1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.1 OBJECTIVE Embedded systems have already improved our lives in numerous ways. A good example is an automatic washing machine or a microwave oven. Due to the breathtaking developments in microelectronics, processor speeds are increasing tremendously and memory costs are dropping rapidly. As a result, we are witnessing revolutionary changes in embedded systems. This project is indented to completely automate certain functions of a class room. Such as recording attendance of students and teacher, automate the working of the college bell and displaying notifications by principal. This system is connected with the computer in principals or HODs room so that he can download the attendance of students at any time. Also from this computer he can change the college bell ringing time. This project has the following features, Stores the attendance of students. A message can be passed to any class directly by the principal. The attendance and strength of the class can be downloaded at any time. It automates the functioning of the college bell. This project is implemented using Philips LPC2148 ARM controller. In this system attendance of students are recorded with the help of a RFID tag. A student entering the class has to swipe his/her tag into the system. This information is stored into the internal memory of the microcontroller. Using the connection provided with the computer in principals room, the memory of the system can be downloaded at any time. Also the details will be automatically sent to the principal once the teacher enters the class. This helps the college authority to keep track of the number of students present in a class room at any time. The system completely automates the working of the college bell. From the center computer the bell time can be modified easily.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The project COLLEGE AUTOMATION is intended to automate the certain functions of a classroom. The main duties of the system is to store the attendance of students, keep the current strength of the classroom, automate the working of college bell, displaying notifications by principal, detect the presence of teacher inside classroom and send the attendance to the PC in the office room once the teacher enters and on demand too. It helps teachers to easily handle the attendance details of students. There is no need for take attendance manually. This reduces the wastage of class time for taking attendance. Also no need to keep the hardcopy of attendance and enter it into the computer to calculate the percentage of each student at the end of each semester. By installing suitable software all attendance information can be handles easily. The device helps the working of college bell; it reduces the human efforts for ringing the bell. The device is much helpful in handling the attendance of students. It reduces the wastage of valuable time for entering the attendance details of each student, which consumes a lot of time.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

3.1BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The major parts of the system are ARM Microcontroller, IR Sensor, ZIGBEE, RFID, LCD, Buzzer, and Magnetic Lock. 1. MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is the heart of the project. It is responsible for all the activities done inside the system. Here microcontroller used is Philips LPC2148 ARM. Microcontroller scans the RFID for any new entry. According to the RFID tag swiped, it stores the attendance. The attendance information is stored in the internal EEPROM of the microcontroller. It also communicates with the Personal Computer and sends the attendance information on demand. 2. IR SENSOR

This section is used to count the students passing in and out of the class. For this infrared transmitter/receiver pairs are used. This pairs are connected in parallel at the door. The direction of passing can be detected by the priority in which the IR is blocked.

3. ZIGBEE

ZigBee is designed to provide highly efficient connectivity between small packet devices. As a result of its simplified operations, which are one to two full orders of magnitude less complex than a comparable Bluetooth device, pricing for ZigBee devices is extremely competitive, with full nodes available for a fraction of the cost of a Bluetooth node. ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous low-power devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next generation automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for communication between devices to a central computer. Due to its low power output, ZigBee devices can sustain themselves on a small battery for many months, or even years, making them ideal for install-and-forget purposes, such as most small household systems.

4. RFID

RFID is a more recent term referring to a family of sensing technologies that has been in use for more than 50 years. The technology of radio identification was devised for military applications during the Second World War. RFID is now a generic term for a variety of technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify individual items.

5. LCD

Here for the display an LCD module is used. The advantage of using LCD display over 7segment or Led is that LCD can display alphanumeric characters (i.e.-; both alphabets and numbers). Another advantage is that LCD does not require constant refreshing, which reduces the complexity of the software.

6. BUZZER

This is for alarm and belling purpose.

7. MAGNETIC LOCK Electro-magnetic locks (maglocks) are increasingly being used in the access control and security industries. Application areas include airports, hospitals, office buildings, and mass transit stations. They are also being used on doors where access is restricted for security reasons or where doors double as an emergency exit.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER
ARM7 LPC2148 is ARM7TDMI-S Core Board Microcontroller that uses 16/32-Bit 64 Pin (LQFP) Microcontroller No.LPC2148 from Philips (NXP). All resources inside LPC2148 is quite perfect, so it is the most suitable to learn and study because if user can learn and understand the applications of all resources inside MCU well, it makes user can modify, apply and develop many excellent applications in the future. Because Hardware system of LPC2148 includes the necessary devices within only one MCU such as USB, ADC, DAC, Timer/Counter, PWM, Capture, I2C, SPI, UART, and etc.

