Summary of economic sanctions episodes, 19142006 (listed by year imposed) Year Year Principal imposed ended sendera Target

country Policy goal Success scoreb

(scale 1 to 16)

Cost to target
(percent of GNP)

1946

Ongoing

Arab League

Israel

Create Palestinian homeland Impair military potential Destabilize Tito government Recognize Indonesia Berlin blockade Berlin blockade Berlin blockade Assimilate Hyderabad Impair military potential Regime change Military impairment Military disruption, Korea Destabilize Mossadegh Sovereignty over Gibraltar

1.7

1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1949 1950 1950 1950 1951 1954 1954 1954 1954 1956 1956 1956 1956 1957 1957

1994 1955 1949 1949 1949 1949 1948 1970

Ongoing Ongoing

United States USSR United States USSR USSR USSR India United States United States United States United States United States Spain United States India USSR United States United States United States United States France Indonesia

USSR, Comecom Yugoslavia Netherlands France United Kingdom United States Hyderabad China North Korea North Korea China Iran United Kingdom

6 1 16 2 2 2 8 2 1 4 2 12 6 1 8 2 4 9 9 12 2 8

0.2 2.5 0.2

negligible

0.1 0.1 2 0.5 1.2 1.2 0.5 14.3 0.009 1.6

negligible

1953 1953 1984 1974 1961 1954 1983 1962 1956 1956 1963 1962

North Vietnam Military impairment Portugal Australia Israel Laos Egypt United Kingdom Tunisia Netherlands Assimilate Goa into India Repatriate Soviet defector Intermittent, various Destabilization Suez nationalization End Suez intervention Assistance to Algerian rebels Control of West

0.5 0.1 4.2 3.4 0.3 0.9 0.7

Irian 1958 1960 1960 1959 1989 1989 USSR United States United States Finland Cuba Cuba Adopt pro-USSR policies Destabilize Castro Disruption of military adventures Military impairment Destabilize Trujillo Expropriation dispute Destabilize Hoxha Berlin Wall 16 1 8 1.1 3.9 3.9

1960 1960 1961 1961 1961

1970 1962 1965 1965 1962

USSR United States United States USSR United States

China Dominican Republic Ceylon Albania German Democratic Republic South Africa Brazil Romania Portugal Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia Egypt

4 12 16 1 2

0.5 1.9 0.6 0.6

1962 1962 1962 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963

1994 1964 1963 1974 1966 1966 1966 1965

United Nations United States USSR Organization of African Unity Indonesia United States United States United States

End apartheid, Namibia Expropriation, destabilization Limit economic independence Free African colonies "Crush Malaysia" Regime change End "Crush Malaysia" Military disruption, Yemen, Congo Expropriation Majority rule Agriculture policy Reduce copper price End civil war Expropriation French fighter jets Destabilize Allende Military disruption Military disruption Defense

8 12 2 8 2 8 8 12

1.2 0.6 0.3 1 2 2 1.4

1963 1964 1965 1965 1965 1967 1968 1968 1970 1971 1971 1971

1963 1966 1979 1967 1966 1970 1974 1968 1973 1971 1971 1971

United States France United Nations United States United States Nigeria United States United States United States United States United States United Kingdom

South Vietnam Destabilize Diem Tunisia Rhodesia India Chile Biafra Peru Peru Chile Pakistan India Malta

12 6 12 16 9 12 12 1 12 4 4 6

0.3 1.5 13 0.08 15.2 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.3 0.1 4.4

agreement 1972 1973 1973 1973 1974 1979 1977 1974 1974 1978 United States United States Arab League Arab League United States Uganda South Korea Netherlands United States Turkey Destabilize Amin Human rights Support for Israel Support for Israel Military disruption, Cyprus Nuclear proliferation Nuclear proliferation 12 4 9 9 1 2.6 1.8 4.0 0.2 0.2

1974 1974 1975

1976 1976 1998

Canada Canada United States

India Pakistan

4 4 6

0.04 0.1 1.2

North Vietnam Account for MIAs, withdrawal from Cambodia USSR Chile South Africa Kampuchea South Korea Arab League Uruguay Taiwan Guatemala Ethiopia Brazil Argentina Paraguay El Salvador Nicaragua European Community Japan Libya Libya Vietnam Albania Egypt Freer emigration Human rights, democracy Nuclear policy Human rights, deter Vietnamese Nuclear proliferation Antiboycott Human rights Nuclear policy Human rights Human rights, expropriation Human rights Human rights Human rights Human rights Destabilize Somoza Nuclear safeguards Nuclear safeguards Destabilize Gadhafi Nuclear proliferation Withdraw from Kampuchea Anti-Chinese rhetoric Camp David

1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1976 1976 1976 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978

1994 1990 1982 1979 1976

Ongoing

United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States Canada Canada United States United States China China Arab League

8 8 4 2 16 6 6 16 9 6 6 6 6 6 12 9 9 12 12 6 2 2

0.01 0.7 0.005 6.4 0.04 0.3 0.1 0.2 6.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.002 0.01 1.7 1.7 3.5 3.3 0.4

1981 1977 2005 1992 1984 1983 1981 1981 1979 1978 1978 2004 2004 1988 1983 1983

Accords 1978 1978 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1980 1980 1980 1981 1981 1981 1981 1982 1982 1982 1981 1980 1997 1990 1982 1981 1979 2003 1981 1981 1990 1987 1986 1982 1991 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States Arab League United States United States United States United States United States European Community United States Netherlands Argentina India Brazil USSR Pakistan Chile Bolivia Iran Canada Iraq USSR USSR Nicaragua Poland Turkey USSR Suriname Nuclear policy Nuclear policy Nuclear policy Human rights (dissidents) Nuclear policy Assassination of Letelier Human rights, drugs Return hostages Planned embassy move Terrorism Invasion of Afghanistan Impairment, Afghanistan Destabilize Sandinistas Various, solidarity Restore democracy Impairment, Poland Human rights, Cuba-Libya influence Return South African refugees Withdraw from Falklands Human rights, emigration Foreign policy Nuclear testing KAL 007 shooting down Destabilize Communist sympathizers Nuclear proliferation, terrorism Hostage taking, Hezbollah activities 4 4 4 2 1 12 6 12 12 4 2 2 8 9 6 1 9
negligible

0.01 0.002 0.003 1.0 0.7 1.7 3.8 0.003 0.1 0.04 0.04 3.2 0.1 0.2 0.03 6.2

1982 1982 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983

1986 1982 1989 1988 1986 1983 1983

South Africa United Kingdom United States United States Australia United States United States

Lesotho Argentina Romania Zimbabwe France USSR Grenada

16 12 6 4 2 2 8

5.1 0.6 0.4 0.4

negligible negligible

negligible

1984

Ongoing

United States

Iran

0.4

1984

1997

United States

Lebanon

1.0

1985 1986 1986

1991
Ongoing

United States United States Greece

South Africa Syria Turkey

Apartheid Terrorism Aegean Island, Cyprus, human rights Cuban troops, Marxism Repatriation of French agents Restore democracy, modify Constitution Destabilize Noriega Human rights, drugs, elections Amnesty Human rights, elections Human rights, civil war Human rights (Tiananmen Square) Human rights, democracy Withdraw from NagornoKarabakh Relations with China Destabilize Castro Democracy Enforce UN embargo vs. Iraq Enforce UN embargo vs. Iraq Democracy, elections Human rights, end civil war Political repression, human rights, democracy Military disruption, free Kuwait, hostages Revoke

12 6 4

1.9 0.02 0.1

1999

1986 1986 1987

1992 1986 2001

United States France India

Angola New Zealand Fiji

6 12 4

0.04 0.005 0.9

1987 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989

1990 1990 1988

Ongoing

United States United States United States United States United Nations United States

Panama Haiti El Salvador Burma Somalia China

8 6 16 4 2 2

6.0 2.9 1.7 7.5

negligible

Ongoing

Ongoing

1989 1989

Ongoing

United States

Sudan

4 2

3.7 4.0

Ongoing

Turkey, Azerbijan Armenia

1989 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990

1990
Ongoing

India United States United States United States United States United States United States United States

