Introduction To Wireless Communication Engineering

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Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Objective

At the end of this topic, you will: Understand the motivation behind wireless communication. Know the applications of wireless technologies in mobile communication. know some terminologies used in wireless communication. Know the characteristics of RF
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Introduction to Wireless Communication

Motivation Before the era of wireless communication, telephony systems basically used cables for interconnection. This system had the major constraints of mobility. Hence, wireless communication was developed to enabled mobility.

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Introduction To Wireless Technology

The application of wireless technology in telecommunication can be classified into two namely: Access Level Transmission Level

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Introduction To Wireless Technology-Contd

Access Level Also referred to as Radio Access Network or Wireless Access Network. Allows mobile users gain access to a networks services. Users need to share system resources and are awarded access to the network based on pre-defined rules. Multiple access technologies are adopted to permit multiple users access the network. E.g CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA etc. Adopts the use of sectorial or Omni-directional antenna Coverage and Capacity are 2 major constraints of wireless access technologies

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Introduction To Wireless Technology-Contd

Some Wireless Access Terminologies Cell- A cell is the geographical area covered by a BTS signal. Sector- A sector is a section of a cell. It defines the geographical area covered by one of the BTS antenna RF Short for radio frequency, any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation
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Introduction To Wireless Technology-Contd

Some Wireless Access Terminologies When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space. Antenna- An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric current into radio waves, and radio waves into electric currents Powered By
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Introduction To Wireless Technology-Contd

Some Facts About RF A radio tone has a frequency, and a radio signal carrying information has a range of frequency content. Modulation at the transmitter, based on and coupled with a given multiple-access mechanism, allows wireless communication over particular frequency bands. These bands are designated by local regulatory authorities e.g NCC, and generally coordinated by regional and global (International Telecommunication Union) bodies. They may be licensed (e.g., bands used by service providers in generations of mobile cellular technologies), or unlicensed (e.g., bands used by WLAN and Bluetooth, among others). Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength.

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Introduction To Wireless Technology-Contd

Transmission Level The second level of application of wireless technology in telecommunication is at the transmission level. Transmits mobile user data/voice between network nodes, usually between the BTS and BSC. The transmission equipments include satellite, microwave radios/antenna etc. Operates in higher frequency spectrum of 4GHz to 300GHz.

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 Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Objective

After this course, you will: Understand the various stages of evolution in mobile communication. Know the major differences amongst the different generations.

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Evolution of Wireless Technologies

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Evolution of Wireless Technologies-Contd

Till now, wireless communication has undergone four stages in its development, namely: Analogue to digital simple communication high-speed downloading high-speed downloading and uploading fifth stage, seamless fixed-mobile convergence, is about to enter service.

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Evolution of Wireless Technologies-Contd

First Generation This generation of wireless communication enabled voice services only. Voice was transmitted in its analogue form. AMPS, TACS and NMT fall in this generation. Second Generation This generation introduced digital communication.i.e there was a transition from analogue to digital communication. simple data service were introduced alongside voice service. GSM,CDMA IS 95, GPRS

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Evolution of Wireless Technologies-Contd

Third Generation This generation improved the data download and upload speed by improving the spectral efficiency. Also, voice services were improved upon. EVDO Rel0, WCDMA 4th Generation By further improving the spectral efficiency, access mechanism and antenna technology, data rates were improved upon. EVDO Rev B, HSPA+

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Evolution of Wireless Technologies -Contd

Third Generation This generation improved the data download and upload speed by improving the spectral efficiency. Also, voice services were improved upon. EVDO Rel0, WCDMA 4th Generation By further improving the spectral efficiency, access mechanism and antenna technology, data rates were improved upon. EVDO Rev B, HSPA+

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 Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Objectives

After this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the various multiple access technologies. The application of the different multiple access technologies. The difference between the access technologies
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Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple Access Mechanisms is the technology used to allow multiple users access a wireless communication network. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) A spectrum sharing/ multiple access scheme that allows the whole frequency band be divided into adjacent frequency segments, while each segment is allocated to a single user. It is used in analog systems. It is not an efficient multiple access mechanism. Used in AMPS, TACS(1st generation)

Power

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Multiple Access Technologies -Contd

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) This allows multiple users to access the same frequency channel, by dividing the channels into timeslots and allocating them to different users It is used in digital systems. It is a more efficient multiple access mechanism than FDMA. It is limited by the number of slots that can be allocated. Simple handoff and less stringent power control mechanism. Used in GSM, IS-136, EDGE, GPRS etc.

