Blu Ray Disc

Blu-ray disc seminar 2004
BLU‐RAY DISC
SEMINAR REPORT 2004

DONE BY
CIMI JOSE
01‐616

Electronics & Communication Department

Government Engineering College
Thrissur

Department of ECE 1 GEC Thrissur

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank everyone who helped to see this seminar to
completion. In particular, I would like to thank my seminar coordinator Mrs.
Muneera.C.R for her moral support and guidance to complete my seminar on
time. Also I would like to thank Mr. C. D. Anil Kumar for his invaluable help
and support.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof. Indiradevi, Head of the
Department, Electronics & Communication Engineering for her support and
encouragement.
I express my gratitude to all my friends and classmates for their support
and help in this seminar.
Last, but not the least I wish to express my gratitude to God almighty for
his abundant blessings without which this seminar would not have been
successful.


ABSTRACT

Optical disks share a major part among the secondary storage
devices.Blu‐ray Disc is a next‐generation optical disc format. The technology
utilizes a blue laser diode operating at a wavelength of 405 nm to read and write
data. Because it uses a blue laser it can store enormous more amounts of data on
it than was ever possible.
Data is stored on Blu‐Ray disks in the form of tiny
ridges on the surface of an opaque 1.1‐millimetre‐thick substrate. This lies
beneath a transparent 0.1mm protective layer. With the help of Blu‐ray
recording devices it is possible to record up to 2.5 hours of very high quality
audio and video on a single BD.
Blu‐ray also promises some added security, making
ways for copyright protections. Blu‐ray discs can have a unique ID written on
them to have copyright protection inside the recorded streams.
Blu‐ray disc takes the DVD technology one step further,
just by using a laser with a nice color.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………2
1. HISTORY OF BLU‐RAY DISC……………………………………5
2. GLOSSARY OF TERMS………………………………………...…7
3. OPTICAL DATA STORAGE FOR DIGITAL VIDEO……..…12
4. DIFFERENT FORMATS OF BD………………………………....26
5. TWO VERSIONS OF RECORDING……………………….…...27
6. BLU‐RAY DISC STRUCTURE……………………………….…..29
7. SPECIFICATIONS………………………………………….……..31
8. BASIC BLU‐RAY CHARACTERISTICS………………….…....32
9. BLU‐RAY FOUNDERS………………………..……………….….33
10. COMPARISONS………………………………….……….……...34
11. BD AND HD‐DVD…………………………….………................35
12. ADVANTAGES..............................................................…............37
13. APPLICATIONS………………………………………………….39
14. REQUIREMENTS……………………………………….……..…43
15. CHALLENGES………………........................................................43
16. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS…………………………………….44
17. CONCLUSION………………………..………….……………….45

18. REFERENCES……………………………………………………..46

1.History of Blu‐ray Disc

1.1 First Generation

When the CD was introduced in the early 80s, it
meant an enormous leap from traditional media. Not only did it offer a
significant improvement in audio quality, its primary application, but its 650 MB
storage capacity also meant a giant leap in data storage and retrieval. For the first
time, there was a universal standard for pre‐recorded, recordable and rewritable
media, offering the best quality and features consumers could wish for
themselves, at very low costs.
1.2 Second Generation

Although the CD was a very useful medium for the
recording and distribution of audio and some modest data‐applications, demand
for a new medium offering higher storage capacities rose in the 90s. These
demands lead to the evolution of the DVD specification and a five to ten fold
increase in capacity. This enabled high quality, standard definition video
distribution and recording. Furthermore, the increased capacity accommodated
more demanding data applications. At the same time, the DVD spec used the
same form factor as the CD, allowing for seamless migration to the next
generation format and offering full backwards compatibility.

1.3 Third Generation

Now High Definition video is demanding a new
solution. History proved that a significant five to ten time increase in storage
capacity and the ability to play previous generation formats are key elements for
a new format to succeed. This new format has arrived with the advent of Blu‐ray
Disc, the only format that offers a considerable increase in storage capacity with
its 25 to 50 GB data capacity. This allows for the next big application of optical
media: the distribution and recording of High Definition video in the highest
possible quality. In fact, no other proposed format can offer the data capacity of
Blu‐ray Disc, and no other format will allow for the same high video quality and
interactive features to create the ultimate user experience. As with DVD, the Blu‐
ray Disc format is based on the same, bare disc physical form factor, allowing for
compatibility with CD and DVD. The Blu‐ray Disc specification was officially
announced in February 2002. Blu‐ray Disc recorders were first launched in Japan
in 2003.
• 1982 ‐First working CD player developed by Philips. Philips and Sony
developed CD standard – 12cm disk, 74 minutes on a single spiral
• 1983 ‐First CD players sold
• 1985 ‐CD‐ROM introduced – not popular at first. More powerful PCs lead
to demand for multimedia, image processing and larger applications. Growth in
sales brings prices down.

• 1990’s ‐ CD‐R and CD‐RW introduced – big success.
• 1996 ‐DVD introduced
• 1999 ‐DVD becomes mainstream
• 2003 ‐BD introduced
2. Glossary of Terms

2.1 HDTV (High Definition Video)
This high resolution 16:9 ratio, progressive scan
format can now be recorded to standard miniDV cassettes Consumer high
definition cameras are becoming available but this is currently an expensive,
niche market. It is also possible to capture video using inexpensive webcams.
These normally connect to a computer via USB. While they are much cheaper
than DV cameras, webcams offer lower quality and less flexibility for editing
purposes, as they do not capture video in DV format. Digital video is available
on many portable devices from digital stills cameras to mobile phones. This is
contributing to the emergence of digital video as a standard technology used
and shared by people on a daily basis.
2.2 MPEG

MPEG, the Moving Picture Experts Group, overseen
by the International Standards Organization (ISO), develops standards for

digital video and digital audio compression. MPEG‐1 with a default resolution
of 352x240 was designed specifically for Video‐CD and CD‐imedia and is often
used in CD‐ROMs.
MPEG‐1 audio layer‐3 (MP3) compression evolved from
early MPEG work. MPEG1 is an established, medium quality format (similar to
VHS) supported by all players and platforms. Although not the best quality it
will work well on older specification machines.
MPEG‐2 compression (as used for DVD movies and
digital television set‐top boxes) is an excellent format for distributing video, as
it offers high quality and smaller file sizes than DV. Due to the way it
compresses video MPEG‐2‐encoded footage is more problematic to edit than
DV footage. Despite this, MPEG2 is becoming more common as a capture
format. MPEG 2 uses variable bit rates allowing frames to be encoded with
more or less data depending on their contents. Most editing software now
supports MPEG2 editing. Editing and encoding MPEG2 requires more
processing power than DV and should be done on well specified machines. It is
not suitable for internet delivery.
MPEG‐4 is a set of video and audio standards intended
to deliver quality video over limited bandwidths that also support a range of
other media types such as text, still image and animation. MPEG‐4 offers high‐
quality, scaleable streaming over a range of bandwidths, including those
provided by mobile networks. The standards also include components and

elements that allow the viewer to interact with the picture on the screen or to
manipulate individual elements in real time. The MPEG4 format is a container
for various versions called layers. There are different implementations, some of
which are proprietary and not compliant with the ISO MPEG4 standard. It was
initially thought that MPEG4 would become the default format for video over
the internet. With support from Apple, Real Networks and others this may still
be the case. However, problems over licensing costs and the lack of digital
rights management in the standard made many content providers slow to
embrace it. These issues are being tackled but it also faces competition from
proprietary formats such as Windows Media. MPEG4 is beginning to be
supported in other areas such as mobile video (3G), mobile television, set‐top
boxes and video on demand (VoD).

2.3 Gigabyte (GB)
A gigabyte equals about 1,000 megabytes (MB). A
Blu‐ray Disc capable of recording 50 GB therefore stores about 50,000
megabytes
2.4 Layer
In Blu‐ray Disc, data is recorded on a single side of the
disc. However, a disc can store two data layers, both at the same side. The read‐
out or recording laser of the Blu‐ray Disc device will first read from or record to
one layer, and then re‐focuses on the second layer. All this is done

automatically without any user interference. A double layer Blu‐ray Disc can
store up to 50 GB of data.
2.5 SDTV
Standard Definition Television. Generic term used for
conventional television sets, based on the NTSC or PAL standards. SD
television consists of 480 to 570 visible lines.
2.6 Numerical Aperture and Resolution
The numerical aperture of a microscope objective is a
measure of its ability to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed
object distance. Image‐forming light waves pass through the specimen and
enter the objective in an inverted cone as illustrated in Figure 1. A longitudinal
slice of this cones of light shows the angular aperture, a value that is
determined by the focal length of the objective.

The angle μ is one‐half the angular aperture (A) and is related to the numerical
aperture through the following equation:
Numerical Aperture (NA) = n (sin μ)
Where n is the refractive index of the imaging medium between the front lens
of the objective and the specimen cover glass, a value that ranges from 1.00 for
air to 1.51 for specialized immersion oils. Many authors substitute the variable
μ for μ in the numerical aperture equation. From this equation it is obvious that
when the imaging medium is air (with a refractive index, n = 1.0), then the
numerical aperture is dependent only upon the angle μ whose maximum value
is 90°. The sin of the angle μ, therefore, has a maximum value of 1.0 (sin90° = 1),
which is the theoretical maximum numerical aperture of a lens operating with
air as the imaging medium (using ʺdryʺ microscope objectives).
2.7 THE BLUE LASER
The laser used with the Blu‐ray disc has a
wavelength of 405nm.Though the red and the green lasers were discovered
much earlier, it was only in 1996 that the blue laser was discovered. Actually,
the wavelength 405nm would correspond to the blue‐violet part of the visible
light, in the spectrum. This achievement is attributed to the efforts of Shuji
Nakamura of Nichia Corporation, Japan. The device utilizes a GaN diode as its
laser source. The operating current is kept between 60mA and 70mA for
optimum performance.

For writing into the disc, the power of the laser used
is about 6mW. For reading from the disc, much lesser power is required, only
about 0.7mW.The GaN source can give a power of about 65mW. So, it is an
ideal choice for the laser source to be used with the Blu‐ray disc. Due to the
much lower wavelength involved, the amorphous mark size (bit size) is small,
leading to higher storage capacity on disc of the same size, about five to six
times the capacity of a DVD.
3. Optical Data Storage for Digital Video
3.1 Introduction
Optical data storage is commercially successful in
the form of Compact Discs (CDs) for audio and software distribution and
Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) for video distribution. CDs and DVDs look
very similar because the fundamental optical technology for both devices is
the same. This similarity is also true for the next generation of optical data
storage, which may be used for digital home theater recording and HDTV
distribution. However, CDs, DVDs and next generation products are different
in terms of specific optical components in the drive, in how data are managed
and in details of the disk structure used to store the information. These
differences allow a larger volume of data to be recorded on each successive
generation. Larger data volumes translate into higher quality video and
longer playing time.

3.2 Parameters for HD Video Storage with Optical Disks

¾ Optical Parameters
¾ Disk Structure Parameters
¾ Data Management Parameters
Optical parameters include laser wavelength,
objective lens numerical aperture, protective layer thickness and free working
distance. Data management parameters include data rate, video format,
HDTV play time and bit‐rate scheme. Disk structure parameters are user data
capacity, minimum channel bit length and track‐to‐track spacing.
3.2.1 Optical Parameters

Fig 1


Digital information is stored on optical disks in
the form of arrangements of data marks in spiral tracks.
The process for exposing data marks on a
recordable optical disk is shown in Fig. 1, where an input stream of digital
information is converted with an encoder and modulator into a drive signal
for a laser source. The laser source emits an intense light beam that is directed
and focused onto the surface by the objective lens. As the surface moves
under the scanning spot, energy from the intense scan spot is absorbed, and a
small, localized region heats up. The surface, under the influence of heat
beyond a critical writing threshold, changes its reflective properties.
Modulation of the intense light beam is synchronous with the drive signal, so
a circular track of data marks is formed as the surface rotates. The scan spot is
moved slightly as the surface rotates to allow another track to be written on
new media during the next revolution.
Data marks on prerecorded disks are fabricated
by first making a master disk with the appropriate data‐mark pattern.
Masters for prerecorded CDs and DVDs are often exposed in a similar
manner to exposing data marks on recordable optical disks, except that the
light‐sensitive layer is designed to produce pits in the master that serve as
data marks in the replicas. Inexpensive replicas of the master are made with
Injection‐molding equipment.


Fig 2
Readout of data marks on the disk is illustrated in
Fig.2, where the laser is used at a constant output power level that does not
heat the data surface beyond its thermal writing threshold. The laser beam is
directed through a beam splitter into the objective lens, where the beam is
focused onto the surface. As the data marks to be read pass under the scan
spot, the reflected light is modulated. Modulated light is collected by
illumination optics and directed by the beam splitter to servo and data optics,
which converge the light onto detectors. The detectors change light
modulation into current modulation that is amplified and decoded to
produce the output data stream. A fundamental limitation to the number of

data marks per unit area is due to the size of the focused laser beam that
illuminates the surface. Small laser spots are required to record and read out
small data marks. More data marks per unit area translate into higher
capacity disks, so evolution of optical data storage is toward smaller spot
sizes.

Fig 3
Figure 3 shows a detailed picture of the laser
irradiance approaching the surface, where irradiance is defined as the laser
power per unit area. Ideally, maximum irradiance is located at the recording
material, along with the smallest spot size s. As the distance increases away
from the ideal focus, the spot size increases and the peak irradiance decreases.
A defocus distance δz of only a few micrometers dramatically reduces peak

irradiance and increases spot size. An approximate formula used to estimate
the ideal spot size at best focus is s = λ/(sin θ), where θ is the marginal ray
angle of the illumination optics, as shown in Fig. 1. Spot size s is the full width
of the irradiance distribution at the 1/e2 (13.5%) irradiance level relative to the
peak. The value of sin q is often called the numerical aperture or NA of the
optical system.

Fig 4
Instead of focusing directly on the recording
surface, optical disks focus through a protective layer, as shown in Fig.4 for a
simple CD‐ROM. The protective layer prevents dust and other contamination
from directly obstructing the laser spot at the data marks. Instead, the out‐of‐
focus contamination only partially obscures the laser focus cone, and data can

usually be recovered reliably. If the protective layer is scratched or damaged,
it can be cleaned or buffed.
As the protective layer gets thinner, the error rate
increases to an unacceptable threshold due to obscuration of the laser beam.
This sensitivity decreases as NA increases, due to the smaller defocus range
associated with these systems. In addition, the free working distance
separates the objective lens from the spinning disk. This separation protects
the disk against accidental contact between the objective lens and the disk.
In order to maximize disk capacity, the optical
system uses high NA and short wavelength. For maximum contamination
protection, the protective layer should be as thick as possible. However, the
combination of thick protective layer and high NA is not easily accomplished.
High NA systems are sensitive to changes in substrate thickness and disk tilt.
Manufacturing variations create thickness no uniformities, which are usually
a small percentage of the total disk thickness. Motor instabilities induce tilt as
the disk spins. Energy from the central portion of the spot is redistributed to
concentric rings, which degrade the quality of the read out signal. This
Degrades the read out signal. Tilt causes coma, which is another form of
aberration effect, is called spherical aberration.
Sensitivity of the spot to degradation from
thickness variations and disk tilt is plotted in Fig. 5 as a function of total
protective layer thickness for two values of NA. In order to limit these effects,

the substrate is made as thin as possible without sacrificing contamination
protection.

