PRINCIPLES OF COMPILER DESIGN QUESTION BANK UNIT I- INTRODUCTION TO COMPILING PART A (2MARKS) 1. Define a compiler? 2.

. Describe the Analysis-Synthesis Model of compilation. 3. Define a symbol table. 4. What are the functions of preprocessors? 5. Define Assembly Code. 6. Define tokens, Patterns and lexemes. 7. What are the possible error-recovery actions in lexical Analyzer? 8. What are the three general approaches to the implementation of a Lexical Analyzer? 9. Define a Sentinel. 10. Describe briefly rational preprocessors with an example. 11. What are the reasons for separating the analysis phase of compiling into Lexical analysis and parsing? 12. What is the function of a loader? 13. Give the diagrammatic representation of a language processing system. 14. Explain briefly the producer-consumer pair of a lexical analyzer and parser. 15. Mention the issues in a lexical analyzer. 16. Mention some of the cousins of the compiler. 17. What are rational preprocessors? PART - B 1. Explain in detail about the role of Lexical analyzer with the possible error recovery actions.(16) 2. (a)Describe the following software tools i. Structure Editors ii. Pretty printers iii. Interpreters (8) (b)Write in detail about the cousins of the compiler. (8) 3. Describe in detail about input buffering. What are the tools used for constructing a compiler? (16) 4. (a)Explain the functions of the Lexical Analyzer with its implementation. (10) (b)Elaborate specification of tokens. (6) 5. (a)What is a compiler? Explain the various phases of compiler in detail, with a neat sketch. (10) (b) Elaborate on grouping of phases in a compiler. (6)

6. (a) Explain the various phases of a compiler in detail. Also write down the output for the following expression after each phase a: =b*c-d. (8) (b) What are the phases of the compiler? Explain the phases in detail. Write down the output of each phase for the expression a: = b + c *50. (8) UNIT II- SYNTAX ANALYSIS PART A (2MARKS) 1. Draw a NFA for a*|b*. 2. What do you mean by Handle Pruning? 3. Define LR (0) items. 4. What do you mean by viable prefixes? 5. Define handle. 6. What are the algebraic properties of regular expressions? 7. What is finite automata? 8. What are the goals of error handler in a parser? 9. What is an ambiguous grammar? Give an example. 10. What is phrase level error recovery? 11. What are the disadvantages of operator precedence parsing? 12. What is a predictive parser? 13. Eliminate left recursion from the following grammar A->Ac/Aad/bd/c. 14. What is LL (1) grammar? Give the properties of LL (1) grammar. 15. Give the algorithm for Left Factoring a Grammar. 16. What is Left Recursion? Give an example for eliminating the same. PART B 1. What is FIRST and FOLLOW? Explain in detail with an example. Write down the necessary algorithm. (16) 2. Construct Predictive Parsing table for the following grammar: S -> (L) / a L -> L, S/S and check whether the following sentences belong to that grammar or not. (i) (a,a) (ii) (a, (a , a)) (iii) (a, ((a , a), (a , a)) ) (16) 3. (a) Construct the predictive parser for the following grammar: S -> (L)|a L -> L,S|S. (12) (b) Construct the behaviour of the parser on sentence (a, a) using the grammar: S -> (L)|a

L -> L,S|S. (4) 4. (a) Check whether the following grammar is SLR (1) or not. Explain your answer with reasons. S-> L=R S->R L->*R L->id R->L (8) (b) For the grammar given below, calculate the operator precedence relation and the precedence functions. E -> E + E | E E | E * E | E / E | E ^ E | (E) | -E | id (8) 5. Check whether the following grammar is a LL(1) grammar S -> iEtS | iEtSeS | a E -> b Also define the FIRST and FOLLOW procedures. (16) 6. (a) Consider the grammar given below. E->E+T E->T T->T*F T->F F->(E) F->id. Construct an LR Parsing table for the above grammar. Give the moves of LR parser on id*id+id. (12) (b) What is a shift-reduce parser? Explain in detail the conflicts that may occur during shift- reduce parsing. (4) UNIT III-INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGES PART A (2MARKS) 1. How would you represent the following equation using the DAG, a: =b*-c + b*-c. What is the purpose of DAG? 2. What is the intermediate code representation for the expression a or b and not c ? 3. How would you map names to Values? 4. What are the various methods of implementing three address statements? 5. Suggest a Suitable approach for completing hash function. 6. What are the methods of representing a syntax tree? 7. Give the Syntax directed definition of if-else statement. 8. What is backpatching? 9. What are the applications of DAG?

10. Define marker non-terminals with an example. 11. Why are quadruples preferred over triples in an optimizing Complier? 12. Give the triple representation of a ternary operation x:= y[i] 13. Give the Semantic rules for the production S while E do S1. 14. Let A be a 10x20 array with low1=low2=1. Therefore n1=10 and n2=20. Take w to be 4. Give the annotated parse tree for the assignment x:=A[y,z] 15. What is short-circuit or jumping code? PART-B 1. How would you generate the intermediate code for the flow of control statements?Explain with examples. (16) 2. (a)What are the various ways of calling procedures? Explain in detail. (8) (b)What is a three-address code? Mention its types. How would you implement the three address statements? Explain with examples. (8) 3. How would you generate intermediate code for the flow of control statements? Explain with examples. (16) 4. (a)Describe the method of generating syntax-directed definition for Control statements. (8) (b)Give the semantic rules for declarations in a procedure. (8) 5. (a) How Back patching can be used the generate code for Boolean expressions and flow of control statements. (8) (b)Explain how the types and relative addresses of declared names are computed and how scope information is dealt with. (8) 6. (a) Describe in detail the syntax-directed translation of case statements. (8) (b) Explain in detail the translation of assignment statements. (8) UNIT IV- CODE GENERATION PART A (2MARKS) 1. How would you calculate the cost of an instruction? 2. What is an activation record for a procedure? 3. What is a Basic Block? 4. What are the steps involved in partitioning a Sequence of three address statements into basic blocks? 5. What are the limitations of static allocation? 6. What is dead code elimination?