LPC2148 BOARD FEATURES

Processor: LPC2148 2xSerial ports(One for ISP and other for Serial Communication) 12.00 MHz crystal On board Reset Circuit with a switch. Dual Power supply (either through USB or using external power adapter). Power on LED supply. Three on-board voltage regulators 1.8V, 3.3V and 5V with up to 800mA current Extension headers for C ports. Graphic LDC display interfacing port. USB Ports. CAN controller interfacing. MMC/SD card interfacing. 8 Bit LED interfacing. EEPROM Interfacing. On board UART

APPLICATIONS
Industrial control Medical systems Access control Point-of-sale Communication gateway Embedded soft modem General purpose applications

PINOUT DIAGRAM OF LPC2148

LPC2148 PINOUT DESCRIPTION

GENERAL PURPOSE INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS (GPIO)

Features
Every physical GPIO port is accessible via either the group of registers providing an enhanced feature and accelerated port access or the legacy group of registers Accelerated GPIO functions: GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus so that the fastest possible I/O timing can be achieved Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group, leaving other bits unchanged All registers are byte and half-word addressable Entire port value can be written in one instruction

Bit-level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any number of bits in one port Direction control of individual bits All I/O default to inputs after reset Backward compatibility with other earlier devices is maintained with legacy registers appearing at the original addresses on the VPB bus

Applications
General purpose I/O Driving LEDs, or other indicators Controlling off-chip devices Sensing digital inputs

Register description
LPC2141/2/4/6/8 has two 32-bit General Purpose I/O ports. Total of 30 input/output and a single output only pin out of 32 pins are available on PORT0. PORT1 has up to 16 pins

available for GPIO functions. PORT0 and PORT1 are controlled via two groups of 4 registers as shown in table.

GPIO register map (legacy VPB accessible registers)

UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER 0 (UART0)

FEATURES
16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs Register locations conform to 550 industry standard. Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes. Built-in fractional baud rate generator. Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation.

PIN DESCRIPTION

UART0 BLOCK DIAGRAM

UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER 1 (UART1) FEATURES

UART1 is identical to UART0, with the addition of a modem interface. 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs. Register locations conform to 550 industry standard. Receiver FIFO triggers points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes. Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities. Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation. Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully supported in hardware (LPC2144/6/8 only).

PIN DESCRIPTION

UART1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

TIMER/COUNTER TIMER0 AND TIMER1

FEATURES
A 32-bit Timer/Counter with a programmable 32-bit Prescaler. Counter or Timer operation Up to four 32-bit capture channels per timer, that can take a snapshot of the timer value when an input signal transitions. A capture event may also optionally generate an interrupt. Four 32-bit match registers that allow: Continuous operation with optional interrupt generation on match. Stop timer on match with optional interrupt generation. Reset timer on match with optional interrupt generation.

Up to four external outputs corresponding to match registers, with the following capabilities: Set low on match. Set high on match. Toggle on match. Do nothing on match.

APPLICATIONS
Interval Timer for counting internal events. Pulse Width Demodulator via Capture inputs. Free running timer.

DESCRIPTION
The Timer/Counter is designed to count cycles of the peripheral clock (PCLK) or an externally-supplied clock, and can optionally generate interrupts or perform other actions at specified timer values, based on four match registers. It also includes four capture inputs to trap the timer value when an input signals transitions, optionally generating an interrupt.

LCD DISPLAY

Liquid crystal displays are generally more flexible than LED displays because they allow for a variety of text and/or graphics. LCDs require less power LEDs making them suitable for lose power requirements.) LCDs are more readable in sunlight and an use backlights for night viewing. However, LCDs are more expensive than LED displays. LCDs come in a variety of sizes. Text displays are specified by their character size, the number of lines, and the number of characters per line.

LCD MODULE
The LCD module, made by Crystallonics, is 16x2 line interactive displays. It needs a power supply of +5v. The module has inbuilt controller chip, such as an HD44780, which acts as an interface between CPU and the row and column drivers. The controller takes care of generating characters, refreshing the display, and so on. The module has a back light driven by a pair of pads separate from the interface pads .The LCD module works in two modes for communicating with the micro controller - 8 bit (byte) mode & 4 bit (nibble) mode. In the later case only the higher nibble i.e. pins DB4-DB7 is used for communication. For controlling the LCD module we have used only the port D.

