~ ~ ~ JOINTS ~ ~ ~ Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008

Dr. Singh D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05

• Arthrology = the study of joints

• Joints connect…
- bone-bone (like skull sutures)
- bone-cartilage (like the hyoid bone to the thyroid’s cartilage)
- cartilage-cartilage (like the larynx’s cartilaginous rings)

• Bone formation occurs via condensation of mesoderm

• The remaining interzone of mesenchyme can become a…
- fibrous joint… if replaced by fibrous tissue
- cartilaginous joint… if replaced by cartilage
- synovial joint… if replaced by soft, liquefied tissue lined by a membrane

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

(1) SYNARTHROSIS = allows no movement

- R&L mandible

(2) AMPHIARTHROSIS = allows only slight movement

- pubic symphysis
- b/t vertebra bodies
- b/t tooth and its supporting alveolar bone

(3) DIARTHROSIS = allows free movement (these are all synovial joints)

(a) Uniaxial

(i) Ginglymus = hinge movement

- ulna can flex and extend within in its olecranon fossa of the humerus
- like the lower TMJ

(ii) Trochoid = pivot rotary movement

- radius can supinate & pronate, while the ulna remains stationary
- b/t atlas (moves) & axis (stationary)
saying no = rotating the atlas around the dens of the axis bone below
saying yes = involves the atlas & occipital bone above

(iii) Arthroidal = gliding plane movement

- involved parts are held by ligaments
- like the carpal & tarsal joints
- like the acromioclavicular joint
- like the upper TMJ

(b) Biaxial = flexion / extension / adduction / abduction  therefore you can circumduct
- condyloid = metacarpophalangeal joints

(c) Multiaxial = circumduction AND axial rotation

- ball-and-socket = shoulder & hip joints
- ellipsoid = thumb joint

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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION Ann Nguyen -- NYUCD 2008
D1 Anatomy Notes -- Spring '05
(1) FIBROUS

(a) Syndesmosis = wider band of fibrous tissue (interosseous membrane) in b/t

- b/t radius & ulna
- b/t tibia & & fibula
- b/t vertebral laminae

(b) Suture = very little fibrous tissue in b/t

- like fetal skull sutures to allow molding of the skull during birth
- when the fibrous tissue gets replaced by bone  becomes a synostosis joint

(c) Gomphosis
- like the peg-and-socket articulation b/t tooth’s root and alveolar process
- PDL securely anchors the tooth in place

(2) CARTILAGINOUS

(a) Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

• Epiphyseal Disc
- allows endochondral growth of long bones
- located in the proliferative & hypertrophic zones
- growing taller = becomes a synostosis joint

(b) Symphysis (fibrocartilage)

• cartilage must be located at a midline
• cartilage must remain throughout life
• cartilage must never ossify to become a synostosis joint
- unlike the mandibular symphysis  becomes a synostosis joint after ossification
- like the pubic symphysis
- like adjacent vertebrae that are connected by ligaments
• Intervertebral Disc
○ Annulis Fibrosis = the fibrous concentric part on the outer periphery
○ Nucleus Pulposis = the soft gel-like part in the center core

(3) SYNOVIAL = allows much more freedom of movement (diarthroidal)

(a) Simple (like the knee joint)

- synovial membrane (pink) = the inner lining of a capsule w/ BV’s
- articular cartilage (blue) = the cartilage in b/t the two bones
○ hyaline cartilage in b/t bones of endochondral origin
○ fibrocartilage in b/t bones of intramemranous origin
- joint cavity (black) = filled w/ synovial fluid

(b) Complex (like the TMJ)

- Articular Disc / Meniscus divides joint cavity into UPPER and LOWER compartments
• upper compartment = gliding movement
• lower compartment = hinge movement
- capsule surrounds the TMJ
- ligaments surround the TMJ
• Temporalmandibular Ligament (from a thickening in the capsule)
• Sphenomandibular Ligament (from the sphenoid bone)
• Sytlomandibular Ligament (from the styloid process)

BURSA
- they are inclusions, compartments, or sacs of synovial fluid located outside the joint cavity
- they may (or may not) be connected to the joint cavity by a little communicating tube
- they can be found in areas where there is a lot of friction b/t associated structures to provide extra cushioning comfort

(1) Subcutaneous Bursa = beneath skin

- at the elbow due to playing too much tennis

(2) Subfacial Bursa = beneath fascia

- at the ischeogluteal tuberosity due to sitting too much

(3) Subtendinous Bursa = beneath tendons

- at the tendinous origin and insertion of the bicep muscle Compiled for you by: