Latin under the title Algoritmi de numero indorum ("algorithm" being a bastardization of al-Khwrizm's name)

60. According to Jbir, why was gold was the most perfect metal? Jabir thought gold was the most perfect metal as the four qualities were perfectly balanced just as the four humours in a healthy human being were balanced. 61. Why does the article say that there was a total reliance of Christians upon Muslim chemistry? The article says that there is an indication of this because the hardware and common substances used were known in medieval Castilian by mainly Arabic terms. 62. How is alchemy described in the last pages of this section? It is described as containing much confusion and errors which occurred because of the nature of sharing between cultures and the translation of information from one language into another. According to M.P. Crosland, the alchemical tradition was plagued by errors in the copying and translating of texts and more, fundamentally, by semantic changes. Thus, it was never clear whether a term represented an object or the idea of that object. Thus the process of turning base metals into gold was largely the result of errors which arose during the translation of ideas and processes from one language to another. To take a direct quote...... To the Alexandrine alchemists, "gold" meant any metal or alloy so coloured (it was the quality associated with the substance, not the substance itself), and the original sense of transmutation was that of dipping, as when dyeing a fabric. Alchemical theory therefore was the creation of the process of transmission and translation and was constructed upon misunderstood, misconstrued ideas which receded further from their original sense with each new act of transmission. Alchemy was an extreme case, but all scientific information was susceptible to analogous terminological and semantic distortion

QUIZ
Muslim Scientists
Please complete this quiz and send it to me via e-mail at: herbnhome@yahoo.com. You will be given credit for the quiz after I correct it. Essay Questions 1. Name the three stages that Islamic medicine passed through and name two people who were significant to Islamic medicine in each of these stages. This is an essay question. Please write about one paragraph for each person. Islamic medicine passed through three stages as follows:

The first stage was that of translating foreign sources into Arabic it was mainly during the 7th and 8th centuries. The second stage was the stage of excellence where Islmic physicians made genuine contributions in the field of medicine; this stage was mainly between the 9 th and 13th centuries. After the 13th century was the stage of stagnation and decline in Islamic medicine.
Two people that were significant in the first stage were Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) (803 C.E.) better known as Geber of the Middle Ages. He is known as the Father of Chemisty. He wrote numerous treaties of which many dealt with chemistry and alchemy. His main contribution to the field was to introduce experimental investigation into science. Which was the main thing which transformed alchemy into chemistry. Jabir writings on chemistry, includes his Kitab al-Kimya, and Kitab al-Sab'een were translated into Latin in the Middle Ages. Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (809 C.E was important figure in the translation process from Greek to Syriac to Arabic.

Two people that were significant in the second stage were Abu Ali al-Husayn Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (1037 C.E.) Ibn Sinas Cannon of Medicine was the most widely studied text in medicine in Europe between the 12th and 17th centuries. It included his original works plus all medical knowledge up to the 10th century. He was a child prodigy memorising the Quran by age 10 and becoming a physician by age 16. Gerard of Cremona (1187 C.E.) - It was thought Gerards translations that Medieval Europe came to know most of the Arabic Medical and thus the ancient Greek and Roman Medical literature. Gerard translated into Latin more than 70 medical books from Arabic. He studied Arabic in Spain to enable to complete his translation works where he remained for the rest of his life.

Two people that were significant in the third stage were Ibn Al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1350 C.E.): Wrote on the Medicine of the Prophet Jalalu d-Din AbdRahman ibn Abu Bakr as-Suyuti (1440 C.E): Wrote on Medicine of the Prophet 2. There are some people on the timeline that I did not provide information about. Please chose one of these people and write a paragraph about them You can use any resource you like to find information. Please cite your sources. The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) 610CE. Muhammd used natural healing through methods which would preserve good health, remove harmful substance from the body and keep the body away from harm. He would use natural remedies such as black seed oil/seeds, honey, dates and olive oil to help maintain the body in a healthy state. There are many hadiths quoting these foods as a cure for disease. As well as the diet there is also the spiritual dimension of prayer and the Holy Quran that can be used as a healing tool. Not forgetting the importance of hygiene and the obvious benefit ablution and using miswak has on an individuals health. There is a good book by Ibn Qayyim Al Jawziyya Medicine of the Prophet translated into English by Penelope Johnstone in 1998. Regular Questions 3. For how long was Diosciordes Materia Medica popular? What did this document contain? It was popular for over 1500 years. It contained an extensive list of herbs and their medicinal virtues.

