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Introduction
Subsea Pipelines are used for the transportation of offshore Hydrocarbons from one Platform to another and or Platform to Shore
Pipelines are used for a number of purposes in the development of offshore hydrocarbon resources These include e.g.: Export (transportation) pipelines Pipeline bundles. Flowlines to transfer product from a platform to export lines Water injection or chemical injection Flowlines Flowlines to transfer product between platforms Subsea manifolds and satellite wells;
PIPELINE Pipeline is defined as the part of a pipeline system which is located below the water surface at maximum tide (except for pipeline risers) Pipeline may be resting wholly or intermittently on, or buried below, the sea bottom PIPELINE COMPONENTS Any items which are integral part of pipeline system such as flanges, tees, bends, reducers and valves PIPELINE SYSTEM An inter connected system of submarine pipelines, their risers, supports, isolation valves, all integrated piping components, associated piping system and the corrosion protection system
Risers A Riser is a conducting pipe connecting sub-sea wellheads, templates or pipelines to equipment located on a buoyant or fixed offshore structure.
Types of riser
Rigid riser - for shallow water Catenary steel riser - for deep water Flexible riser - for deep and shallow water Riser clamp Riser are supported/guided from the jacket members through clamps Types of Clamp Hanger clamp Fixed clamp Adjustable clamp
estrained lines Pipelines which cannot expand or contract in the longitudinal irection due to fixed supports or friction between the pipe and soil
nrestrained lines Pipelines without substantial axial restraint. (Maximum one fixed upport and no substantial friction).
Platform FL 1
Pipeline Sizing Pipeline Material Selection Pipeline Mechanical Design Pipeline Stability Analysis Pipeline Span Analysis Pipeline Crossing Design Pipeline Cathodic Protection System Design
PIPELINE SIZING
In general it means fixing up the pipeline nominal diameter (6,10 etc.,) which deals with the important aspects like...
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE CONDITION CHECK FOR THE FLOW CONDITION (pressure drop & flow velocity) CHECK FOR SECONDARY CRITERIA like . # Flow regime (mix of hydro carbon, single/multi phase flow) # Temperature profile
# Erosion velocity
D D
tt
PIPELINE MATERIAL SELECTION The governing parameters for the particular type of material to be used are
Temperature Pressure Surrounding Environment. Corrosive elements (CO2 and H2 S) API - 5L of Grade Ranges From X - 42 to X - 80 > X-80 - Toughness and Weldability are limitations API - 5L X- 52 ,60 & 65 Grades are commonly used.
PIPELINE MECHANICAL DESIGN The mechanical design of the pipeline is carried to with stand factors like Internal pressure External Pressure Hydrostatic Collapse Buckle initiation Buckle Propagation
PIPELINE SPAN ANALYSIS Causes of the Pipeline Spans are Uneven Seabed on Selected route Pipeline Crossing seabed rock outcrop Sand Waves Scour All these result in spanning and cause Excessive yielding (Results in High Bending Moments) Buckle Initiation and there by Propagation
PIPELINE STABILITY
Pipeline once installed at the sea bed should be sufficiently stable to avoid any overstressing, deterioration of coating etc., due to wave and current generated movements
PIPELINE STABILITY
Vertical stability
Sinking in to the sea bed during maximum fluid density condition. Floating of Buried Pipeline during Empty condition & Soil Liquefaction. The Pipe sinkage is determined as the depth at which the applied pipe pressure equals the soil bearing resistance. Soil deformation(pipe sinkage) ,is given by: = D/2-[(D/2)2 (B/2)2]1/2
Where, D = Overall pipe outside diameter including pipe coatings B = Projected contact area between pipe and soil =P/qu Where, qu = CNC +1/2B N qu = Ultimate bearing capacity of soil P = Pipe submerged weight including pipe coatings and in water filled condition per unit length.
Lateral stability
It is the capacity to resist the lateral forces due to Environmental loads. Forces to be considered for Lateral stability analysis Submerged weight WS Lateral resistance R Friction Drag force FD Lift force FL
Where, S = safety factor (1.1) W s= submerged weight of pipeline/unit length, for nominal wall thickness (t), N/m FL = hydrodynamic lift force, N/m FD = hydrodynamic drag force, N/m FI = hydrodynamic inertia force, N/m = lateral coefficient of friction between pipe and seabed.
Increase Pipeline wall thickness Provide Concrete Weight Coating Lay the Pipeline in Open trench Trench and bury the Pipeline Provide Concrete Mattress over Pipeline Stabilize Pipeline by Rock dumping
Jetted in pipe
Armor rock
Trenching
Concrete Mattress
Rock dumping
Crossings are designed to Give a Physical separation Between The Proposed Line & Existing Line. To Avoid Interfacing Of Cathodic Protection Between The Two Lines
A min of 300mm gap is Provided b/w the lines as per the DNV-Code.
Pipeline Crossing Span Calculation. Pipeline Dynamic Span Calculation Number of Supports to be Provided. Pipeline Crossing Flexibility analysis Pipeline Crossing Support design against,
> > > >
- Rules for submarine pipeline system - Submarine pipeline system - Specification for line pipe - Code of practice for pipeline
NACE RP 0169 - Recommended practice,control of external corrosion on underground or submerged metallic piping. OISD 141 - Design and construction requirements for country hydrocarbon pipeline. ASME B 31.8 -Gas transmission and distribution piping system. ASME B 31.4 - Pipeline transportation systems for liquid hydrocarbon and other liquids cross