Power

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Multiple Access Technologies -Contd

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) In this system, all users of a network access the network using the same frequency, time and space. Unique codes are assigned to each user of the network. These codes help in distinguishing each user on the network. Codes are orthogonal in nature. Employs a form of spread spectrum The signal-to-noise power ratio decreases as the number of users increases.

Power

Used in CDMA 2000.

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Multiple Access Technologies -Contd

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) In OFDMA, the frequency bandwidth is divided into orthogonal frequency subcarriers. Each subcarrier is divided into channels Each channel is allocated to each user. It deploys CP (cyclic prefix) to prevent Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Users are associated channels according to channel condition feedback information. Greater spectral efficiency than CDMA. Used in WiMAX technology.

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 Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Objectives
This chapter will help you: Acquire the knowledge of a mobiles network architecture. Understand how each node on the network relate. Understand some fundamental factors considered in wireless communication
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Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals

MS: Mobile Station BSC: Base Station Controller HLR :Home Location Register PCF: Packet data Control Function HA: Home Agent SCP: Service Control Point

BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC: Mobile Switching Center VLR: Visitor Location Register PDSN: Packet Data Service Node FA: Foreign Agent Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service

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 The user terminal/MS is wirelessly connected to a Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The interface between BTS and MS is called Um interface This base station and a number of others are connected to a Base Station Controller (BSC). The BSC connects to an MSC for voice services using circuit switching technologies. The BSC connects to the IP gateway for data services using packet switching technologies. The MSC connects to other core network equiments and other PLMN and PSTN. The IP gateway equipment connects to the internet. Quality of the wireless access connectivity is measured by call drop rate, access failure, block probability, packet loss rate and/or network reliability.

Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals -Contd

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Capacity & Coverage

Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals -Contd

In wireless technology, coverage and capacity are 2 crucial interelated factors. Coverage is defined as the geographical area that can support continuous wireless access connectivity with the minimum guaranteed Quality of Service. It is heavily impacted by terrain, RF environment, and interference. It is determined by the operating frequency, cell planning, radio receiver sensitivity, and required signal-to-noise ratio that an access technology can support.

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Capacity & Coverage

Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals -Contd

Capacity is defined as the maximum number of users or the total data throughput a network can support reliably. It relies on traffic loading, traffic patterns, cell site equipment capability, and hardware dimensioning. There is a great deal of relationship between coverage and capacity.

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Spectrum Consideration
The frequency spectrum is used for a variety of services, determined by propagation characteristics, and allocated to users according to the rules of the local spectrum regulatory authority. E.g NCC in Nigeria. The allocation/licensing of frequency spectrum helps in reducing interference amongst telecoms operators, amongst other purpose. When considering spectrum usage and allocation, certain facts are important. They are Frequency less than 4Ghz are best for non-line of sight applications e.g mobile communication, radio stations while frequencies above have proven suitable for LOS applications e.g microwave radio, VSAT etc.

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Spectrum Consideration Contd

Use higher frequencies where propagation is limited and large bandwidth needed. And use lower frequencies where coverage is more important than capacity. Lower frequencies e.g, below 450 MHz have high penetration properties, providing better indoor coverage. To meet growing capacity requirements (e.g., for mobile applications) sufficient frequency spectrum is needed. Uplink and downlink communication paths need to be divided (duplexed), either in frequency (FDD) or in time (TDD).

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Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Objective
After this chapter, you will be equiped with the knowledge of: The motivation behind mobility management Various states of a mobile phone. The various mechanisms that enable wireless communication The role of each mechanism.

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Mobility Management
Motivation
The major difference between PSTN and Mobile communication is the ability
of the user to move around. In the event of locomotion, a mobile user may leave his serving BTS for another. Mobility management helps the system to know the exact location of a mobile user. The HLR and VLR (core network equipments) are used to track the location of a mobile phone. Such technologies as registration, paging,admission control, power control, handoff help in mobility management.

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States of A mobile Phone

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Registration

Registration is the process used by an MS to inform the network of its current location, status, identification and capabilities. There are 2 types of registration:
Autonomous Non-autonomous

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Registration -Contd
Autonomous
Registration is triggered by an event or occurence. E.g Mobile power up and power down. Timer-based- triggered by the expiration of a system timer. Distance-based- When the distance between the BTS where the mobile last registered and its current location exceeds a threshold. Zone-based- when the mobile enters a zone predefined by the network. e.g home zone

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Registration -Contd
Non-autonomous
Registration is requested by the BTS based on other messages sent to the mobile. E.g Parameter change-when a specific parameter changes e.g frequency Implicit registration-MS and base station exchange messages that convey sufficient information to identify the MS and its location. Ordered registration-Base station orders a MS to register (e.g., while on a traffic channel).

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Paging
This is the system used by the network to alert a MS of an incoming call or message. When an MS is in the idle state, it listens to the network for overhead messages containing network information or pages indicating that it is being called. What the MS listens to for this network information is called paging channel. The more often a MS registers, the more knowledgible the network is of its location, and therefore, paging is more targeted to a smaller group of cells.

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Slotted Mode
In order to maximize battery life, a mobile phone is mostly in idle state. And to further conserve battery life, slotted mode or sleep mode is was invented. In sleep mode, a mobile phone powers down some of its components and periodically checks for page messages indicating an incoming call. The more a mobile phone is in the sleep mode, the better the battery life. But with this, it will take longer before an MS can be paged for an incoming call. A sleep period of 2 to 5 seconds is usually assigned.

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Admission Control
The air interface in a wireless system is a shared resource limited by the number of users that can access it. If all users get access to the network whenever they needed, without any control, then it would get to a point when the entry of a new user would have an adverse effect on the call experience of an existing caller. E.g In CDMA systems, the more callers on a network, the greater the load in forward and reverse links. Which causes each mobile to increase power. A mobile user at the edge of the cell, despite increasing power to maximum, may experience poor call quality. Admission control adds network intelligence to the call-establishment process, by ensuring the system has enough resource (both on the reverse and forward link) to cater for the new caller, such that the call quality of existing callers is not compromised.

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Admission Control-Contd
Certain factors are checked by the admission control mechanism. They are: - Noise rise (in reverse-link systems) - BTS power (in forward-link CDMA systems) - Available frequencies or time slots (FDMA or TDMA systems) - Codes (for CDMA systems) - Call-processing resources

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Power Control
Power control is used to achieve high capacity and quality in wireless systems. In maximizing call quality, transmission power must be reduced to the barest minimum so as to maximize system resources and reduce interference as much as possible. In CDMA system where all caller use the same frequency, it is important that transmission power is properly managed. E.g Assuming there is no power control, then all mobile phones in the network would probably transmit at the same power, thereby causing call quality issues for mobiles at the edge of a cell.

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Power Control-Contd
There are 2 types of power control Mechanisms: Reverse Link Reverse link open loop Reverse link fast closed loop Reverse link outer loop Forward Link Message transmission mode: threshold transmission periodic transmission Closed loop power control

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Power Control-Contd
Reverse link open loop In this system, the MS adjusts its transmit power. The mobile station adjusts it transmit power based on the received power level of signals from the BTS. A strong signal will cause the MS to reduce its transmit power and vice versa

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Power Control-Contd
Reverse link Closed loop In this system, the MS adjusts its transmit power. The mobile station adjusts it transmit power based on the instructions received from the BTS. The BTS measures the transmit power of all mobiles in its coverage, compares the result with an adjustable threshold and instructs mobiles to increase or decrease power. Used to correct the reverse open loop mechanism.

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Power Control-Contd
Reverse link Outer loop In this system, the MS adjusts its transmit power. It is used to set the threshold used by the reverse link closed loop. The threshold is set based on the Framer Error Rate (FER)

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Power Control-Contd

Forward link Power Control In this system, the BTS adjusts its transmit power.

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Handoff
This is one of the major features that allows for mobility in wireless systems. It allows communication to be maintained as a caller moves from one coverage area to another. Usually, a mobile station listens to signals from minimum of 2 BTS, based on its location and proximity to the BTSs. The BTS with the greater signal strength is the serving BTS, while the others are standby.

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Handoff -Contd
When a mobile is in its idle state, it periodically measure the signals received from each BTS as it moves around. If a signal becomes stronger than that of the serving BTS, then the mobile station will change its serving BTS to the new one. If a mobile is in its connected state(on a call), it continually measure the signal strength of each BTS. If the signal of a BTS is stronger than the serving BTS, then the serving BTS will handover call resources to the new BTS.