4. How was Caliph Al-Mansur significant in the history of Islamic Medicine? Caliph Al-Mansur summoned the Bakhtishu family, because he had a stomach disease, whom worked for the Caliph for 2 and a half centuries. This was a significant event in the cultural education of the Arabs. 5.How did Hunayn begin his career? Name two other Muslim scientists that began their career in this way or a similar manner.

Hunayns first professional work began in AD 857 in his youth as a dispenser to Yahya (Youkhanna) Bin Massawayh, the great doctor and pupil of Gabriel bin Bakhtishu.
6. Name one important work that Hunayn translated.

Aristotle's Hermeneutica. 7. What was Jabirs main contribution to science? In what field? What did Max Mayerhaff say about him? Geber was known as the Father of Chemistry, he introduced experimental methods into alchemy and transformed it into chemistry. His major contribution was discovering minerals and acids. Max Mayherhaff said the development of chemistry in Europe can be traced directly to Jabir. 8. How did Jabir classify substances? Why was this important? He classified things has metals rather than spirits which is what his predecessors did. 9. Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi father was of what profession? His father was an official of Haroon al-Rashid. 10. Al-Kindi made contributions to many fields just as many other scientists did. What fields did he contribute to and what other Muslim scientists also contributed to multiple fields in same way (name two more)? Al-Kindi contributed to philosophy, mathematics, physics, astronomy, geography and music. Two other Muslim scientists that also contributed to multiple fields were: MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI (Died 840 C.E.) Abu 'Uthman 'Amr ibn Bahr al-Basri Al-Jahiz (776 - 868 C.E.)

11. Which three scientists mentioned in the articles contributed to the formation of the Arabic system of numerals? MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHAWARIZMI (Died 840 C.E.) YAQUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI(800-873 C.E.) 12. What did Al-Kindi say that showed he was more of a modern chemist than an alchemist? He opposed the idea that base metals can be transformed into precious metals. Which opposed the alchemical thinking of the time. 13. How many books did Al-Kindi write? Did anyone write more books than he did? Name one or two people who did if so. He wrote more than 241 books. No, no one wrote more books than he. 14. What makes Al-Kindi standout from many of the other Muslim scientists?

What makes Al- Kindi stand out it the fact that he was a philosopher, mathematician, physicist, astronomer, physician, geographer and even an expert in music. He not only studied in all these fields but he made significant contributions to all of them too. 15. Al-Khawarizmi was most famous in what field? What was his most significant contribution in this field? He was most famous as a mathematician. His most significant contribution was the numeral system. 16. What concept in modern science is named after him? The word algebra is derived from his famous book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah.
17. Al-Jahizs early life shows that not only the rich and famous were allowed to become scholars. Which other famous Muslim scientist had very humble beginnings? Hunayn bin Ishaq (AD 809 - 873 or 877) was the son of a pharmacist.

18. Who wrote the book The Art of Keeping Ones Mouth Shut? Abu 'Uthman 'Amr ibn Bahr al-Basri Al-Jahiz (776 - 868 C.E.) wrote The Art of Leeping Ones Mouth Shut. 19. Thabit Ibn Qurra was one of the many Muslim scientists whose works were translated by Gerard of Cremona. 20. Al-Tabari is often referred to by his family name. What other name is he called by in the articles of this Unit? What other Muslim scientist is referred to in this way? Why do you think this is so? Al- Tabaris full family name is Abu al-Hasan Ali Bin Sahl Rabban al-Tabari. He is also referred to as Abu Al Hasan which means father of Hasan. This is a general way of referring to someone in Islam as the father or son of someone else. For example, my name is umm Yusuf meaning mother of Yusuf as it is seen as an honour to be a mother or father or a son or daughter. It is also a way of tracing lineage.