Nepal Cuba Zaire Yemen et al. Jordan Romania El Salvador Kenya

9 4 4 9 6 6 9 6

4.6 14.0 3.8 5.2 5.6 0.4 1.3 2.3

1997 1997 1994 1993 1993 1993

1990

1991

United Nations

Iraq, prewar

30.0

1990

1990

USSR

Lithuania

1.5

Independence Declaration 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992
Ongoing

United States United Nations United Nations United Nations United States USSR/Russia United States United Nations United States United States European Union United Nations United States European Union USSR/Russia Economic Community of West African States USSR/Russia United States United Nations United States

China Iraq, postwar Iraq, postwar Yugoslavia Indonesia Turkmenistan Peru Haiti Thailand USSR Togo Libya Azerbaijan Equatorial Guinea Estonia Liberia

Nuclear proliferation Destabilization Military impairment Civil war in Bosnia Human rights in East Timor Human rights for Russians Democracy, human rights Democracy Coup Coup Democracy, human rights Extradite Pan Am suspects End Armenia embargo Democracy, human rights Human rights for Russians Civil war

4 1 9 9 2 12 12 4 6 8 4 12 1 6 4 12

negligible

2003 2003 2001 1997 1995 1995 1994 1992 1991

Ongoing

54.0 54.0 13.3 0.1 19.8 0.5 14.2 0.04

negligible

3.4 0.9 0.7 15.0 1.0 10.2

2003 2002 2000 1999 1998

1992 1992 1992 1992

1998 1998 1997 1995

Latvia Cameroon Cambodia, Khmer Rouge Nicaragua

Human rights for Russians Human rights, democracy Ban Khmer Rouge Civil control over military, expropriation claims Arms sales to Taiwan Democracy Democracy, human rights Terrorism, religious persecution

4 4 6 12

1.0 0.2
negligible

2.4

1992 1992 1992 1993

1994 1994 1993

Ongoing

China European Union United States United States

France Algeria Malawi Sudan

12 4 16 6

0.01 0.1 6.6 0.4

1993 1993

2002 1998

United Nations United States

Angola, Unita Nigeria

Civil war, democracy Human rights, democracy, narcotics Control over Black Sea fleet, nuclear weapons Independence issues, energy resources Nuclear proliferation Coup Democracy National identity Release of jailed ethnic Greek leaders Civil violence Border conflict Border conflict Nuclear testing Human rights Democracy Democracy

12 4

7.5 0.4

1993

1997

USSR/Russia

Ukraine

7.1

1993

1996

USSR/Russia

Kazakhstan

4.6

1993 1993 1994 1994 1994

1994 1993 1998 1995 1995

United States United States United States Greece Greece

North Korea Guatemala Gambia Macedonia Albania

9 16 6 9 16

1.3 0.02 3.2 2.9

1994 1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996

1995 1998 1998 1996 1995 2000 1999

United Nations United States United States Australia European Union United States East African members of Organization of African Unity United States

Rwanda Peru Ecuador France Turkey Nigeria Burundi

2 8 8 4 9 9 6

5.6
negligible negligible negligible negligible

4.9 10.4

1996

1998

Zambia

Human rights, constitutional reform Narcotics, human rights Possible coup attempt Democracy Democracy Nuclear policy Nuclear proliferation Destabilize Miloevi Kosovo Kurdish leader Independence for East Timor

2.9

1996 1996

1998 1996

United States United States, Mercosur members United Nations United Nations United States United States United States United States Turkey United States

Colombia Paraguay

6 12

0.2

1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999

Ongoing

Cambodia, Khmer Rouge Sierra Leone Pakistan India Yugoslavia, Serbia Yugoslavia, Serbia Italy Indonesia

4 8 4 2 12 6 9 12

2.6 5.8 1.0 0.2 8.3 8.3 0.2

2003 2001 2001 2001 1999 1999 2002

1999 1999 1991 2000

2002 2002 2001 2006

United Nations United States United States Economic Community of West African States United States United States

Afghanistan Ivory Coast Pakistan Liberia

Extradite Osama bin Laden Coup, democracy Coup, democracy Support for RUF

2 6 2 8

1.1 0.3
negligible

18.8

2000 2002

2000 2006

Ecuador North Korea

Coup Nuclear proliferation

12 1

0.6