Fig 5
The most conservative technology is the Video
CD. Its thick protective layer, relatively low NA and long laser wavelength
produce a stable system that is not very sensitive to environmental factors like
dust and scratches. The ideal spot size is about 0.78/0.5 = 1.6 micrometers.
Although the cover layer is thick at 1.2 mm, the sensitivity to thickness
variations and disk tilt is low because of the low NA. DVD technology uses a
shorter wavelength laser, higher NA optics and a thinner protective layer. The

combination of short wavelength and higher NA produce a spot size of about
1.1 micrometers. The protective layer had to be made thinner, because the
sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt is too high otherwise. DVDs
are slightly more sensitive to dust and scratches than CDs. The net effect is
not great, because higher NA reduces the focal depth and DVDs have a more
robust error management strategy.

The Advanced Optical Disk and Blu‐Ray systems
both use a new blue laser source that emits 0.405 micrometer light. The
Advanced Optical Disk system uses the same protective layer thickness as a
DVD, and it uses the same NA objective lens. Due to the short wavelength,
the spot size for the Advanced Optical Disk is about 0.62 micrometers.
Sensitivity to dust and scratches is about the same as a DVD, as well as the
sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt. The Blu‐Ray system uses both
higher NA and thinner cover layer. The spot size is 0.405/0.85 = 0.48
micrometers, which is the smallest spot size of all the technologies. However,
because of the high NA, the protective layer had to be made thin to limit
sensitivity to thickness variations and disk tilt. Therefore, Blu‐Ray disks are
sensitive to dust and scratches. The free working distance is nearly is same for
all technologies except Blu‐Ray. Blu‐Ray systems utilize more complicated
lens systems due to the high NA, so working distance had to be reduced. The
integrity of this reduced working distance is not clear at this time.

3.2.2 Disk Structure Parameters
The spot size created from the NA and wavelength
parameters is the most important factor to determine the track‐to‐track
spacing and the minimum channel bit length along the track. Several channel
bits are encoded into each data mark. The number of channel bits per data
mark depends on the modulation scheme. The relatively large spot produces
relatively large data marks and correspondingly wide tracks and large
channel‐bit lengths. Progressively smaller spot sizes enable smaller track
spacing and shorter channel bit lengths.

Fig 6


To the user, all generations of optical disks
look very similar. They all are round disks that are approximately 120 mm in
diameter, have a central mounting hole and are approximately 1.2 mm thick.
Through many years of experience with CDs, this format has proven effective
and mechanically reliable. However, the manner in which data layers are
arranged on the disk depends on the technology used. For example, the CD
uses a simple 1.2 mm thick substrate, as shown in Fig. 6A. Data are recorded
on only one side of the disk, through the clear 1.2 mm substrate, which also
serves as the protective layer. DVDs, Warner HD‐DVDs and Advanced
Optical Disks use the format shown in Fig. 6B, where two 0.6 mm substrates
are bonded together and the data are recorded on the bond side of each
substrate. DVDs also allow more two layers per side (A, B in Fig. 6B), where
the layers are separated by a thin adhesive spacer. The two layers are
fabricated before bonding at the same time as the individual 0.6 mm
substrates. Like the CD, data are recorded and read through the clear
substrates. It is likely that the Warner HDDVD and Advanced Optical Disk
will also take advantage of this multiple‐layer concept. A potential
implementation of the Blu‐Ray disk is shown in Fig. 6C, where the protective
layers on each side are very thin at 0.1 mm. In this case, data are recorded on
the substrate, which does not serve as the protective layer. Instead, a
protective layer resin is spun on and hardened or a thin protective sheet is
bonded on each side of the substrate. Because of the thin protective layer, the
Blu‐Ray disk must also be used with a cartridge.


The only optical disk technology that plans to
use a Cartridge is the Blu‐Ray system. The Blu‐Ray cartridge is necessary for
contamination Protection, but the working distance of around 0.1 mm and
protective layer thickness of 0.1 mm are large compared to the contact
recording
The technology for making disks is very
similar to existing DVD technology. Higher‐resolution mastering machines
and finer control over the injection molding process should produce the
required changes without substantially retooling the industry. The Blu‐Ray
system requires the most changes of the three, including a blue laser, detector,
and advanced objective lens. Blu‐Ray also requires new disk and cartridge
manufacturing technology, which may be difficult to implement in a short
time frame.
3.2.3 Data Management Parameters

The logical organization of data on the disk
and how those data are used are considerations for data management. Data
management considerations have important implications in the application of
optical disk technology to storage for HDTV. For example, simply using a
more advanced error correction scheme on DVDs allows a 30% higher disk
capacity compared to CDs. Data rate, video format, bit‐rate scheme and
HDTV play time are all data management issues.

