Principles o Llectronic

Communication Systems
Second Edition
Louis Frenzel
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies
!rinciples of Electronic
Communication Systems
Second Edition
,5ter 4
Am5litude Modul,tor ,nd Demodul,tor ircuits
2003 Te McGr,ill om5,nies
Topics Covered in Chapter 4
Modul,tor circuits c,use c,rrier ,m5litude to be v,ried
in ,ccord,nce it modul,ting sign,ls. ircuits
5roduce AM, DSB, ,nd SSB tr,nsmission metods.
B,sic Princi5les oI Am5litude Modul,tion
Am5litude Modul,tors
Am5litude Demodul,tors
B,l,nced Modul,tors
SSB ircuits
asic !rinciples of Amplitude
Modulation
Am5litude modul,tion volt,ge is 5roduced by ,
circuit t,t c,n multi5ly te c,rrier by te modul,ting
sign,l ,nd ten ,dd te c,rrier.
Product oI te c,rrier ,nd modul,ting sign,l c,n be
gener,ted by ,55lying bot sign,ls to , nonline,r
com5onent suc ,s , diode.
Intermodul,tion 5roducts, tird, Iourt, ,nd iger
order ,rmics, ,re 5roduced by diodes ,nd tr,nsistors.
Tuned circuits Iilter out te modul,ting sign,l ,nd
c,rrier ,rmonics, le,ving only c,rrier ,nd sideb,nds.
AM Circuit lock Diagram
Simple Diode Modulator
Simple Diode Modulator with
Tuned Circuit Filter
Amplitude Modulators
Tere ,re to ty5es oI ,m5litude modul,tors. Tey ,re
lolevel ,nd iglevel modul,tors.
Lolevel modul,tors gener,te AM it sm,ll
sign,ls ,nd must be ,m5liIied beIore tr,nsmission.
iglevel modul,tors 5roduce AM ,t ig 5oer
levels, usu,lly in te Iin,l ,m5liIier st,ge oI ,
tr,nsmitter.
ow-evel Amplitude Modulators
Diode modul,tor
Tr,nsistor modul,tor
PIN Diode Modul,tor
DiIIerenti,l Am5liIier Modul,tor
Diode Modulator
Diode modul,tion consists oI , resistive mixing
netork, , diode rectiIier, ,nd ,n L tuned circuit.
Te c,rrier is ,55lied to one in5ut resistor ,nd te
modul,ting sign,l to ,noter in5ut resistor.
Tis resistive netork c,uses te to sign,ls to be
line,rly mixed (i.e. ,lgebr,ic,lly ,dded).
A diode 5,sses ,lI cycles en Ior,rd bi,sed.
Te coil ,nd c,5,citor re5e,tedly exc,nge energy,
c,using ,n oscill,tion or ringing ,t te reson,nt
Irequency.
AM with a Diode
Transistor Modulator
Tr,nsistor modul,tion consists oI , resistive mixing
netork, , tr,nsistor, ,nd ,n L tuned circuit.
Te emitterb,se junction oI te tr,nsistor serves ,s ,
diode ,nd nonline,r device.
Modul,tion ,nd ,m5liIic,tion occur ,s b,se current
controls , l,rger collector current.
Te L tuned circuit oscill,tes (rings) to gener,te te
missing ,lI cycle.
AM with a Simple Transistor
! Diode Modulator
',ri,ble ,ttenu,tor circuits using PIN diodes 5roduce
AM ,t 'F, UF, ,nd micro,ve Irequencies.
PIN diodes ,re s5eci,l ty5e silicon junction diodes
designed Ior use ,t Irequencies ,bove 100 Mz.
Wen PIN diodes ,re Ior,rdbi,sed, tey o5er,te ,s
v,ri,ble resistors.
Attenu,tion c,used by PIN diode circuits v,ries it
te ,m5litude oI te modul,ting sign,l.
High-Frequency AM Using !
Diodes
Differential Amplifier AM
DiIIerenti,l ,m5liIiers m,ke excellent ,m5litude modul,tors
bec,use tey ,ve , ig g,in, good line,rity ,nd c,n be 100
5ercent modul,ted.
ut5ut volt,ge c,n be b,l,nced ,lso reIerred to ,s diIIerenti,l
(i.e. out5ut t,ken beteen to collectors) or singleended (i.e.
out5ut t,ken Irom eiter collector to ground).