7. Give the primary structure preserving transformations on Basic Blocks. 8. Draw the diagram of the general activation record and give the purpose of any two fields. 9. What is stack allocation? 10. What are dags and how are they useful in implementing transformations on basic blocks? 11. What is peephole optimization? 12. Mention the transformations that are characteristic of peephole optimizations. 13. What are machine idioms? 14. Construct the dag for the following basic block: d: = b * c e: = a + b b: = b * c a: = e - d 15. Give the applications of dags. 16. What are register descriptors? 17. Briefly describe address descriptors. PART-B 1. (a) Explain the issues in design of code generator. (8) (b)Explain peephole optimization. (8) 2. (a)Discuss run time storage management of a code generator. (8) (b)Explain DAG representation of the basic blocks with an example. (8) 3. (a) Explain the simple code generator with a suitable example. (8) (b)Describe about the stack allocation in memory management. (8) 4. (a) What are the different storage allocation strategies? (8) (b)What are steps needed to compute the next use information? (8) 5. (a) Write detailed notes on Basic blocks and flow graphs. (8) (b)How would you construct a DAG for a Basic block? Explain with an example. (8) UNIT V- CODE OPTIMIZATION PART A (2MARKS) 1. What are called optimizations and what is an optimization compiler? 2. Mention the criteria for code-improving transformations. 3. Mention the function preserving, code improving transformations. 4. What is code motion? Give an example.

5. What is constant folding? 6. What are induction variables? What is induction variable elimination? 7. What is a cross-compiler? Give an example. 8. What are the properties of optimizing compilers? 9. Mention the different storage allocation strategies. 10. Mention the limitations of static allocation. 11. What are calling sequences and give brief notes on its types. 12. When does a dangling reference occur? Give its impact on programs. 13. Give the situations in which stack allocation can not be used. 14. Mention the different types of parameter passing. 15. What are the two approaches of implementing Dynamic Scope? Give the difference between the two. PART B 1. (a) Explain the principle sources of optimization in detail. (8) (b)What are the various ways of calling procedures? (8) 2. (a) Discuss about the following: i). Copy Propagation ii) Dead-code Elimination and iii) Code motion (6) (b)Describe in detail about the stack allocation in memory management.(10) 3. (a) Write about Data flow analysis of structural programs. (8) (b)Describe the various storage allocation strategies. (8) 4. (a) Describe in detail the source language issues.(8) (b) Explain in detail access to nonlocal names.(8) 5. (a) Elaborate storage organization.(8) (b)Write detailed notes on parameter passing.(8) 6. (a) Explain optimization of basic blocks. (b) Explain the various approaches to compiler development.(8)

WT

Question Bank Unit 1 Part A 1. Differentiate Internet with Intranet. 2. What are HTML tags? 3. Write a script that inputs text from an HTML form and outputs the text in uppercase letters. 4. What is the purpose of a MIME? 5. What is the purpose of IMAP & MIME protocol? 6. What are the features of JavaScript? Part B

1. Write Short notes on Various Protocols. 2. Create a HTML document that includes 2 rows of frames with 2 frames in each row. The two left frames must occupy 25% of the width of the display. The bottom 2 frames must occupy 40% of the height of the display. The top left frame must display the name of your mother and all of her siblings (min2). The bottom left frame must display the name of your father and all of his siblings (min2). Each name in the left frames must be a link to a document that is displayed in the right frame when the link is selected. The documents in the right frames are short descriptions of the people. 3. Create a HTML form for taking sales orders for popcorn. Three text boxes are used at the top of the form to collect the buyers name and address. These are placed in a borderless table to force the text boxes to align vertically. A second table is used to collect the actual order. Each row of this table names a product with the content, displays the price and uses a text box with size set to 2 to collect the quantity ordered. The payment method is input by the user through one of the four radio buttons. You must have event handlers for the form elements that collect this information that check the input data for correctness. Messages in alert windows must be produced when error are detected. 4. Create on-line recruitment form of an ABC Company and perform validation, Using JavaScript.Name, DOB (list), Phone No, Sex(radio), Address, E-mail, Highest Qualification, Branch, Percentage of marks. Validations: If Highest qualification B.E / B.Tech CSE/IT and percentage of marks is above 75 % then display Mr./Ms (name), the information provided by you has been registered with us. Else display Mr./Ms (name), the information provided by you is not registered. P.Kumar, Rajalakshmi Engineering College 1 5. Add two elements that users can click. Use the abc.gif image file as the first element. When the user clicks the image, display an alert dialog box with the text you clicked the image. For the second element, create a one-row table containing a text string. Set the table border to one. When the user clicks the table element, display an alert dialog box containing you clicked the table. 6. Consider a web based voting system. Create a HTML page to list all constituencies available in a given city. Selection of a constituency needs to display the details of party name, candidate name and a radio button contesting in that constituency. Allow the voter to vote for a specific candidate by choosing the radio button. 7. Develop a JavaScript program that will determine whether a department-store customer has exceeded the credit limit on a charge account. For each customer, the following facts are available: Account number, Balance at the beginning of the month, Total of all items charged by this customer this month, Total of all credits applied to this customer's account this month and Allowed credit limit. The program should input each of these facts from prompt dialogs as integers, calculate the new balance (= beginning balance + charges credits), display the new balance and determine whether the new balance exceeds the customer's credit limit. For customers whose credit limit is exceeded, the program should output HTML text that displays the message Credit limit exceeded.