There is a basic difference in data management
between CDs and DVDs. Since CDs were designed for audio, data are
managed in a manner similar to data management for magnetic tape. Long,
contiguous files are used that are not easily subdivided and written in a
random access pattern. Efficient data retrieval is accomplished when these
long files are read out in a contiguous fashion. To be sure, CDs are much
more efficient that magnetic tape for pseudorandom access, but the
management philosophy is the same. On the other hand, DVDs are more like
magnetic hard disks, where the file structure is designed to be used in
random‐access architecture. That is, efficient recovery of variable length files
is achieved. In addition, the Original error correction strategy for CDs was
designed for error concealment when listening to audio, where DVDs utilize
true error correction. Later generations of optical disks also follow the DVD
model.
The random‐access nature of DVDs allows very
efficient methods for data compression. For example, MPEG‐2 with variable
bit rate allows data to be read out from the disk as they are required, rather than
supplying data at a constant rate. Slowly moving scenes, like love scenes or
conversations, require much less information per frame than a fast‐moving
car chase or explosion. In these fast‐moving scenes, the maximum amount of
information per scene is limited only by the maximum data rate of the player.
For HDTV, acceptable picture quality is obtained by using MPEG‐2 with a
maximum data rate of about 13‐25 Mbps for most scenes. During a slow

scene, not as many files are accessed, and much less storage area on the disk
is used. This architecture leaves room on the disk for the data associated with
faster‐moving scenes.
Fixed‐rate schemes, like magnetic tape, supply data at a
constant rate, no matter what the requirements of the scene. During fast‐moving scenes,
the data stream from the tape supplies an adequate data rate. The tape speed and data
rate for these devices are set by the upper limit of the scene requirements. Since the tape
does not slow down during slower scenes, the data stream is ‘padded’ at these times
with useless information that takes up valuable storage area on the tape. Overall, the
random‐access architecture of optical disks is a much more efficient way to use the
available storage area. That is, optical disks do not require as many gigabytes of user
data capacity for an equivalent length and quality HDTV presentation.
It is not practical to store HDTV on CDs and DVDs
with MPEG‐2. For CDs, special multiple‐beam readout or high velocity disk
dives could produce the data rate, which is an advantage of the fixed‐bit‐rate
scheme. However, the play time would be only a few minutes, at best. DVDs
are not capable of the 13 Mbps random data rate to support MPEG‐2. The
Advanced Optical Disk exhibits acceptable data rate and reasonable user data
capacity for up to two hours of HDTV per side compressed with variable bit‐
rate MPEG‐2. Blu‐ray has slightly higher capacity and data rate. The two‐hour
play time for HDTV with Blu‐Ray in Table I is really a specification for real‐
time recording, which is not easily compressed into an efficient variable‐rate

scheme. Blu‐Ray should easily provide two hours or longer of prerecorded
HDTV per side compressed with MPEG‐2.
MPEG‐2 is a technique for compressing video data
and replaying the data associated with certain rules that are defined in the
MPEG‐2 specifications. The action of the optical disk system is not to
compress data or interpret the video information rules. Instead, the optical
disk system only stores and retrieves data on command from the video
operating system. Therefore, as video operating systems and associated
compression technology become more advanced, no fundamental changes are
required to the optical disk system. MPEG‐4 technology is an advanced video
compression scheme that utilizes advanced pre‐filtering and post‐filtering, in
addition to a rule‐based algorithm. Estimated improvement in compression is
a around a factor of three beyond MPEG‐2.
4. Different Formats of Blu‐ray Disc
BD‐ROM: a read only format developed for prerecorded
content
BD‐R : a write once format developed for PC storage
BD‐RW : a rewritable format developed for PC storage
BD‐RE : a rewritable format developed for HDTV
recording


5. Two Versions of Recording
5.1 One Time Recording

Making permanent changes to a disc. If we use
BD‐R the material on the disc itself is changed forever. There is no way to get
the material back into its old state. The recording material is crystalline in
nature. As scan spot falls on the surface it changes to amorphous. We cannot
change it back to crystal state.
5.2 Record Many Times

If we use a BD‐RW the material on the disc
itself changes, but can be changed back again .We can do this as long as the
material doesn’t get worn out. By heating up the crystals, they change form.
Now when we quickly cool them, they stay in that form itself. That is the
material is changed from crystal state to amorphous state.
Now, if we want to erase the BD‐RW, we have
to make sure that we lose all the data. So we want to get rid of that
amorphous state. By heating up the material again, but this time taking more
time and less heat, the material gradually wants to take its old form again,
and thus the information is erased. This state is called the crystalline state.


So, by very quickly heating it and very quickly
cooling it, give the crystal another state (Amorphous state) which thus
contains the data and by very quite slowly heating it and cooling it, we can
give the crystals their old form back (crystalline state) which contains no more
data. It’s a constant change of phases. And so it is called as phase change
recording.
Data is stored in the form of grooves, on
an optical disc. Next to the grooves, there are lands. Lands are the borders
between the grooves. Grooves and lands have a sinus form. This is called a
wobbled groove. In the groove, pits are formed to store data.

6. Blu‐ray Disc Structure
The structure of the BD is as shown. The
0.1mm transparent cover layer is made of a spin‐coated UV resin. It is formed
by sandwiching a transparent layer between a protective coating and a bonding
layer. This layer offers excellent birefringence. Beneath, there is a layer of Antis
layer acts as a heat sink, dissipating the excess heat during the write process. A
spacer layer made of ZnS‐SiO2 comes next. Then, the recording layer made of
AgInSbTeGe comes. Grooves are formed on this layer for recording.A reflective
layer of Ag alloy falls beneath and finally a plastic substrate comes.
The key features of the technology are introduced as follows

¾ Highly flat and smooth cover layer:
At the high speed recording rate involved, the
linear velocity of the disc reaches 20m/s or more and as a result accurate focus
control becomes difficult. Various experiments showed that flatness and
smoothness of the transparent cover layer have a marked influence on the focus
control capability. This end is achieved by using the spin coating method for
obtaining the transparent cover layer. Thus stable record ability at high speed
recording is secured.
¾ Phase change film for high speed recording:
The phase change film should have high
recrystallisation speed to enable direct recording at the high linear velocities
involved. A recording layer made of AgInSbTeGe meets this purpose.
¾ Super advanced rapid cooling structure:
The excess heat from the LASER irradiation
causes distortion of the recorded mark edge. So, to diffuse the remaining excess
heat, a transparent di‐electric film of high thermal conductivity, for example,
AlN is used.

