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Ta ly t 10 ngi ra 4 ngi
v khng sp xp th t:
( )
4
10
10!
10 4 !4!
C
- Tip theo ta phi phn bit c khi no th dng hon v, khi no dng chnh
hp, khi no dng t hp v khi no th kt hp hon v, chnh hp, t hp ( bi
ton kt hp).
Cu hi phn loi Hon v: Chnh hp T hp
1. C sp xp th t hay
khng?
C C Khng
2. Nu sp xp th sp xp bao
nhiu phn t?
tt c (n phn
t)
ch k phn t
trong n phn t
Vi cu hi u ta nhn bit c t hp, cn vi cu hi 2 ta nhn bit c hon v v
chnh hp.
2. Cc cng thc v nh thc newton
( )
0 1 1
... ...
n
n n k n k k n n
n n n n
a b C a C a b C a b C b
+ + + + + +
Trong ta lu : s hng th k+1 ca v phi trong khai trin trn c cng thc tng
qut l:
1
k n k k
k n
T C a b
+
3. Cc cng thc v xc sut:
( )
( )
( )
n A
P A
n
O
Trong : A- l bin c.
n(A)- l s phn t ca bin c A.
( ) n O
- l s phn t ca khng gian mu.
( ) P A
- l xc sut ca bin c A.
- CC DNG TON THNG GP V PHNG PHP GII:
1. Cc dng ton v: hon v, chnh hp, t hp:
STT Cc dng ton Hon v Chnh hp T hp
Dng
1
sp xp cc s
( khng c ch s
0 )
VD: T cc s:
1,2,3,4,5,6
- C bao nhiu s t
nhin c 6 ch s
khc nhau
-
6
6! ? P
- c bao nhiu s t
nhin c 3 ch s
khc nhau.
-
( )
3
6
6!
?
6 3 !
A
- c bao nhiu tp
hp gm 3 ch s
khc nhau c to
thnh t nhng s
trn
-
( )
3
6
6!
?
6 3 !3!
C
Dng
2
Sp xp cc s
( c ch s 0 )
VD: t cc s:
0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5,6
Phng php:
ta tnh cc s c ch
s u tin l 0
( nhng s ny thc
cht coi nh khng
tn ti ).
- C bao nhiu s t nhin c 6 ch s khc nhau
- Gii:
+ cc s t nhin c 6 ch s m ch s u l 0 c dng:
1 2 3 4 5
0a a a a a
+ c 1 cch chn ch s 0 ng u.
+ 5 ch s cn li
1 2 3 4 5
a a a a a c chn trong 6 ch s 1,2,3,4,5,6. vy c
5
6
A cch chn:
1 2 3 4 5
a a a a a
Vy c: 1.
5
6
A =
5
6
A s c 6 ch s
1 2 3 4 5
0a a a a a (ch s u l 0).
Mt khc: t 7 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 th s t nhin c 6 ch s c th lp
c ( k c trng hp ch s 0 ng u) l:
( )
6
7
7!
7!
7 6 !
A
Vy
s t nhin c 6 ch s ( s 0 khng ng u ) = s t nhin c 6 ch s
( k c trng hp s 0 ng u ) - s t nhin c 6 ch s m s u tin
l 0
Ta c:
s t nhin c 6 ch s ( s 0 khng ng u ) =
6
7
A -
5
6
A
Dng
3
Sp xp cc s
( c iu kin km
theo)
VD:
T cc s: 1,2,3,4,5.
a. C bao nhiu s t nhin chn c 3 ch s khc nhau.
b. C bao nhiu s t nhin c 3 ch s khc nhau c s hng n v l 5.
- Gii:
Gi s t nhin c 3 ch s khc nhau c dng:
1 2 3
a a a
a. + S chn th tn cng phi l 2 hoc 4. Vy
3
a
c 2 cch chn ( hoc
2 hoc 4).
+ Sau khi chn 1 s lm
3
a
th
1 2
a a cn 4 s m chn ( tr s
chn lm
3
a
). vy s cch chn
1 2
a a trong 4 s s l chnh hp chp 2
ca 4:
( )
2
4
4! 4!
4 2 ! 2!
A
+
+ Trong cng thc trn c 2 n l: k v n. tu u bi cho ta tm c k
hoc tm c n, t da vo u bi tm ra n cn li
Gii:
VD1:
s hng th 10 tc:
1 10 k
T T
+
t suy ra: k+1=10 vy: k=9.
d thy n=12.
Thay k=9, n=12 v a=2/x, b=x vo cng thc:
1
k n k k
k n
T C a b
+
ta c:
s hng th 10 trong khai trin c dng:
12 9
9 9 9 3 6
10 12 12
2
2 . T C x C x
x
_
,
VD2:
S hng th 8 nn ta bit c:
1 8 k
T T
+
suy ra k+1=8 vy k=7.
D thy n=22.
Thay k=7, n=22 v a=2/x, b=x vo cng thc:
1
k n k k
k n
T C a b
+
ta c:
s hng th 8 trong khai trin c dng:
22 7
7 7 7 15 7 15 7 15 8
8 22 22 22
2
2 . 2 . T C x C x C x
x
_
,
vy h s ca s hng th 8 l:
7 15
22
2 ? C
VD3: cho bit h s
ca s hng cha
2
x
trong khai trin:
22
2
x
x
_
+
,
VD3:
d thy n=22. ta tm k.
S hng th k+1 c dng:
22
22 22 22 2 22
1 22 22 22
2
2 2
k
k k k k k k k k k
k
T C x C x C x
x
+
+
_
,
Do s hng cn tm cha
2
x
nn ta c:
2 22 2
2 22 2 12
k
x x k k
= =
Vy s hng c dng:
12 22 12 2.12 22 12 10 2
12 1 22 22
2 2 T C x C x
+
Vy h s l:
12 10
22
2 C
Dng
9
Tnh xc sut ca 1
bin c
Phng php: Hon ton da vo 7 dng bi tp u tnh s phn t ca
bin c v s phn t ca khng gian mu. v p dng cng thc:
( )
( )
( )
n A
P A
n
O
lm.