CENTRIPETAL FORCE (part 1)

CONTENT NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TITLE Aim Theory Apparatus Procedure Data Graph Analysis Discussion Conclusion Reference PAGE

AIM To verify the effects of varying the radius of the circles,the centripetal force and the mass of the object on an object rotating in a circular motion. THEORY When an object of mass m,attached to a string of length r,is rotated in a horizontal circle,the centripetal force on the mass is given by: F= (1)

Where v is the tangential velocity and is the angular speed (v = r ).To measure the velocity, the time for one rotation (the period,T) is measured.Then v= and the centripetal force is given by: F= (3) (2)

APPARATUS Centripetal Force Accessory comprises of centre post assembly and side post assembly , rotating platform, A base, clamp-on pulley, hanging mass, string, stopwatch, rotational motor drive with 3-step pulley and DC power supply.

PROCEDURE Part 1: Varying Radius (constant force and mass) 1. The centripetal force and the mass of the hanging object will be held constant for this part of the experiment. Weight the object and record its mass in Table 1.Hang the object from the side post and connect the string from the spring to the object.The string must pass under the pulley on the center post. See Figure 1. 2. Attach a string to the hanging object and hang a known mass over the clamp-on pulley.Record this mass in Table 1.This establishes the constant centripetal force. 3. Select a radius by aligning the line on the side post with any desired position on the measuring tape.While pressing down on the side post to assure that it is vertical, tighten the thumb screw on the side post to secure its position. Record this radius in Table 1. 4. The object on the side bracket must hang vertically.On the center post,adjust the spring bracket vertically until the string from which object hangs on the side post is aligned with the vertical line on the side post. 5. Align the indicator bracket on the center post with the orange indicator. 6. Remove the mass that is hanging over the pulley and remove the pulley. 7. Rotate the apparatus, increasing the speed until the orange indicator is centered in the indicator bracket on the center post.This indicates that the string supporting the hanging object is once again vertical and thus the hanging object is at the desired radius. 8. Maintaining this speed, use a stopwatch to time ten revolutions.Divide the time by ten and record the period in Table 1. 9. Move the side post to new radius and repeat the procedure.Do this for at least five radii.

ANALYSIS: PART 1(The graph of radius, r (m) versus the square of the period, T2 (S2) r=( )

-2

From the gradient of graph

-2

F = 0.2 ms-2 ( 4 0.1064 kg) F = 0.2 ms-2 4.2 kg F = 0.84 kg ms-2 Experimental value = 0.84 kg ms-2 Of centripetal force Fc = mg Fc = 0.01064 kg 9.81 ms-2 = 1.044 kg ms-2 Theotirical value : 1.044 kg ms-2 Percentage difference Experimental value theotirical value = Theotirical value 0.84 kg ms-2 1.044 kg ms-2 100% = 1.044 kg ms-2 0.204 kg ms-2 100% 1.044 kg ms-2 = 19.54 % 100%

DISCUSSION The centripetal force depends on the mass is given by F= To find the velocity v= Formula for centripetal force F= From the equation 2, *When the radius increase, the period of rotation also increase From equation 3, *When the period increase, the centripetal force will decrease. *As the mass of the object is increased, the period will decrease. So,the centripetal force increase. Error *Delay in recording the time taken for the 10th period of rotation. *The object on the side post is not vertically hang. *Position of radius are not accurate *The spring which represents the force loses its elasticity. Way to prevent the error. *The reading of stopwatch for 10revolution is represented several times to get a stable reading. *The eyes must perpendicular to the line on the side post in order to make sure the object is hang vertically. *The side post have to screw tightly. *Replace the spring. (3) (2) (1)

CONCLUSION The higher the mass of the object (g), the longer the period of rotation, T(s) Percentage difference of centripetal force (part 1) : Experimental value Theotirical value Percentage difference 0.84 kg ms-2 1.044 kg ms-2 19.54 %

Percentage difference of varying mass by constant radius and force (%) (part 3) Trial 1 24.42 % Trial 2 12.52 % Trial 3 2.41%

Mass can influence centripetal force.When the mass is increase, the centripetal force also increase.While,when the radius are increase, the centripetal force also increase. Based on the experiment: The graph of radius, r versus square of the period, T2 is linearly increases. The graph of centripetal force. Fc versus inverse square of the period, 1/T2 is directly proportional.

CENTRIPETAL FORCE (part 2)

AIM To verify the effects of varying the radius of the circles,the centripetal force and the mass of the object on an object rotating in a circular motion. THEORY When an object of mass m,attached to a string of length r,is rotated in a horizontal circle,the centripetal force on the mass is given by: F= (1)

Where v is the tangential velocity and is the angular speed (v = r ).To measure the velocity, the time for one rotation (the period,T) is measured.Then v= and the centripetal force is given by: F= (3) (2)

APPARATUS Centripetal Force Accessory comprises of centre post assembly and side post assembly , rotating platform, A base, clamp-on pulley, hanging mass, string, stopwatch, rotational motor drive with 3-step pulley and DC power supply.

PROCEDURE Part 2:Varying Force (constant radius and mass) 1. Weight the object and record its mass in Table 2.Hang the object from the side post and connect the string from the spring to the object.The string must pass under the pulley on the center post. 2. Attach the clamp-on pulley to the end of the track platform.Attach a string to the hanging object and hang a known mass over the clamp-on pulley.Record this mass in Table 2.This determines the centripetal force. 3. Select radius by aligning the line on the side post with any desired position on the measuring tape, (r=15.0 cm is recommend).While pressing down the side post to assure that it is vertical, tighten the thumb screw on the side post to secure its position.Record this radius in Table 2. 4. The object on the side bracket must hang vertically: On the center post, adjust the spring bracket vertically until the string from which the object hangs on the side post is aligned with the vertical line on the side post. 5. Align the indicator bracket on the center post with the orange indicator. 6. Remove the mass that is hanging over the pulley and remove the pulley. 7. Rotate the apparatus, increasing the speed until the orange indicator is centered in the indicator bracket on the center post.This indicates that the string supporting the hanging object is once again vertical and thus the hanging object is at the desired radius. 8. Maintaining this speed,use a stopwatch to time ten revolutions.Divide the time by ten and record the period in the period in Table 2. 9. To vary the centripetal force, clamp the pulley to the track again and hang a different mass over the pulley.Keep the radius constant and repeat the procedure from step 4.Do this for a total of five different forces. (Use mass of M=20,40,60,80,100(g) )

DATA

Centripetal Force , Fc,N 0.196 0.392 0.589 0.785 0.981 1.177

Inverse of period2 1/T2 0.40 0.61 1.04 1.29 1.64 2.04

ANALYSIS Part 2: Varying force (constant radius and mass) F= F = 4mr ( ) F = mX + C 4mr = m ( gradient )
From the gradient of graph

= 0.598 Ns m =

= 0.598 Ns2

=1.01 10-3 kg mass of the object , m = 1.01 10-3

DISCUSSION The centripetal force depends on the mass is given by F= To find the velocity v= Formula for centripetal force F= From the equation 2, *When the radius increase, the period of rotation also increase From equation 3, *When the period increase, the centripetal force will decrease. *As the mass of the object is increased, the period will decrease. So,the centripetal force increase. Error *Delay in recording the time taken for the 10th period of rotation. *The object on the side post is not vertically hang. *Position of radius are not accurate *The spring which represents the force loses its elasticity. Way to prevent the error. *The reading of stopwatch for 10revolution is represented several times to get a stable reading. *The eyes must perpendicular to the line on the side post in order to make sure the object is hang vertically. *The side post have to screw tightly. *Replace the spring. (3) (2) (1)

CONCLUSION The higher the mass of the object (g), the longer the period of rotation, T(s) Percentage difference of centripetal force (part 1) : Experimental value Theotirical value Percentage difference 0.84 kg ms-2 1.044 kg ms-2 19.54 %

Percentage difference of varying mass by constant radius and force (%) (part 3) Trial 1 24.42 % Trial 2 12.52 % Trial 3 2.41%

Mass can influence centripetal force.When the mass is increase, the centripetal force also increase.While,when the radius are increase, the centripetal force also increase. Based on the experiment: The graph of radius, r versus square of the period, T2 is linearly increases. The graph of centripetal force. Fc versus inverse square of the period, 1/T2 is directly proportional.

CENTRIPETAL FORCE (part 3)

AIM To verify the effects of varying the radius of the circles,the centripetal force and the mass of the object on an object rotating in a circular motion. THEORY When an object of mass m,attached to a string of length r,is rotated in a horizontal circle,the centripetal force on the mass is given by: F= (1)

Where v is the tangential velocity and is the angular speed (v = r ).To measure the velocity, the time for one rotation (the period,T) is measured.Then v= and the centripetal force is given by: F= (3) (2)

APPARATUS Centripetal Force Accessory comprises of centre post assembly and side post assembly , rotating platform, A base, clamp-on pulley, hanging mass, string, stopwatch, rotational motor drive with 3-step pulley and DC power supply.

PROCEDURE Part 3: Varying Mass (constant radius and force) 1. Weight the object with the additional side masses in place.Record its mass in Table 3.Hang the object from the side post and connect the string from the spring to the object.The string must pass under the pulley on the center post. 2. Attach the clamp-on pulley to the end of the track nearer to the hanging object.Attach a string to the hanging object andhang a known mass over the clamp-on pulley.Record this mass in Table 3.This establishes the constant centripetal force. 3. Select a radius by aligning the line on the side post with any position (r=15.0cm). While pressing down on the side post to secure its position.Record this radius in Table 3. 4. The object on the side bracket must hang vertically: On the center post, adjust the spring bracket vertically until the string from which the object hangs on the side post is aligned with the vertical line on the side post. 5. Align the indicator bracket on the center post with the orange indicator. 6. Remove the mass that is hanging over the pulley and remove the pulley. 7. Rotate the apparatus, increasing the speed until the orange indicator is centered in the indicator bracket on the center.The indicates that the string supporting the hanging object is once again vertical and thus the hanging object is at desired radius. 8. Maintaining this speed, use a stopwatch to time ten revolutions.Divide the time by ten and period in Table 3. 9. Vary the mass of the object by removing the side masses.Keep the radius constant and measure the new period.Weight the object again and record the mass and period in Table 3.

ANALYSIS Part 3: Centripetal force for each trial F= F= F= 0.6103 N

F= F= F = 0.5519 N

F= = = 0.5023 N Varying Mass ( constant radius and mass) Percentage difference = Experimental value Theotirical value 100% Theotirical Value Trial 1 Calculated centripetal force,Fc (N) = 0.6103 N Centripetal force, Fc (N) = 0.4905 N Percentage difference = = 24.42%

Trial 2 Calculated centripetal force, Fc = 0.5519 N Centripetal force , Fc = 0.4905 N Percentage difference = = 12.52 % Trial 3 Calculated centripetal force, Fc = 0.5023 N Cenripetal force , Fc = 0.4905 N Percentage difference = = 2.41 %

DISCUSSION The centripetal force depends on the mass is given by F= To find the velocity v= Formula for centripetal force F= From the equation 2, *When the radius increase, the period of rotation also increase From equation 3, *When the period increase, the centripetal force will decrease. *As the mass of the object is increased, the period will decrease. So,the centripetal force increase. Error *Delay in recording the time taken for the 10th period of rotation. *The object on the side post is not vertically hang. *Position of radius are not accurate *The spring which represents the force loses its elasticity. Way to prevent the error. *The reading of stopwatch for 10revolution is represented several times to get a stable reading. *The eyes must perpendicular to the line on the side post in order to make sure the object is hang vertically. *The side post have to screw tightly. *Replace the spring. (3) (2) (1)

CONCLUSION The higher the mass of the object (g), the longer the period of rotation, T(s) Percentage difference of centripetal force (part 1) : Experimental value Theotirical value Percentage difference 0.84 kg ms-2 1.044 kg ms-2 19.54 %

Percentage difference of varying mass by constant radius and force (%) (part 3) Trial 1 24.42 % Trial 2 12.52 % Trial 3 2.41%

Mass can influence centripetal force.When the mass is increase, the centripetal force also increase.While,when the radius are increase, the centripetal force also increase. Based on the experiment: The graph of radius, r versus square of the period, T2 is linearly increases. The graph of centripetal force. Fc versus inverse square of the period, 1/T2 is directly proportional.