8. An integer is said to be prime if it is divisible by only 1 and itself. For example, 2, 3, 5 and 7 are prime, but 4, 6, 8 and 9 are not. Write a function that determines whether a number is prime. Use this function in a script that determines and prints all the prime numbers between 1 and 10,000. Display the results in a. Unit 2 Part A 1. Develop a DHTML page to change the background color using mouse over event on three circles containing different colors? 2. What is the important feature of dynamic positioning? 3. Define data binding with its types? 4. List the possible opacity attributes of the alpha filter? 5. What are filters and transitions? 6. Define object referencing. 7. What is a dynamic style? 8. What is the use of all and children in DHTML? 9. What are event bubblers? Part B 1. Demonstrate a simple use of data binding with the tabular data control to update the contents of a span element with a program. 2. Create a web page that applies the invert filter to an image if the user moves the mouse over it. 3. Explain the properties of the event object. 4. Write a DHTML to change the background color of a button, mouse over three colored table cells and the background color will change. 5. Create a web page which applies the glow filter to a hyperlink if the user moves the mouse over the link. 6. Write a DHTML to dynamically insert the mask filter in an image. Use mouse over on the image. 7. Write a DHTML to expose the concept of binding of an image and table. 8. Write a DHTML to change the background image if the user moves the mouse over it. 9. Write a DHTML to shake the window of a button click. Make use of 2 buttons one button used to start the shaking and another button used to stop the shaking of window. 10. Explain briefly about Filters in detail with examples. 11. Explain about DHTML object model. Unit 3 Part- A 1. List the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce system. 2. Explain the term B2B, B2C, B2B, C2B. 3. List the commonly used video file formats. 4. How will you add background sounds and video to your web page? 5. Compare the various control structures of JavaScript and VBScript. 6. Differentiate client side script and server side script. Part- B 7. Explain the various E-Business models in detail.

8. Explain in detail about the following servers with its flow of processing in authentication module in an application. i) IIS ii) Apache 9. Describe the system architecture of a multi-tier application. 10. Discuss about online payment and security in detail 11. Create a script that repeatedly flashes an image on the screen. Do this by changing the visibility of the image. Allow users to control the blink speed. 12. How will you add audio and video in a web page? Unit 4 Part A 1. What is meant by Cookie? How will you create it using ASP? 2. List the various methods in File System object? 3. Define ASP? List its advantages. 4. What is meant by Session? 5. What is XSL and why it is used? 6. What is XML? How is it different from HTML? 7. What is DTD? 8. Differentiate between DTD and XML Schema. 9. What is the purpose of Namespaces? 10. Define Server side includes. Part - B 11. Explain the various ASP objects with examples. 12. Develop an ASP application for a questionnaire, which has minimum of Eight questions. The questions and answers will be stored in a database. The questions will be posted to the client one in a page and collect the answer from the client. Evaluate the answers and inform the result score to the client in the final page. 13. Write an ASP code to display the visitors information by using HTML forms. 14. List out the key objects of ASP and highlight the features of their properties, methods and events. 15. Develop an ASP to display a different image each time a user visits a page. 16. Develop an ASP to find the type, capabilities and version of each browser that visits your site. 17. Create a XML document to store voter ID, voter name, address and date of birth details. Create a DTD to validate the document. 18. Explain how XML parser works? Write a XML document for displaying your contact details (address, e-mail, mobile no, etc)? 19. Explain in detail the various methods of DOM. 20. Explain how XML parser works? Unit 5 Part A 1. What are the types of directives in JSP? 2. List the advantages of servlet over JSP. 3. How does JSP work? 4. What is the difference between a generic servlet and a http servlet? 5. What is a Servlet lifecycle? 6. List the four key components of JSP?

7. List the JSP implicit objects? 8. What is the purpose of plug-in? Part B 9. Describe the servlet architecture and the various interfaces invoked by the servlet container. 10. Write a servlet program that handles HTTP get request containing data that is supplied by the user as part of the request. 11. Develop a servlet to display a different content each time a user visits a page. 12. Explain how cookies are created and sessions are tracked by Servlet in detail with suitable example. 13. Create an address book servlet that allows the user to register for several mailing lists. The address book contains name, Address1, Address2, City, State. When name is given, it return an HTML page with all the information. 14. Write a JSP to demonstrate the usage of page and include directives. 15. Develop a JSP page to display a different image each time a user visits a page and the images are links. 16. Develop a JSP to find the type, capabilities and version of each browser that visits your site. 17. What does JSP scripting component include? Explain with a program. 18. Describe JSP Actions.