7. Specifications:



8. Basic Blu‐ray Disc Characteristics

8.1 Large Recording Capacity

The Blu‐ray disc enables the recording,
rewriting and playback of HD video unto 27 GB of data on a single sided
single layer. It is enough to put 2.5 hours of HDTV recording on it. It also can
record over 13 hours of standard TV broadcasting using the VHS/ standard
definition picture quality.

8.2 High Speed

It has a data transfer rate of 36 Mbps. Because
of this high speed transfer rates it can also record the data in very little time.
In a perfect environment it would take about 2.5 hours to fill the entire BD
with 27 GB of data. More than enough transfer capacity for real time
recording and playback.
8.3 Resistant to Scratches and Fingerprints

The protective layer is hard enough to prevent
accidental abrasions and allows fingerprints to be removed by wiping the disc
with a tissue.


9. Blu‐ray Founders

The following companies have jointly
established the basic specifications Blu‐ray disc video recording format

1. Hitachi , Ltd
2. LG Electronics Inc.
3. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.
4. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
5. Pioneer Corporation
6. Royal Philips Electronics
7. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
8. Sharp Corporation
9. Sony Corporation
10. Thomson


10. Comparisons


11. Blu‐ray Disc and HD‐DVD:

The HD‐DVD format, originally called AOD
or Advanced Optical Disc, is based on much of todayʹs DVD principles and as
a result, suffers from many of its limitations. The format does not provide as
big of a technological step as Blu‐ray Disc. For example, its pre‐recorded
capacities are only 15 GB for a single layer disc, or 30 GB for a double layer
disc. Blu‐ray Disc provides 67% more capacity per layer at 25 GB for a single
layer and 50GB for a double layer disc.
Although the HD‐DVD format claims it keeps
initial investments for disc replicates and media manufacturers as low as
possible, they still need to make substantial investments in modifying their
production equipment to create HD‐DVDs. But whatʹs more important is that
HD‐DVD can be seen as just a transition technology, with a capacity not
sufficient for the long term. It might not offer enough space to hold a High
Definition feature along with bonus material in HD quality and additional
material that can be revealed upon authorization via a network. When two
discs are needed, this will degrade the so‐called cost benefit substantially. It is
even possible that the HD‐DVD specification will be followed up by a
renewed version of the technology within a few years, requiring media
manufacturers to upgrade their existing production lines again, and
consumers to replace their existing playback/recording equipment. On the

other hand, the Blu‐ray Disc format was designed to be a viable technology
for a period of at least 10 to 15 years.
Also on the application layer, the HD‐DVD
format incorporates many compromises. As the capacity is not likely to be
sufficient to encode a full‐length feature plus additional bonus materials
using the MPEG‐2 format, different and stronger encoding formats need to be
used. Although Blu‐ray Disc offers these advanced codecs as well, the disc
has such high capacity that publishers can still use the MPEG‐2 encoding
format at bit rates up to 54 Mbit/sec. As MPEG‐2 is the de‐facto standard used
in almost any industry involved in digital video (DVD, HDTV, digital
broadcast), many authoring solutions are available. Chances are high that a
full line MPEG‐2 encoding suite is already available, which can be used with
no or minor adaptations to encode High Definition content for Blu‐ray Disc.
But perhaps the most important factor for the success of Blu‐ray Disc is its
overwhelming industry‐wide support. Almost all consumer electronics
companies in the world (combined market share of about 90%) and the
worldʹs two largest computer companies support the Blu‐ray Disc format.
This ensures a large selection of Blu‐ray Disc players, recorders, PC drives,
Blu‐ray Disc equipped PCs and blank media will become available. A
competing format will not have the manufacturing power to penetrate the
market in a level even approaching that of Blu‐ray Disc



12. Advantages

The main advantages of the Blu‐ray disc are
¾ More storage capacity on a disc of the same size.
The data storage capacity on a Blu‐ray disc is 27GB
on a single layer and 54GBon dual layer, which is about five to six times the
capacity of a DVD. It would mean about 2.5 hours of HDTV video and about
13 hours of SDTV video.

¾ High data transfer rate.

The basic data transfer rate in Blu‐ray disc is about
36Mbps which is about three times that of a DVD and thirty times that of a
CD.
¾ Available in different versions like ROM, R and RE
The BD is available in different versions like the ROM
(write once), R (read only), RE (rewritable).
¾ Backward compatible.
The BD drives are designed to be backward
compatible, i.e. CDs and DVDs work equally well with the BD drives.

¾ Strong content protection.
The features of the content protection system are
• Format Developed with Input from Motion Picture Studios
• Strong Copy Protection by
• Renewability with Renewal Key Block and Device Key
• Enhanced Encryption Algorithm: AES 128 bit
• Physical Hook Against Bit by Bit Encrypted Content Copy
• Title‐based Expandable Content Control File
• Production Process Control Works Against Professional Piracy
• Public Key Based Authentication in PC Environment
¾ Compatible with analog and digital transmission.
The BD fares well with analog as well as digital
transmission. It offers the only means to the recording and reproducing of
digital HDTV video. Format for encoding analog signals also, called SESF
(Self Encoded Stream Format) is also incorporated into the BD.
¾ Higher disc life.
In the case of ordinary discs, the disc life is less fir
the rewritable versions, as re‐writing is done repeatedly to one area of the
disc most probably, the inner perimeter. This limits the disc life. But, the
BDFS(Blu‐ray Disc File Structure is designed so as to avoid this problem, by
using a system that uses free disc spaces with equal frequency


13. Applications

¾ High Definition Television Recording
¾ High Definition Video Distribution
¾ High Definition Camcorder Archiving
¾ Mass Data Storage
¾ Digital Asset Management and Professional Storage
The Blu‐ray Disc format was designed to offer the
best performance and features for a wide variety of applications. High
Definition video distribution is one of the key features of Blu‐ray Disc, but the
formatʹs versatile design and top‐of‐the‐line specifications mean that it is
suitable for a full range of other purposes as well.
13.1 High Definition Television Recording

High Definition broadcasting is vastly expanding in
the US and Asia. Consumers are increasingly making the switch to HDTV sets
to enjoy the best possible television experience. The Blu‐ray Disc format offers
consumers the ability to record their High Definition television broadcasts in
their original quality for the first time, preserving the pure picture and audio
level as offered by the broadcaster. As such it will become the next level in
home entertainment, offering an unsurpassed user experience. And since the

Blu‐ray Disc format incorporates the strongest copy protection algorithms of
any format or proposal to date, the format allows for recording of digital
broadcasts while meeting the content protection demands of the broadcast
industry.
13.2 High Definition Video Distribution

Due to its enormous data capacity of 25 to 50
GB per (single sided) disc, the Blu‐ray Disc format can store High Definition
video in the highest possible quality. Because of the huge capacity of the disc,
there is no need to compromise on picture quality. Depending on the
encoding method, there is room for more than seven hours of the highest HD
quality video. There is even room for additional content such as special
features and other bonus material to accompany the High Definition movie.
Furthermore, the Blu‐ray Disc movie format greatly expands on traditional
DVD capabilities, by incorporating many new interactive features allowing
content providers to offer an even more incredible experience to consumers.
An Internet‐connection may even be used to unlock additional material that is
stored on the disc, as there is enough room on the disc to include premium
material as well.

13.3 High Definition Camcorder Archiving

As the market penetration of High Definition
TV sets continues to grow, so does the demand of consumers to create their
own HD recordings. With the advent of the first HD camcorders, consumers
can now for the first time record their own home movies in a quality level
unlike any before. As these camcorders are tape‐based, consumers cannot
benefit from the convenience and direct access features they are used to from
the DVD players and recorders. Now, the Blu‐ray Disc format, with its
unprecedented storage capacity, allows for the HD video recorded with an
HD camcorder to be seamlessly transferred to a Blu‐ray Disc. When the HD
content is stored on a Blu‐ray Disc, it can be randomly accessed in a way
comparable to DVD. Furthermore, the Blu‐ray Disc can be edited, enhanced
with interactive menus for an even increased user experience and the disc can
be safely stored for many years, without the risk of tape wear.
13.4 Mass Data Storage

In its day, CD‐R/RW meant a huge increase in
storage capacity compared to traditional storage media with its 650 MB. Then
DVD surpassed this amount by offering 4.7 to 8.5 GB of storage, an
impressive 5 to 10 times increase. Now consumers demand an even bigger
storage capacity. The growing number of broadband connections allowing

consumers to download vast amounts of data, as well as the ever increasing
audio, video and photo capabilities of personal computers has lead to yet
another level in data storage requirements. In addition, commercial storage
requirements are growing exponentially due to the proliferation of e‐mail and
the migration to paperless processes. The Blu‐ray Disc format again offers 5 to
10 times as much capacity as traditional DVD resulting in 25 to 50 GB of data
to be stored on a single rewritable or recordable disc. As Blu‐ray Disc uses the
same form factor as CD and DVD, this allows for Blu‐ray Disc drives that can
still read and write to CD and DVD media as well.
13.5 Digital Asset Management and Professional Storage

Due to its high capacity, low cost per GB and
extremely versatile ways of transferring data from one device to another
(because of Blu‐ray Discʹs extremely wide adoption across the industry), the
format is optimized for Digital Asset Management and other professional
applications that require vast amounts of storage space. Think of medical
archives that may contain numerous diagnostic scans in the highest
resolution, or catalogs of audiovisual assets that need to be instantly retrieved
in a random access manner, without the need to ʺrestoreʺ data from a storage
carrier. One Blu‐ray Disc may replace many backup tapes, CDs, DVDs or
other less common or proprietary storage media. And contrary to network
solutions, the discs can be physically stored in a different location for backup
and safekeeping

14. Requirements
1) Blue laser
2) Detector
3) Advanced objective lens
4) New disk and cartridge manufacturing technologies

15. Challenges:
¾ High cost
The technology is not that popular and hence, the
price of the BD recorders and players available in the market is very high.
¾ HD‐DVD
The HD‐DVD (High Definition DVD) based on the
Advanced Optical System championed by Toshiba and NEC is the primary
rival to BD in the market. Though its data storage density is lower, it has
lower manufacturing costs also, which may prove challenging to the Blu‐ray
disc.

16. Future Developments:

Efforts are progressing on many fronts to make the
Blu‐ray discs, players and recorders cheaper. On 15 April 2004 for instance,
Sony and Toppan Printing announced the successful development of a Blu‐
ray Disc that is 51% (by mass) composed of paper, which could reduce
production costs and improve its environmental friendliness.The cost would
come down as BD becomes more and more popular.
TDK has been researching the hard coat technology
that will provide protection against fingerprints and scratches. Colloidable
silica dispersed UV‐curable resin is being used for the researches and results
are encouraging.
Figure shows the cross section of the disc being developed.

17. Conclusion:
The BD represents a major advancement in
capacity as well as data transfer rate. It would be an ideal choice for the
secondary storage purposes.The semiconductor storage for secondary
memory is large, consumes more power and is more expensive. HDTV video
recording and reproducing would essentially require the large storage
capacity and data transfer rates, as offered by the Blu‐ray disc. The Blu‐ray
disc has a wide variety of applications and is the ultimate storage device that
would lead to digital convergence, ultimately leading to the convergence of
the PC and CE technologies.
In the opinion of many researchers (including those
at the BDF group themselves), BD possibly represents the last of the plastic‐
based, visible laser optical disc systems. Shorter violet and ultraviolet
wavelengths are absorbed strongly by the plastic used in disc manufacturing,
and itʹs difficult to cheaply manufacture a much higher‐quality lens. The light
absorbed by the disk would not make it back out to be read by the drive. In
addition, most plastics decay when exposed to ultraviolet light, changing
color and becoming brittle. An ultraviolet system would destroy plastic
media used with it. Future technologies would likely involve glass platters
(which donʹt absorb long‐wave ultraviolet nearly as much as plastic),
ultraviolet readout lasers, and/or multilayer fluorescent media. An emergence
of the magneto‐optical system for secondary storage is also a big possibility

18. References
1. Digital Digest Magazine Published by Digital Tech Consulting L.L.C,

September 2003, “Blu‐Ray Format Positioning As Next Generation DVD.”
2. Optical Recording: A Technical Overview, Addison‐ Wesley, Reading,

Massachusetts,pp321‐323(1990)
3. Optical Disc Systems Dec 2002,”The Blue Disc Recording Technology”
4. Spectrum, Magazine Published by IEEE, June 2003, “The Great Gallium
Nitride Gamble”
5. www.bluray.com
6. www.google.com
7. www.opticaldisc_system.com


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Blu-ray disc seminar 2004

Department of ECE 1 GEC Thrissur

Department, Electronics & Communication Engineering for her support and

Department of ECE 2 GEC Thrissur

devices.Blu‐ray Disc is a next‐generation optical disc format. The technology

Blu‐ray also promises some added security, making

Department of ECE 3 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 4 GEC Thrissur

Although the CD was a very useful medium for the

distribution and recording. Furthermore, the increased capacity accommodated

Department of ECE 5 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 6 GEC Thrissur

MPEG, the Moving Picture Experts Group, overseen

by the International Standards Organization (ISO), develops standards for

Department of ECE 7 GEC Thrissur

MPEG‐2 compression (as used for DVD movies and

supports MPEG2 editing. Editing and encoding MPEG2 requires more

quality, scaleable streaming over a range of bandwidths, including those

Department of ECE 8 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 9 GEC Thrissur

Standard Definition Television. Generic term used for

Department of ECE 10 GEC Thrissur

The laser used with the Blu‐ray disc has a

Department of ECE 11 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 12 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 13 GEC Thrissur

The process for exposing data marks on a

information is converted with an encoder and modulator into a drive signal

beyond a critical writing threshold, changes its reflective properties.

Data marks on prerecorded disks are fabricated

Department of ECE 14 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 15 GEC Thrissur

Figure 3 shows a detailed picture of the laser

Department of ECE 16 GEC Thrissur

Instead of focusing directly on the recording

Department of ECE 17 GEC Thrissur

In order to maximize disk capacity, the optical

Department of ECE 18 GEC Thrissur

The most conservative technology is the Video

Department of ECE 19 GEC Thrissur

The Advanced Optical Disk and Blu‐Ray systems

all technologies except Blu‐Ray. Blu‐Ray systems utilize more complicated

Department of ECE 20 GEC Thrissur

channel‐bit lengths. Progressively smaller spot sizes enable smaller track

Department of ECE 21 GEC Thrissur

To the user, all generations of optical disks

will also take advantage of this multiple‐layer concept. A potential

Department of ECE 22 GEC Thrissur

The technology for making disks is very

similar to existing DVD technology. Higher‐resolution mastering machines

required changes without substantially retooling the industry. The Blu‐Ray

The logical organization of data on the disk

Department of ECE 23 GEC Thrissur

There is a basic difference in data management

The random‐access nature of DVDs allows very

conversations, require much less information per frame than a fast‐moving

Department of ECE 24 GEC Thrissur

Department of ECE 25 GEC Thrissur

MPEG‐2 is a technique for compressing video data

operating system. Therefore, as video operating systems and associated

Department of ECE 26 GEC Thrissur

If we use a BD‐RW the material on the disc

Department of ECE 27 GEC Thrissur

Data is stored in the form of grooves, on