Te modul,ting sign,l is ,55lied to te b,se oI , const,nt
current source tr,nsistor.
Te modul,ting sign,l v,ries te emitter current ,nd tereIore
te g,in oI te circuit.
Te result is AM in te out5ut.
Differential Amplifier Modulator
High-evel AM
In iglevel modul,tion, te modul,tor v,ries te
volt,ge ,nd 5oer in te Iin,l RF ,m5liIier st,ge oI
te tr,nsmitter. Te result is ig eIIiciency in te RF
,m5liIier ,nd over,ll igqu,lity 5erIorm,nce.
iglevel modul,tors include:
ollector modul,tor
Series modul,tor
Collector Modulator
Te collector modul,tor is , line,r 5oer ,m5liIier.
Lo level modul,ting sign,ls ,re ,m5liIied to , ig
5oer level.
A modul,ting out5ut sign,l is cou5led troug ,
modul,tion tr,nsIormer to , cl,ss ,m5liIier.
Te second,ry inding oI te modul,tion tr,nsIormer
is connected in series it te collector su55ly
volt,ge oI te cl,ss ,m5liIier.
High-evel Collector Modulator
Series Modulator
A series modul,tor 5roduces iglevel modul,tion itout ,
l,rge ,nd ex5ensive modul,tion tr,nsIormer used in collector
modul,tors.
A series modul,tor re5l,ces te modul,tion tr,nsIormer it
,n emitter Iolloer.
Te modul,ting sign,l is ,55lied to te emitter Iolloer.
Te emitter Iolloer is in series it te collector volt,ge.
Te collector volt,ge c,nges it v,ri,tions in te ,m5liIied
,udio modul,ting sign,l.
Series Modulator
Amplitude Demodulators
Demodul,tors, or detectors, ,re circuits t,t ,cce5t
modul,ted sign,ls ,nd recover te origin,l
modul,ting inIorm,tion. Ty5es include:
Diode detector
Syncronous detector
Diode Detector AM Demodulator
Diode Detector
n 5ositive ,ltern,tions oI te AM sign,l, te c,5,citor
c,rges quickly to te 5e,k v,lue oI 5ulses 5,ssed by te
diode.
Wen te 5ulse volt,ge dro5s to zero, te c,5,citor disc,rges
into te resistor.
Te time const,nt oI te c,5,citor ,nd resistor is long
com5,red to te 5eriod oI te c,rrier.
Te c,5,citor disc,rges only sligtly en te diode is not
conducting.
Te resulting ,veIorm ,cross te c,5,citor is , close
,55roxim,tion to te origin,l modul,ting sign,l.
y Definition.
Bec,use te diode detector recovers te envelo5e oI
te AM (modul,ting) sign,l, te circuit is sometimes
c,lled ,n envelo5e detector.
II te R time const,nt in , diode detector is too
long, te c,5,citor disc,rge ill be too slo to
Iollo I,ster c,nges in te modul,ting sign,l. Tis
is reIerred to ,s di,gon,l distortion.
Synchronous Detection
Syncronous detectors use ,n intern,l clock sign,l ,t
te c,rrier Irequency in te receiver to sitc te AM
sign,l oII ,nd on, 5roducing rectiIic,tion simil,r to
t,t in , st,nd,rd diode detector.
Synchronous Detector
alanced Modulator
A b,l,nced modul,tor is , circuit t,t gener,tes , DSB
sign,l, su55ressing te c,rrier ,nd le,ving only te
sum ,nd diIIerence Irequencies ,t te out5ut.
Te out5ut oI , b,l,nced modul,tor c,n be Iurter
5rocessed by Iilters or 5,sesiIting circuitry to
elimin,te one oI te sideb,nds, resulting in , SSB
sign,l.
Ty5es oI b,l,nced modul,tors include l,ttice, 1496
I, ,nd te ,n,log multi5lier.
attice Modulator
A 5o5ul,r ,nd idely used b,l,nced modul,tor is te
diode ring or l,ttice modul,tor.
Te l,ttice modul,tor consists oI ,n in5ut
tr,nsIormer, ,n out5ut tr,nsIormer ,nd Iour diodes
connected in , bridge circuit.
Te c,rrier sign,l is ,55lied to te center t,5s oI te
in5ut ,nd out5ut tr,nsIormers.
Te modul,ting sign,l is ,55lied to te in5ut
tr,nsIormer.
Te out5ut ,55e,rs ,cross te out5ut tr,nsIormer.
attice Modulator
peration of the attice Modulator
Te c,rrier sine ,ve is consider,bly iger in
Irequency ,nd ,m5litude t,n te modul,ting sign,l.
Te c,rrier sine ,ve is used ,s , source oI Ior,rd
,nd reverse bi,s Ior te diodes.
Te c,rrier turns te diodes oII ,nd on ,t , ig r,te
oI s5eed.
Te diodes ,ct like sitces t,t connect te
modul,ting sign,l ,t te second,ry oI T
1
to te
5rim,ry oI T
2
.
C alanced Modulator 1496
Te 1496 I is , vers,tile circuit ,v,il,ble Ior
communic,tion ,55lic,tions.
It c,n ork ,t c,rrier Irequencies u5 to 100 Mz.
It c,n ,cieve , c,rrier su55ression oI 50 to 65 dB.
I 5,ck,ges include , st,nd,rd 145in du,l inline
,nd , 10le,d met,l c,n.
Te 1496 I c,n o5er,te ,s , b,l,nced modul,tor or
conIigured to 5erIorm ,s ,n ,m5litude modul,tor, ,
5roduct detector, or , syncronous detector.
Analog Multiplier
An ,n,log multi5lier is , ty5e oI integr,ted circuit (I)
t,t c,n be used ,s , b,l,nced modul,tor.
An,log multi5liers ,re oIten used to gener,te DSB
sign,ls.
Te ,n,log multi5lier is not , sitcing circuit like
te b,l,nced modul,tor.
Te ,n,log multi5lier uses diIIerenti,l ,m5liIiers
o5er,ting in te line,r mode.
Te c,rrier must be , sine ,ve ,nd te multi5lier
5roduces te true 5roduct oI to ,n,log in5uts.
Single Sideband Circuits
To metods oI gener,ting single sideb,nd (SSB)
sign,ls ,re:
Filter metod
P,sing metod
Generating SS Signals: The Filter
Method
Te Iilter metod is te sim5lest ,nd most idely used.
Te modul,ting sign,l is ,55lied to te ,udio
,m5liIier.
Te ,m5liIier`s out5ut is Ied to one in5ut oI ,
b,l,nced modul,tor.
A cryst,l oscill,tor 5rovides te c,rrier sign,l ic
is ,lso ,55lied to te b,l,nced modul,tor.
Te out5ut oI te b,l,nced modul,tor is DSB.
An SSB sign,l is 5roduced by 5,ssing te DSB sign,l
troug , igly selective b,nd5,ss Iilter.
SS Transmitter: The Filter Method
Generating SS Signals: !hasing
Method
Te 5,sing metod oI SSB gener,tion uses , 5,sesiIt
tecnique t,t c,uses one oI te sideb,nds to be c,nceled out.
Te 5,sing metod uses to b,l,nced modul,tors ic
elimin,te te c,rrier.
Te c,rrier oscill,tor is ,55lied to te u55er b,l,nced
modul,tor ,long it te modul,ting sign,l.
Te c,rrier ,nd modul,ting sign,ls ,re bot siIted in 5,se by
90 degrees ,nd ,55lied to ,noter b,l,nced modul,tor.
P,sesiIting c,uses one sideb,nd to be c,nceled out en
te to modul,tor out5uts ,re ,dded togeter.
SS Generator: !hasing Method
DS and SS Demodulation
To recover te intelligence in , DSB or SSB sign,l,
te c,rrier t,t ,s su55ressed ,t te receiver must be
reinserted.
A 5roduct detector is , b,l,nced modul,tor used in ,
receiver to recover te modul,ting sign,l.
alanced Modulator Used as a
!roduct Detector