OOAD QUESTION BANK Year : IV Subject Name : Object Oriented Analysis And Design Sem : VII UNIT-I-INTRODUCTION PART-A 1. Write about the traditional development methodologies? 2. Define objects. 3. Give a brief note on object behavior 4. What do you mean by information hiding? 5. Define class hierarchy 6. Write briefly about inheritance and explain the types of inheritance. 7. What do you mean by polymorphism? 8. Explain object relationship and associations. 9. What do you mean by consumer-producer association? 10. Write about static and dynamic binding? 11. Define object persistence 12. Define meta-classes. 13. What do you mean by software development process? 14. Explain briefly the waterfall approach. 15. Define collaboration. 16. Write the 80-20 rule. 17. Define Prototype. Give the types of prototype. 18. Write a brief note on RAD. 19. Write about CBD? 20. Why do we go for object oriented systems development? 21. What is horizontal prototype? 22. Explain the domain prototype? 23. Write about the Vertical prototype? 24. Explain Analysis prototype?

25. What is waterfall SDLC? 26. What are the advantages of Waterfall model? 27. What is software correctness? 28. What if Software correspondence? 29. What is software verification? 30. What is software Validation? 31. How is software verification differing from validation? 32. What are the uses of prototyping? 33. What is object oriented SDLC? 34. What is Use case modeling? 35. What is Object Modeling? 36. What is Object Oriented Analysis? 37. What is Object Oriented Design? 38. What is Object Oriented Implementation? 39. Differentiate between messages and function /Subroutine calls. PART-B 1. Describe the various Object oriented concepts?(16) 2. Describe the Software Development process.(16) 3. (a) How can we build a high quality Software?(12) (b) Write the difference between verification and validation(4) 4. Describe the Object oriented Systems Development Life Cycle?(16) UNIT-II OBJECT ORIENTED MODELLING PART-A 1. Write about the four phases in OMT? 2. What do you mean by object diagram? 3. What are the primary symbols used in Data Flow Diagrams? 4. What are the diagrams used in Booch methodology? 5. Give the steps involved in Macro development process in Booch methodology. 6. Give the steps involved in Micro development process in Booch methodology. 7. Write briefly about Use Cases. 8. Write short note on Objectory. 9. Define patterns. 10. Define patterns template. Give some examples for components in pattern. 12. Define anti-patterns. 13. Define pattern mining. Give the steps involved in capturing pattern. 14. Define frame work. Give the differences between design patterns and frameworks. 15. Why do we go for unified approach? 16. Write short note on UA proposed Repository. 17. Define model. Explain about the types of model. 18. What are the advantages of Modeling? 19. Define UML. Mention the primary goals in the design of the UML. 20. Give the nine UML graphical diagrams. 21. What is a Package? 22. Define method and Process. 23. Describe the difference between method and process. 24. What is an Object Model? 25. What are the main Advantages of DFD? 26. What are the strengths of OMT? 27. What are the models described in OMT Approach? 27. What are the strength of Booch methodology? 28. What is Use case. 29. Define object Model 30. Define dynamic model.

31. What is meta model. PART-B 1. (a) Describe Rumbaughs Object Modeling Technique?(12) (b) Explain about Object Oriented Modelling(4) 2. Give detailed notes about the Booch Methodology?(16) 3. (a) Give a detailed account of Jacobson methodology?(12) (b) Explain in detail about the Component Diagram(4) 4. Describe patterns and the various pattern templates and Frameworks ?(16) 5. Explain in detail the different processes and components of the unified approach with a block diagram.(16) 6. Describe the UML Class diagram?(16) 7. Draw an State Diagram , Activity Diagram and Package Diagram for ViaNet Bank ATM System.(16) 8. Consider a digital library system. Draw the following UML diagrams for the above mentioned system and explain(16) (a) Use Case Diagram (b) Activity Diagram (c) Sequence Diagram (d) State chart Diagram UNIT-III-OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS PART-A 1. What is the purpose of analysis? Why do we need analysis? 2. Why analysis is a difficult activity? 3. What do you mean by business object analysis? 4. Write a short note on use-case model? 5. Define use-case. 6. When extends association is used? 7. Define uses association. 8. What is meant by railroad paradox? What do you infer from railroad paradox? 9. Give the two-three rule? 10. What is the 80-20 rule? 11. Why is documentation an important part of analysis? 12. List the approaches for identifying classes? 13. What do you mean by relevant, fuzzy and irrelevant classes? 14. How would you select candidate classes for the list of relevant and fuzzy classes? 15. What is the common class patterns strategy? Give the list of patterns used. 16. What is CRC? 17. What are the three steps in CRC process? 18. Give the guidelines for naming a class. 19. What is an association? 20. What is generalization hierarchy? Give the advantage. 21. What are some common associations? 22. How to eliminate unnecessary associations? How would you know it? 23. What do you mean by aggregation? What are the major properties of a-part-of relation? 24. What guidelines would you see to identify a-part-of structures? 25. Why do we need to identify the systems responsibilities? 26. How would you identify attributes? 27. How would you identify methods? 28. Why do we need methods and messages in object-oriented system? PART-B 1. Demonstrate the guidelines for finding use cases and developing effective documentation?(16)

2. Give detailed notes about the Noun phrase approach for identifying classes?(16) 3. (a) Describe the CRC approach?(12) (b) Write the rules for Naming the Classes (4) 4. Give a detailed note about Associations? 5. (a) Explain in Detail about the identifying relationships ? (6) (b) Give a detailed note on Super-sub class relationship and a-part-of relationship?(10) UNIT-IV-OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN PART-A 1. What is the need for axiomatic approach? 2. What are the main activities in design process? 3. Define axiom? What are the two design axioms applied to object-oriented design? 4. Define corollary? Give the corollaries derived from design axioms. 5. What do you mean by coupling? 6. What do you mean by degree of coupling? 7. What are the two types of coupling? 8. What do you mean by cohesion? Give the types of cohesion. 9. Differentiate coupling and cohesion? 10. What do you mean by design patterns? 11. Define OCL? 12. What do you mean by expressions? Give the syntax for some common expressions. 13. What are private, public and protected protocols? 14. What is encapsulation leakage? 15. What are the three basic types of attributes? 16. How do you present UML attribute? 17. What are the different types of methods provided by a class? 18. What are some characteristics of a bad design? 19. How do you present UML operation? 20. Define Package 21. What do you mean by persistence? Give some persistent data. 22. Define transient data? Give some transient data? 23. What are the essential elements in providing a persistent store? 24. Define schema or meta-data? 25. What is meant by database model? Give the different database models. 26. Define DDL and DML. 27. What is concurrency policy? 28. What is shareability? 29. What do you mean by transaction? 30. Define client-server computing? 31. Differentiate distributed and cooperative processing? 32. What do you mean by distributed object computing? 33. Write a short note on CORBA? 34. What are the necessary characteristics that a system must satisfy to be considered as an object-oriented system? 35. Differentiate object-oriented databases and traditional databases? 36. Describe reverse and forward engineering? 37. Define object-relation mapping? 38. What are the different mapping capabilities to be defined? 39. Define referential integrity? 40. What do you mean by federated multidatabase systems? 41. Define MDBS?

42. Define neutralization (homogenization). 43. What do you mean by ODBC? 44. What are the activities involved in access layer design process? 45. Write short note on creative process? 46. What are the steps in view layer macro process? 47. Give the three UI design rules. 48. What are the windows in user interface used for? 49. What are the three general steps in creating a user interface object? 50. What is a Metaphor? PART-B 1. Describe in detail about Object oriented database management systems?(16) 2. State the differences between OODBMS and traditional database. Describe object relational systems?(16) 3. What is the purpose of access layer? Explain the steps involved in designing the access layer classes?(16) 4. What are the different models involved in designing access layer.(16) 5. What is the task of view layer ? Explain the steps involved in designing the view layer classes?(16) 6. Describe the purpose of view layer interface?(16) 7. Explain in detail the axioms and corollaries in object oriented design. UNIT-V-SOFTWARE QUALITY AND USABLITY PART-A 1. What is the purpose of debugging? 2. What are the types of errors that you could find in your program? 3. Discuss Error-based testing? 4. Discuss Scenario-based testing/usage-based testing? 5. Name some testing strategies? 6. What is the Impact of Object orientation on Testing? 7. Discuss Black-Box testing? 8. Discuss White- Box testing? 9. What do you mean by Top- down Testing? 10. Discuss about the Statement testing coverage and Branch testing coverage? 11. What is Path testing? 12. What is Bottom - Up Testing? 13. What is the objective of testing? 14. What is the necessary of a test plan? 15. List the steps needed for a test plan? 16. Define regression testing? 17. Define Beta testing and Alpha testing? 18. What is the purpose of configuration control system? 19. When is testing said to be successful? 20. Define Usability? 21. What are the issues in software quality? 22. What is Usability testing? 23. What are the guidelines for developing usability testing? 24. Explain user satisfaction testing? 25. Explain COTS and USTS? 26. Write about the user satisfaction cycle? 27. What is Quality. 28. Why do we need usability Testing? 29. What is the objective of usability testing? 30. Define Test plan and test case. PART-B

1. Describe quality assurance test and testing strategies?(16) 2. Describe test cases and the impacts of object orientation on testing?(16) 3. Illustrate test plan and continuous testing?(16) 4. (a) Describe Usability Testing?(12) (b) Describe about Quality Assurance? How it is tested? (4) 5. (a) Describe user satisfaction?(12) (b) How do you measure the user satisfaction in your project(4)

ACA
UNIT I INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. 2. a. b. c. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a. b. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Differentiate desktop, Embedded and server computers? Define the following terms Execution time CPU time Throughput What are dhrystone benchmarks? What are Wheatstone benchmarks? What are the different level of program used for evaluating the performance of a machine? What is SPEC? What is a kernel? Mention the difference between desktop, Embedded and server benchmarks? Define Total execution time Define Weighted execution time Define Normalized execution time State Amdahls law Define Speedup? Give the CPU performance equation and define the following CPI Instruction count What is the principle of locality? What are the various classes of instruction set architecture? What is Little Endian and big Endian? What is effective address and pc relative address? What are the various addressing modes? What are modulo and bit reverse addressing modes? Comment the type and size of operands? Explain the operand for media and signal processing Give the various categories of instruction operators with example for each? Commend the operation for media and signal processing? What are the different type of control flow instructions? Give the major methods of evaluating branch condition, their advantages and disadvantages Explain instruction coding and its type? What are the various compiler optimization available ?

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

What is a media processor? Give example Compare MIPS and TM 32 processor What is a vector processor? What is Flynns taxonomy ? Explain the various methods by which data level parallelism is obtained? Compare RISC and CISC machines. Differentiate von Neumann and hardware architecture. What is pipelining? What are the basic of RISC instruction set architecture? What are the different stages of pipelined architecture? Briefly describe basic performance issues in pipelining? What are hazards? Mention its types? How data hazards can be minimized? What are structural hazards? how it can be minimized? What are control hazards? How is pipelining implemented? What makes pipelining hard to implement? Mention the various exceptions and methods to deal with exceptions? What is score boarding? What are linear pipeline processors? What is clock skewing? Differentiate static and dynamic pipelining? What are non linear pipeline processor? What is latency? What is reservation table? What are forbidden and permissible latencies ? give example What are contact cycle? What is collision vector? Explain pipeline throughput and efficiency How do you compute pipeline CPI? What is a basic block? What is ILP? What are forwarding and bypassing techniques? What is loop-level parallelism ? What are the various dependences? How to overcome it? How to avoid hazards? What are the different name dependences ? What is a control dependence? What is a data dependence? What is dynamic scheduling? Compare dynamic scheduling with static pipeline scheduling? Differentiate in-order and out-of-order execution of instruction? What is imprecise exception? Explain Tomasulos algorithm briefly? Explain WAR hazards? Explain WAW hazards? Explain RAW hazards?

76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93.

What is a reservation station ? mention its fields? Give the merits of Tomasulos algorithm? How to remove control dependences? Compare 1 bit and 2 bit prediction schemes? Give the merits and demerits of 2 bit prediction scheme? What are correlating branch predictors? What is register renaming? What is commit stage? How to take advantages of more ILP with multiple issue? Compare superscalar and VLIW processors? What are statically scheduled superscalar processors? How multiple instruction issue is handled by dynamic scheduling ? What are limitations of ILP? Explain P6 micro architecture? Compare Pentium III and Pentium IV processors? What is thread level parallelism(TLP)? Explain how to exploit TLP using ILP data path? Give the practical limitation on exploiting more ILP?
94. 95.

What is the role of compiler in exploiting ILP? Give the typical latencies of FP operations and loads and stores. 96. What is loop unrolling? 97. Give the summary of loop unrolling and scheduling. 98. What is register pressure? 99. How loop unrolling and pipeline scheduling can be used with static multiple issue? 100. What is a static branch prediction? 101. What are the various methods available for static branch prediction? 102. What is static multiple issue?

16 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. With reference to linear processors, explain pipelining in detail. 2. With non-linear processors, explain pipelining with latency analysis, make use of relevant state diagrams whenever required. 3. Explain in details the various pipeline hazards and methods to overcome 4. Describe the classical 5-stage pipelining for a RISC processor. 5. Explain in details how the pipelining is implemented with reference to a MIPS processor? 6. Describe in details what makes pipelining hard to implement? 7. What are exceptions? Mention its types. Explain its requirements and need for maintaining precise exceptions. 8. What is dynamic scheduling ? explain with suitable examples the Tomasulos algorithm for MIPS processor 9. What is branch prediction ? explain the various schemes in detail.

10. Explain in detail the hardware based speculation for a MIPS processor, explain how multiple issue is handled with speculation 11. Compare Tomasulos algorithm and hardware based speculation 12. Explain in detail the limitations of ILP with a special mention on realizable processors 13. Indentify and justify the following fallacies/pitfalls a. Processors with lower CPI will always be faster b. Processors with faster clock rate will always be better 14. With suitable illustrative examples, explain how compiler techniques can be exploited for achieving ILP? 15. Explain in detail about static branch prediction.

UNIT II MULTIPLE ISSUE PROCESSORS TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Explain static multiple issue with respect to VLIW approach? Compare local scheduling and global scheduling. What is trace scheduling? Discuss the various problems associated with the VLIW processor and measures for their mitigation. What is loop carried dependence and dependence distance? What is the need to detect loop dependences? How does the compiler detect it? What is interprocedural analysis? What is copy propagation? What is tree height reduction? What are recurrences? What is symbolic loop unrolling and mention its techniques? Explain software pipelining and trace scheduling. Compare them. What is critical path? Explain the methods involved in trace scheduling. What is superblock? What is tail duplication? What are predicated instructions? What are its limitations? Give the processors that support conditional move. What are the capabilities required to speculate ambitiously? Mention the methods to speculate ambitiously preserving the exception behavior. What is fast mode? What are poison bits? What is a sentinel? Compare hardware and software speculation mechanisms. What is an IA-64 ISA? What are the various components of IA-64 register model? What is a register stack engine?

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

What is a bundle? What are NaTs and NaTVals? How can a deferred exception be resolved? What are advanced loads and ALAT? Explain Itanium processor. What are the pipeline stages available in an Itanium processor? What is a crusoe processor?

16 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

With an example, explain static multiple issue in a VLIW processor? Explain in detail about multiple issue in a EPIC processor? Explain in detail how compiler support can be used to increase the amount of parallelism that can be exploited in a program. With examples, explain how do you detect and enhance Loop Level Parallelism? Explain software pipelining techniques in detail. Explain the need for hardware support for exposing more parallelism at compile time. Explain briefly about conditional or predicated instructions and the limiting factors affecting their complete usefulness. Explain compiler speculation with hardware support. Compare Hardware and Software speculation mechanisms. Explain Intel IA-64 Architecture in detail with suitable reference to Itanium processor. Discuss the role of ILP in embedded and mobile applications.

UNIT III MULTIPROCESSORS AND THREAD LEVEL PARALLELISM TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Give the taxonomy of parallel architectures. What are the merits of MIMD multiprocessors? What is a thread? Explain thread level parallelism. What are centralized shared memory architectures and symmetric shared memory multiprocessors? What are distributed memory architectures? What is distributed shared memory architecture? What is a multicomputer? What are message-passing multiprocessors? What is RPC? What are the performance metrics for communication mechanisms? What are the advantages of different communication mechanisms? What are the major advantages for message passing communication? What is a shared virtual memory?

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

What are MPPs? What are the challenges involved in parallel processing? What are OLTP, DSS and Altavista? What is a FFT Kernel, LU Kernel and Barnes and ocean application? How do you estimate the performance on parallel multiprocessors? What are private and shared data? What is multiprocessor Cache Coherence? What is cache coherence problem and when do you say a memory system is coherent? What are cache coherence protocols? What is cache consistency? What is write serialization? What is snooping? What are the various snooping protocols? What are write invalidate and write update protocols? What are the performance differences between write update and write invalidate protocols? What are write through and write back caches? What are ownership misses and coherence misses? Compare true sharing and false sharing misses. What are cold misses, coherence misses and conflict misses? What is a working set effect? Give a performance of snooping cache schemes. Give an example of multiprocessor. What is the need for distributed shared-memory architectures? What is a directory protocol? What are local node, home node and remote node? Give a summary of performance of distributed shared memory multiprocessors. What is an atomic exchange? What are the various atomic synchronization primitives? What is load locked and store conditional instructions? What are spin locks? What is barrier synchronization? What is sense-reversing barrier? Explain spin lock with exponential backoff? What are queuing locks? How does it work? What are gather stage and release stage in barrier synchronization technique? What is a combining tree? What is sequential consistency? What are data races? Explain relaxed consistency models. What is multithreading? Compare its types. What is SMT? What are the design challenges in SMT processors? What are the potential advantages from SMT? What is multilevel inclusion and how is it implemented? What happens to automatic enforcement of inclusion when the block size differs? What are non blocking caches and latency hiding? Why is nonbinding prefetch critical?

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

What are the complications that arise while implementing prefetch? How speculation is used to hide latency in strict consistency models? How is virtual memory support used to build shared memory? What are DVMs and SVMs? How performance of parallel processors is measured? Compare memory constrained and time constrained scaling. Explain sun wildfire prototype. What is Coherence memory replication and COMA? What are the types of COMA?

16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Give an overview of the taxonomy of parallel architectures. Explain in detail the various performance metrics for communication mechanisms and discuss their advantages and challenges of parallel processing. Explain in detail how parallel processing in various workloads affect their performance characteristics. Explain in detail the symmetric shared memory architectures with reference to multiprocessor cache coherence problem. Explain in detail the schemes available for enforcing coherence. Discuss its implementation techniques with suitable state diagrams. With relevant graphs, discuss the performance of symmetric shared-memory multiprocessors for various workloads. Explain in detail the distributed shared memory architecture highlighting the directory based cache coherence protocol. Substantiate your explanation with suitable examples and state diagrams. With relevant graphs, discuss the performance of distributed shared memory multiprocessors. Explain in detail the need for synchronization and how it is achieved in a multiprocessor? Discuss the associated implementation issues. Discuss the synchronization mechanisms for larger scale multiprocessors. Explain in detail the memory consistency models. Explain how thread level parallelism within a processor can be exploited? With suitable diagrams, explain simultaneous multithreading, its design challenges and potential performance enhancements. Explain inclusion and its implementation. Briefly explain how virtual memory can be used to build shared memory units. How do you measure performance of parallel processors? Explain Suns Wildfire architecture and its performance characteristics.. Multiprocessors are free -- Explain this fallacy. MEMORY AND I/O

UNIT IV TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

What are the levels in a typical memory hierarchy in embedded, desktop and server computers? Define the terms: Cache, Cache hit and Cache miss, Miss rate and Miss penalty. Compare temporal and spatial locality. What is a page fault? What is a memory stall cycle and give its formula? What are the four common questions for the first level of memory hierarchy? Summarize their solutions. What are the different cache configurations? What is a valid bit with reference to cache? Define the terms: Block address and Block offset, Tag and Index field. What is a LRU algorithm? Compare write through and write back. What is a dirty bit? What are the two options available on a write miss? How do you calculate the width of index field for a set associative cache? What is a victim buffer? What is average memory access time and give its formula? Give the relation between average memory access time and processor performance. For an out-of-order execution processor, how do you define miss penalty? What are the various cache optimizations available? Summarize them categorically. How to reduce cache miss penalty? What are the various optimizations available? Should the cache be made faster to keep pace with the CPU speed or should its size be made larger to overcome the widening gap between CPU and main memory? Which is optimal? Compare local and global miss rate. What is multilevel inclusion? What are critical word first and early restart techniques? Should read misses be given priority over writes? Comment. What is write merging? What is a victim cache? Summarize the miss penalty reduction techniques. How to reduce miss rate? Categorize misses. What are the different types of conflict misses? What is a thrash? Larger block sizes will reduce compulsory misses. Is the statement true or false? Justify you answer. How to reduce the capacity misses and what are the associated drawbacks? How miss rates improve with higher associativity? What is 2:1 cache rule of thumb? What are way prediction and pseudo associative caches? Give the relationship between regular hit time, pseudohit time and miss penalty. What is loop interchange and blocking? What is blocking factor? Summarize how cache miss rate can be reduced. How to reduce cache miss penalty or miss rate by parallelism?