21. Al-Bukhari is listed among the famous scientists in Islam, but he is famous for his collection of Hadith? Why, then did I include him in this list of scientists? You have included him as it is important for us to know the information on what the Prophet (SAW) used to heal, what he ate and the health habits he had. 22. What was Al-Buklhari famous for above all else during the time of his life? He was famous for travelling, researching and compiling the words and deeds of the Prophet of Islam and recording them in a book of Hadith. His Hadith were famous because he would only record Hadith with a secure sanad or chain of transmission which was verifiable in a number of ways. 23. Al-Firnas is unique in what way among the Arab scholars? He became interested on one field in which no one else seemed to have much interest. What was that field? Was he successful in it? He became interested in the mechanics of flight. He constructed a pair of wings made out of feathers in a wooden frame, and attempted to fly 600 years before Leonardo da Vinci tried the same thing.

24. Al-Battanis family was not Muslim. Name two other scientists that had nonMuslim origins. Name two scientists that were not Muslim at all. ALI IBN RABBAN AL-TABARI was born Jewish but eventually converted to Islam. Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 C.E. in Harran, was of Sabian origin, but became a Muslim. Hippocrates and Diosciordes were not Muslim. 25. What famous discovery of Al-Battani does every person in the world use today? His most famous discovery is the accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to the latest estimates we use today in all Western calendars. 26. Al-Razi was known in Latin as Rhazes. Name four other scholars and their Arab and Latin names. Jabir = Geber Ibn Sina =Avicenna AlGhazali Abu Hamad Muhammad Ibn Muhammad = Al Gazel Al-Kind, Ya'qb Ibn Ishq = Alkindus 27. Al-Razi recommended treatment for one disease that has been largely unchanged since his time. What disease was this? Measles and smallpox. 28. Al-Razi was also famous for his work on Hygeine. Who else provided great contributions in this area? IBN-MAIMON (MAIMONEDES) 1135-1204 A.D.

29. Who does one author compare Al-Razi to? Why do you think he compares him to this Muslim scientist? In what way were they similar? The author compares Al Razi to Jabir. As Al-Razi imporved upon the method of classification of substances. They are similar because they both worked in chemistry. 30. Where was Al-Farabis family from originally? What other Muslim scientist came from this general area? His parents were of Persian descent but they had migrated to Turkistan. 31. Al-Masu'di was famous for his link to the Prophet (pbuh) as well as his contributions to science. How can he be linked to the Prophet Muhammad?

Al-Mas'udi tells us that he was born in Baghdad. He was a descendant of Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad.

32. What befell many of Al-Masudi s works? What other famous Muslim scientist suffered the same fate? ???????????????????????? 33. Where did El Zahrawi live? How many names did he have in Europe? El Zahrawu lived in the city of El-Zahra, six miles northwest of Cordoba, sometime between 936 and 940. His name is written in over a dozen different ways: Abulcases, Albucasis, Bulcasis, Bulcasim, Bulcari, Alzahawi, Ezzahrawi, Zahravius, Alcarani, Alsarani, Aicaravi, Alcaravius etc. 34. What particular branch of medicine was El Zahrawi dedicated to? El Zahrawi was dedicated to surgery and surgical instruments. 35. Name some of the various procedures he used in this field. He used surgery, medicine, orthopedics, ophthalmology, pharmacology, and nutrition. 36. How is El Zahrawi similar to an Army doctor in modern times? He served as a Physician. 37. Al-Haitham made contributions to what field in particular? What people benefit from his research even now, in modern times? Optics. 38. Al-Birunis greatest contribution to modern man was one book. What was the topic of this book? What title did this give him over time? Al Birunis contribution was the book as-Saydanah fit-Tibb the topic of the book was pharmacy and materia medica. It contained Arabic pharmacy. 39. Ibn Sina is one Islamic Scholar that many Westerners know about even if they know about no other Muslim scholar. Why is this? By what name is he known to them? He is known to them because he wrote the Cannon of Medicine which contained all medical knowledge up to the 10th century. He is known to them as Avicenna. 40. What skill did Ibn Sina have in common with Al-Bukhari? They were both child prodigies and had excellent memories. 41. What were Ibn Sinas methods for testing medicine and why are these methods significant today? He set the standard for testing new medicines that is still used today (2003). They were: 1) The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental quality 2) It must be used on a sample, not a composite disease. 3) It must be tested with 2 contrary types of disease because sometimes a drug cures one disease by its essential qualities and another by its accidental qualities.

4) The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of the disease. For example, a drug whose warmth is less in degree than the coldness of a certain disease would have no effect on it. 5) The period that it takes to act must be consistent in all or most cases. 6) Experiments must be conducted on humans. 42. Omar al-Khayyam is famous in the west for his poetry. What then, is he doing on a list of Arab scientists? What other scientist was also a poet? He was the first to contribute to the field of algebra. He categorised equations and provided solutions for them too. Ibn Sina and Jalal Al-Din Rumi were also poets. 43. Al-Ghazali was from what sect of Islam? How did he influence this sect of Islam? Al Ghazali was essentially a Sufi from the sect of Sufism which is somewhat of an over simplification. He revived Sufism and brought it back into the sphere of Islamic law or Sharia. 44. Ibn Zuhr has been called the Greatest __physician___________since Galen

45. How did Ibn Zuhr test his new medicines? He would test his medicines on animals before administering them to humans. 46. Al-Idrisi compiled a book of what? How many languages did it include? Al-Idrisi compiled a book on herbs and medicinal plants it included the names of the drugs in six languages: Syriac, Greek, Persian, Hindi, Latin and Berber. 47. Ibn Rushd was famous in the west for what skill? What kind of family did he come from and how did he follow in their footsteps? Although Ibn Rushd spent most of his life as a physician and judge he is known in the West for being the grand commentator on the philosophy of Aristotle, whose influence penetrated the minds of even the most conservative of Christian Ecclesiastes in the Middle Ages. 48. What Islamic concept was strong throughout the work of Ibn Rushd? The oneness of Allah. 49. Maimonides was not a Muslim scholar but he is considered a contributor to Islamic science. Why? Why, in turn, were Islamic lands important to his family? He studied medicine in Fes, Morocco, a Muslim land. He translated the Cannon of Avicenna into Hebrew, then Latin and other European languages, so I imagine he contributed to Islamic science through translation and spreading Islamic science. I dont know why Islamic lands were important to his family?

50. How did Rumi contribute to Islamic Science?

His major contribution was to Islamic philosophy and Sufism (Tassawuf). His book Mathnawi also contributes massively to the mystical understanding of the Quran. 51. El-Nafis is famous for what discovery? How did he change the beliefs that came before him in that area? What did they believe before and what did he say that was different?
He became a renowned expert on Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence as well as a reputed physician. He was the first to realize the blood circulated and document the path that it took. Ancient anatomists used to assume that arteries were filled with air and that they were for transporting air. Al- Nafis said: "...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa, or pulmonary artery, to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa, or pulmonary vein to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit..."

52. Why has Ibn Khaldun been compared to Machiavelli? Prof. Gum Ploughs and Kolosio consider Muqaddimah as superior in scholarship to Machiavelli's The Prince written a century later, as the former bases the diagnosis more on cultural, sociological, economic and psychological factors.

53. Name some of the European translators of Arab works (name just two)? Gerard and Gundisalvi. 54. What was the major mistake many translators made in the translation of Arabic works? The biggest problem faced by translators of Arabic works into other languages was probably their lack of depth of understanding the Arabic language and sciences, generally speaking. Also one Arabic word can have several meanings and the word you use to translate may significantly alter the original idea.

55. What is your general impression of the contribution of Arab scientists to modern science? I am impressed by the contribution of Arab scientists to modern science and this begs the questions to me why are we not taught this in school? Why is this knowledge not known by most people? However impressed I am, I am not surprised as Islam has brought great civilizations throughout the world and gaining knowledge is such an important part of a Muslims life.