LCD module

PINOUT DIAGRAM

PIN NO.
1 2 3 4

SYMBOL
Vss Vdd Vo RS(H/L)

FUNCTION
Ground +5v Contrast Adjust Register Select H=Data/L=Instruction Read/Write H=Read/L=Write Enable Data Pin 1 Data Pin 2 Data Pin 3 Data Pin4 Data Pin 5 Data Pin 6 Data Pin 7 Data Pin8 Back Light Back Light

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

R/W (H/L) E DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 BLBL+

PINOUT DESCRIPTION

Contrast: A variable voltage applied to this pin controls the contrast. Use a and adjust until you see the background.

potentiometer

Register Select: This pin selects whether you are sending the module a command or data. Read/Write: This pin allows for bi-directional communications. For the discussions here, unidirectional communications will be used. Ground this pin. Enable: This is the latch pin. A high-to-low transition causes the value on the data lines to be latched by the module. DB0-DB7: Apply the data or commands to these pins.

RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several maters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is integrated circuits for storing and information, modulating and demodulating a radio frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal. There are generally three types of RFID tags:1. Active tags:Which contain a battery and can transmit signals autonomously. 2. Passive tags:Which have no battery and require an external source to provoke signal transmission

3. Battery assisted passive (BRP):Which require an external source to wake up but have significant higher forward link capability providing read rang

MAX 232
It is a voltage level converter. It converts RS232 voltage levels to TTL .The serial port of PC uses RS232 voltage levels, and microcontroller uses TTL levels. To match these voltage levels MAX232 IC is used. This IC includes a pair of transmitter and receiver. One advantage of using MAX232 is that, no negative voltage is required for its working. So need of dual supply is eliminated. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors 0.1 F in place of the 1.0 F capacitors used with the original device. The newer MAX3232 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from 3 to 5.5V.

When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. To clarify the matter, see the table below.

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0

RS232 Voltage +3V to +15V

TTL Voltage MAX232 0V

to/from

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1

-3V to -15V

5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic -3V to -15V 0

5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic +3V to +15V 1

0V

POWER SUPPLY
The system requires a regulated +3.3v supply for the semiconductors and a +12V unregulated supply for the relay. These can be delivered from the 230V domestic supply. Before applying this to the system we must step down this high voltage to an appropriate value. After that it should be rectified. To achieve +3.3 V DC we should regulate this. All this are run in the power supply circuitry.

Power supply is used to give sufficient power to the microcontroller. A step down transformer and a bridge rectifier is used here to convert AC to DC. A regulator IC is also used here to give constant supply. A 12-0-12V step down transformer is connected to provide the necessary low voltage. The transformer also works as an Isolator between the hot and cold end. The hot end refers to the 230v supply, which is hazardous one, and the cold one refers to the low, safe voltage .Now the hot portion appears only at the primary of the transformer. The secondary of the transformer deliver 12v ac pulses along with a ground.

. A C .

1 I / P 4

5 R E C T I F I E R 8

R E G U L A T O R

I C . O / P .

This ac supply goes to a center tap rectifier, which converts the ac into a unidirectional voltage. The ripples in the resulting supply is filtered and smoothed by a 2200micro FD/25V capacitor. The 0.1 microfarad capacitor bypasses any high frequency noises. The resulting supply has magnitude above 17V. This voltage is given to the regulated IC S111733.This IC provides a regulated 3.3V positive supply at its 3rd pin.

DESCRIPTION
The SA1117 is a positive low voltage dropout regulator; voltage dropout is only 1.2V at 1A. SA1117 has two versions: the fixed version and the adjustable version. VOUT has a tolerance of less than 1% for fixed versions 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.3V, 5.0V and adjustable version or 2% output accuracy for fixed version 1.2V. The SA1117 integrates overheating protection and current limit circuits. It is suitable for all electronic products.

FEATURES

 1% accuracy for fixed output VOUT while the voltage is 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.3V, 5.0V and the adjustable output VOUT 2% output accuracy for fixed version 1.2V Low Dropout Voltage: 1.2V at 1A output current Current Limiting Thermal Shutdown Temperature Range: -40C to 125C

APPLICATIONS
Laptop, Palmtop, and Notebook Computers Battery Charger SCSI-|| Active Terminator Cellular Phone Cordless Telephones Battery Powered Systems Portable Devices SMPS Post-Regulator

IR DETECTOR
This section is built around IR transmitters and receivers. The IR transmitters and receivers are placed at both sides of the entrance in line of sight. In normal condition the IR receivers receive IR rays from TXr when a student enters the class room the path will be blocked and output of the receiver will become high. This is detected by the micro controller. A pair is used because we have to find the direction, is student passing in to or out of the class room.

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PCB DESCRIPTION

PCB DESCRIPTION
The first step of assembling is to procure a printing circuit board .The fabrication of the program counter plays a crucial role in the electronic field. The success of a circuit is also depends on the PCB. As far as the cost is concerned the more than 25% of the total cost is gone for the PCB design and fabrication. We are using a micro controller-based system that handles high frequencies. In the high frequency circuit the data may easily be violated in the PCB due to the physical parameters .That is the track capacitance and inductance can cause the cross talk in the buses. Also unwanted noise can be induced to supply rails and from there it can affect the total response. Hence the PCB design has a major role in system performance. Design of a PCB is consider as the last step in electronics circuit design as well as the first step in production of the PCBs. It forms a distant factor in electronics circuits performance and reliability. The productivity of the PCB and its assembly and service ability also depends on the design .The designing of the PCB consist of the designing of the layout followed by the generation of the artwork. Orcad is low cost feature rich software package for designing electronics circuit diagrams. The various tools in orcad and their implementation and designing the PCB is discussed below. Electronics Design Automation (EDA) tools: With the advent of powerful computing system and interactive software, several stages in the design and development of an electronic circuit has undergone automation .The software and this hardware tool, which enables this automation, is called EDA tools. This tool helps us in such a way that we can draw that circuit ; list the functioning of the circuit in response to the best input in assimilation software after successful simulating the circuit. The placing and routing software does the PCB artwork in the project the design automation tool used in orcad, which includes.

Or cad Capture: For circuiting the diagram, create schematic and net list. Or cad Layout: For creating the PCB artwork the design process is of the following steps: 1. Drawing the circuit schematic: This is done in orcad schematic capture. It includes many libraries with thousands of component symbol. We can select the required symbol from library and place it on the schematic page. After placing the component symbol, the inter connection is completing using bus tool. After drawing the schematic, the following operations are performed. 2. Routing: Routing is the interconnection of component using upper tracks of required width .Before starting routing the following thinks are done. 1. Enabling/disabling required layers: The number of layers used and enabling the artwork depends upon the complexity of the circuit, and fabrication technology available. If the board is single sided , enable only bottom or solder side layer, so that track will come only on one side of the PCB If the circuit is much more complex the enable the required number of inner layer consider the fabrication technique and cost. Manual routing: In this, the PCB design has to manually connect each track. This is time consuming process, but is required some cases. On this also the software checks for errors and reports.

WORKING

When a student enters the class the path of IR breaks and microcontroller senses the direction and increments the count which represents strength. Then the student has to mark the attendance. All these information are stored in to the internal memory with the roll number of the student. If a student goes out of class microcontroller detects this from IR detectors and decrements the class strength. Through the PC interface the computer to the principal can download the attendance of the students at any time. The computer can send the bell time to the system using the PC interface. Principal can sent an urgent message to the LCD display which is placed in the class room through serial transmission. And the principal can also clear the display in the class room and data stored.

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SOFTWARE DESIGN

FLOWCHART

SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE TOOLS
The program was written and simulated using keil, which is a complete IDE. It consist a text editor, C compiler and a simulator to simulate our code. The keil for ARM is a powerful, feature-rich development tool. It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution to developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.

Features
Keil allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:

Write your C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants, Code Folding, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more.)

Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer. Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with all programmers. Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree, and more. Keil provides plenty of examples to expand, develop, and use as building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit thats why we included them with the compiler.

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CONCLUSION
6.1 RESULT 6.2 FUTURE EXPANSION

6.1RESULT
The COLLEGE AUTOMATION system was developed and tested successfully.

6.2 FUTURE EXPANSION

The system presented here has a lack of security features; we can provide high security to this system by replacing keyboard with a FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION module. The fingerprint module identifies each student by scanning their fingerprint so the level of security is very high. Also we can expand the memory of the system so that the attendance details for a month or greater than that can be stored in the system.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. www.datashhet4u.com 2. www.dallas.com 3. www.maxim.com