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4. Leaf Diseases
4.1 Introduction
Oidium
When the leaf becomes too old or weather conditions are unsuitable,
the infection dries up, leaving tell-tale yellow patches on the leaf
surface which are clearly seen when the leaf is examined against the
light. Oidium is potentially much more damaging when it causes
secondary leaf falls after wintering.
Symptoms
Effect of Weather
The severity of the secondary leaf fall from year to year is associated
with annual fluctuations in the rainfalls after wintering; it depends on
the number of days as well as the total rainfall and the stage of
wintering and subsequent re-foliation at which rain falls. Oidium
develops most rapidly during relatively cloudy weathers with damp
night, with showers (if they occur) being light and of short duration.
Spore dispersal is retarded when canopy is wet.
Control
For the direct control of the disease with protective fungicides, five to
six weekly dusting rounds with sulphur throughout the refoliation
season has been a standard practice where the disease is habitually
the most severe. A recent improvement to this protective dusting
schedule stems from a forecasting technique based on the
temperature and relative humidity rule, which indicates when dusting
should begin. Using this to time the dusting program, only three
weekly rounds of dusting are required to achieve satisfactorily control.
Symptom
Leaves are only susceptible to attack over a period about five days
while the buds are bursting and during the first ten days of leaf
expansion. By the time the leaflet is fully expanded and turned from
bronze to pale green, the cuticle is formed and the leaf has developed
measure of resistance. If attacked during the early part of this fifteen-
day period the leaves rapidly wither and fall, but if infected at a later
stage the internal resistance of the host usually prevents extensive
damage and, though partly deformed and extensively spotted, the
leaves do not readily fall. The severity of Colletotrichum secondary
leaf fall may be attributed to infections on young leaves of the same
clone and age. The fungus builds up rapidly and reaches epidemic
proportions within few days.
On nearly mature leaves only the leaf margin, particularly at the tip, is
shriveled, but the leaf is covered with small spots having a narrow
brown margin surrounded by a yellow halo, approximately a millimeter
or more in width. As the leaf mature the spots become more
prominent and looks like a small cone the chief diagnostic feature of
the disease.
Predisposing Factor
Control
Symptoms
The typical spots which give the disease its name circular, 1-3 mm in
diameter, with a transparent centre and distinct narrow brown margin
results from infections which takes place when the leaves reach their
full size but are still hanging limply. Different symptoms if the infection
occurs before and after this stage. On young leaves discrete lesions
are not formed for the leaf margin or even its entire surfaced becomes
blackened and shriveled, as it does when infected by Colletotrichum
at a similar stage. On older leaves where the cuticle has hardened
and the leaf is horizontal or nearly so, the lesions remain small,
appearing only as dark brown specks. Quite often all three symptoms
shriveling of the tip, typical bird's eye and brown specks appear on the
same leaflets, indicating that suffered repeated attacks its
development.
Cause
Control
Symptoms
Infected leaves easily shed off while still attached to the leaf stalks.
Leaves have dark brown or black lesions with a white spot of
coagulated latex in the middle. The commonest site of the lesions is at
the base of the petioles, but it could also be found in the leaf blade or
midrib. Leaves mostly fall while they are still green and apparently
healthy, but they may change to yellowish red on the tree. Further,
when leaves are brought down by wind, a drop of coagulated latex
can be seen on the broken petiole.
Infected pods, unlike the leaves, remain on the branch but blackened
in color, deformed and the seed inside are shriveled and rotten.
Normally, only green pods are susceptible to attack by Phytophthora,
but the attack can occur at any stage pods development.
Predisposing Factors
Control
Symptoms
Soon after infections, rusty brown spots with yellow halos develop.
The spots then coalesce giving the leaf an appearance of yellowing.
Prior to defoliation, the leaves turn to yellow bronze sometimes with
bronzing tips margin. Defoliated leaves resemble that of leaf fall
during wintering period.
Treatment
Insert Table 7