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Handoff- Contd
There are three types of handoff: Soft handoff Also called Make-Before-Break. Occurs when a mobile user moves from one BTS coverage to another. Used in CDMA systems. Softer handoff Occurs when a mobile user moves from one sector of a BTS to another. Used in CDMA systems. Hard Handoff Also called hard handover or break-before-make. Occurs when a mobile user moves from one frequency to another. Used in GSM systems.

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Introduction To Wireless Communication Evolution of Wireless Technology Multiple Access Technologies Mobile Access Architecture & Design Fundamentals Mobility Management Standardization of Wireless Access Technologies
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Objectives

At the end of this chaper you will: Understand what standardization is. Understand the reason for standardization. Know the various standard bodies. Have a knowledge of the technologies supported by each standard bodies.

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Standardization of Wireless Access Technology

Standardization involves the definition of protocols and essential functions needed for access, connectivity, throughput etc in a wireless access system. It aims to provide interoperability, inter-working, and, potentially, a rich set of attributes and a graceful evolution path.

CDMA2000 3GPP2
FDD mode

WCDMA 3GPP
FDD mode

TD-SCDMA

3G system

CWTS
TDD mode

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology

3GPP means 3rd Generation Partnership Project Responsible for setting the standards for such technologies as GSM, GPRS, EDGE and WCDMA. GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GSM is a 2G technology 1st phase of GSM was strictly circuit switched, providing voice and SMS services only. Uses TDMA for radio transmission, dividing each radio carrier into 8 timeslots on both uplinks and downlinks. Each carrier requires 200KHz on the downlink and uplink each. Operates in the 900MHz and 1800MHz.

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology-Contd

GPRS General Packet Radio Service. Although, data services were already intoduced in the first phase of GSM, they were circuit switched and therefore very slow at 9.6kbps GPRS introduced the use of more than 1 timeslot to send data traffic. It also introduced some SGSN and GGSN in the core network for passing data traffic to the internet. A throughput of up to 85.6 kbps can be achieved on the downlink.

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology-Contd

EDGE Enhanced Data Rate For GSM Evolution Uses advanced modulation to increase data rate at the air interface. Can achieve throughput up to 172.8kbps

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology-Contd

UMTS Phase 1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System It is a 3G technology The radio interface is based on WCDMA. Each radio carrier requires 5MHz DL and UL Achieves speed up to 384kb/s DL and 128kb/s UL It operates in the 1900MHz and 2100MHz band. The BTS is called nodeB and the BSC called RNC

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology-Contd GSM/UTRAN Interworking

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology-Contd

HSPA (UMTS Evolution) UMTS release 5 defines the HSDPA, while release 6 define HSUPA HSDPA Better spectral efficiency by better allocation of radio resources Throughput up to 14.4Mbps

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3GPP Wireless Access Technology-Contd

HSUPA (Enhanhanced-DCH) Used in the uplink. Introduction of an Enhanced-DCH for sending traffic. Use of power control systems to adapt the E-DCH to changing environment. Supports data throughput up to 5.8Mbps

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3GPP2 Wireless Access Technology

3GPP means 3rd Generation Partnership Project2 Responsible for setting the standards for such technologies as CDMA, EVDO
CDMAOne CDMA One was the first commercial network based on ANSI-95 standards. CDMAone deploys the PiCH, PCH,SYNC on the forward link and ACH on the reverse link. TCH on both FL and RL. Each user data is identified by means of a 42-bit PN code, called long codes. Low data throughput of 9.6kbps

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3GPP2 Wireless Access Technology

CDMA2000-1X Use convolution codes CDMA 2000-1x doubled the spectral efficiency. Expanded the TCH on FL and RL to FCH Introduced R-SCH and F-SCH The control channels are improved to R-EACH,F-CCCH,RCCCH, F-QPCH Support up to 153.6kbps in FL and RL

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3GPP2 Wireless Access Technology Cdma2000-1x/Evdo Interwork

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3GPP2 Wireless Access Technology

CDMA2000-1X&Evdo Cdma2000- 1 xEV-DO is designed for high-data-rate, flexiblelatency, and high- quality applications. Operates in the 800MHz and 1900MHz frequency It takes advantage of the burst and delay-tolerant nature of data to increase throughput efficiency. High spectral efficiency in 1xEV-DO is achieved through AMC, fast scheduling and H-ARQ Achievable throughput of up to 3.072Mbps FL and 1.843Mbps RL in Rev A

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