LEADERSHIP Leaders establish direction by developing a vision, communicate this vision among people and inspiring them to achieve

the vision or the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of the goal. Leaders Manager 1) Does right things Dose things right 2) Develop strategy Implement and maintain strategy 3) Focus on people Focus on system and structure 4) Long term perspective Short term perspective 5) Eye on horizon Eye on the bottom Theories of leadership Traits Theory- Leaders are born not built. Six characteristics differentiate leader from non leaders 1) Ambitious & Energetic 2) Desire to lead 3) Honest 4) Self Confidence 5) Intelligent 6) Job Relevant knowledge Behavioral Theories- Specific behavior differentiates leaders from non leader. a) OHIO State Studies i) Initiating Structure Focus on structure ii) Consideration Focus on employee b) University of Michigan studies i) Employees Oriented Leaders (high productive) ii) Production Oriented Leaders (Low Productive) Contingency Theoryi) Fielder model- Express the relationship between leadership style and favorableness and unfavorableness of the situation. Situational variable are: a)The leader member relationb)The degree of task structure C) The leader position/power If the situation is highly favorable & unfavorable task oriented leadership style is adopted on the other hand if the situation is moderate human oriented style of leadership is adopted. ii) Path Goal Theory Assist in attaining following goal. a)Directive leadership Give order , No participation. b)Supportive Leadership Create friendly environment and care about followers need. c)Particular Leadership- Take suggestion from followers, but decision make by leader. Emerging Theoriesi) Charismatic leadership- Heroic & extraordinary personal qualities. 1)They have vision 2) Willing to take risk 3) Sensitive about followers need 4) Sensitive about environmental constraint 5) Unconventional behavior ii) Transformational leadershipGo beyond the usual limits to fulfill the followers needs

MOTIVATION Motivation is a force that creates intensity direction & consistent efforts to the achievement of goal. Motivational Process - Need Drive Incentives Need Deficiency must do something Drive-All necessary resources Incentives-Rewards & benefit CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES Primary General Secondary Physical Psychological Psychological Unlearned Unlearned Learned Food, Cloth Shelter Love & Affection Belonging Friendship Power, Status Position Content Theories 1) Maslow Theory 2) Herzberg Two Factor Theory 3) Alderfers ERG Theories Theories of Motivation Process Theories Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Attribution Theory

Content Theories- These theories identify the need of people & how these needs are grain. 1) Maslow Theory- According to the maslow there are five need of a parson and he fulfils his need one by one. Each need motivate him after satisfaction from his first need will not motivate him further the list of need are a) Psychological Needs- Hunger, Thirst, Shelter and all body needs b) Safety Need Physical & Emotional c) Social Need- Love and belonging friendship d) Esteem Need-Power, Status, Job responsibilities, self respect e) Self Actualization- Transform perception into reality. 2) Herzberg- Two factor Theory Job Context (Hygiene Factor)- Company Policies, Administrators, Supervisor, Salary Interpersonal Relation, & Working Condition. Job Content (Motivators)-Work itself, Job responsibilities, Advancement, Recognition Achievement. 3) Alderfers ERG Theory Existing Physiological need eg Food Shelter , Safety need eg Security Related News-Social Need eg love belonging friendship etc Growth Esteem Need, Self Actualization eg Power status achievement etc Process Theories-On the other hand process theories determines how much impact different variable (Financial & Non Financial) lead on work behavior. 1- Expectancy Theories- Efforts Performance AppraisalRewardsPersonal Goals. 2) Equity Theory Persons Outcome = Others outcome Persons input Others Input 3) Attribution Theory a)Internal Factors- Education, Experience, Skill & Abilities Efforts b) External Factors- Company policies, Administration, _______etc.

Chapter#8: Stress

& Conflicts

Conflicts- A process begin when one party perceives that another party negative affected or about to negatively affect something which first party cares about. Types of conflicts- a) Intra Individual b) Interpersonal c) Inter group d) Organizational 1) Intra individual Conflicts- (With in an individual)- Need Drive Barriers Goal Reason of Intra individual conflicts a) Large number of needs/goal/roles b) Large number of ways to achieve there need/goals c) Negative & Positive aspect attached with goal .. Frustration Model a) Aggressive b) Withdrawal c) Fixation d) Compromise Approach to solve conflicts a) Lose Lose b) Win Lose c) Win Win 2) Interpersonal Conflicts- Two or more personsinteractingResultingConflicts Source of interpersonal conflictsa) Personal difference b) Information Deficiency c) Role Incompatibility Strategy to solve interpersonal conflicts: a) Determine the source of conflicts b) Focus on the task not personality c) Address the conflicts timely Approach to solve conflicts a) Lose Lose b) Win Lose c) Win Win 3) Inter Group Conflicts-Conflicts between two groups or member of one group with another group or member. Reason of inter group conflictsa) Competition for resources b) Task interdependence c) Overlapping of responsibilities d) Status problem Strategies a) Avoidence b) Defusion( listen both group) c) Containment d) Conformation 4) Organizational Conflicts (All types of conflicts) a) Hierarchical b) Functional c) Line and Staff

Group Two or more individual interaction and interdependent who have come together to achieve particular goal. Types of groups- 1-Formal Group (a)Command (b)Task 2-Informal Group (a)Interest (b)Friendship 1) Formal Group: Developed by organization, Particular goal a) Command Group: Defined by organization, Long term goals, Report to the particular authority b) Task Group: Defined by organization, short term goal 2) Informal Group: Developed by specific social need or common characteristics. a) Interest Group: Developed by social need not defined by organization eg. Labour Union b) Friendship Group: Shares common characteristics Stages of group Development 1) Forming 2) Storming 3) Normal 4) Performing 5) Adjourning

Power
Power means ability to change behavior of others despite of their resistance and to get people to do things which they would or would not otherwise do. Source of power: Formal Power & Personal Power Formal Power: a) Reward Power-Financial or non-financial benefit b) Corecive Power-Power to punish like salary decrease, suspend, terminate etc. c) Legitimate Power-Reward & Corecive power d) Informational Power-Power to access to the information. Personal Power: a) Expert Power-Experience, Education, Skills etc. b) Referent Power- Personality and some achievement, References/PR