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.

What is a lockup free cache? What is a hit under multiple miss or miss under miss? Explain hardware prefetching of instructions and data. What is compiler controlled prefetching? Compare register and cache prefetch. What is a nonbinding prefetch? Give a summary of how cache miss penalty or miss rate can be reduced by parallelism. How avoiding address translation during indexing of the cache will reduce ht time? What is a virtual cache? What is page level protection? What is a processor-identifier tag? What is page coloring? Explain how pipelined cache access can be used to reduce hit time? What is a trace cache? Explain the various techniques available for improving the performance of main memory. How does interleaving improve the performance of a main memory unit? What is interleaving factor? How do you determine the number of banks for main memory? What are the demerits memory banks? How do independent memory banks support higher bandwidth for main memory? Compare access time and cycle time. Compare DRAM and SRAM. What is RAS and CAS in DRAM? Give the internal organization of a 64M DRAM. What is DIMM? What are the various memory modules available for embedded processors? How do you improve memory performance in a DRAM? What is fast page mode? What is SDRAM? What is RAMBUS, RDRAM and DRDRAM? Compare RAMBUS and DDR SDRAM. What is virtual memory? How does the cache and virtual memory differ? What are pages, segments and paged segments with respect to virtual memory? Where can a block be placed in main memory? How is a block found if it is in main memory? What is a page table and inverted page table? What is a translation lookaside buffer? Which block should be replaced on a virtual memory miss? What is a use bit? What happens on a write in main memory? Explain the techniques for fast address translation. What is a PTE? How is the page size selected? What is internal fragmentation in a virtual memory? What is a process? Compare process switch and context switch.

How to protect processes? 87. What is base and bound? 88. What is a kernel process and system call? 89. What is a paged virtual memory? 90. What are the various protection fields available in an Alpha architecture? 91. What is a segmented virtual memory? 92. Explain protection in Intel Pentium. 93. What are Trojan horses? 94. What is a descriptor table and segment descriptor in an Intel processor? 95. What are the various PTEs in Intel processor? 96. Compare global and local address space in a Pentium processor. 97. What is call gate? 98. In a protection mechanism, what happens if caller and callee are mutually suspicious so that neither trust the other? 99. Compare protection model for virtual memory in Alpha and IA-32. 100. How does speculative execution of conditional instructions affect the Memory system? 101. What is PAL mode in an ALPHA memory hierarchy? 102.Does I/O performance matter? 103.What is throughput? 104.Does CPU performance matter? 105.Does Performance matter? 106.What are the different storage devices available? 107.Define the terms: (a) Seek time (b) Rotational latency with reference to hard disk. 108.What is queuing delay? 109. How do you compute area density of magnetic disk? 110.What is a Flash memory? 111.What is split transaction? 112. What are the various bus standards available? 113.What is SCSI? 114. What is memory mapped I/O and Interrupt driven I/O? 115.What are done bit and error bit used for? 116. What is polling? 117. How do you interface storage devices to the CPU? 118. What is Reliability, Availability and Dependability with reference to storage systems? 119. What is a latent error and latent error processing? Compare latent error processing with effective error processing. 120. What is module reliability and module availability with reference to storage systems? 121. What are the various storage faults? How reliability can be ensured? 122. Explain the following terms: RAID, MTTF, Hot swapping? 123. What is mirroring? 124. What is bit interleaved parity and block interleaved parity? 125. What is P+Q redundancy? 126.What is Berkeleys Tertiary Disk? 127. Compare transient fault and hard faults. 128. What is Tandem and VAX? 129. How do you measure I/O performance?

86.

130. Which I/O devices can connect to a computer system? 131. How many I/O devices can connect to a computer system? 132. What is response time? 133.Compare Throughput vs Response time. 134. How do you categorize the interaction with a computer? 135.What is transaction time? 136. What is queuing theory? 137.What is queue or waiting line? 138. What is Littles law? 139. How do you measure server utilization? 140. How do you measure average residual service time? 141.What is SPEC SFS? 142. What is DMA and virtual DMA? 143. What is NAS? 144. Briefly explain the design of I/O system 16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Describe in detail how the four memory hierarchical questions can be handled? Illustrate the answers with an example. Explain how cache performance is measured and how it can be improved? Discuss in detail the various techniques available for reducing cache miss penalty? Discuss how cache behavior can be improved by reducing the miss rate? Discuss how reducing cache miss penalty or miss rate by parallelism would provide scope for performance improvement in a memory module? Explain how reducing hit time in a cache would speedup the memory module? Describe in detail how performance improvement of main memory could be targeted? Elaborate on the various memory technologies that you know and give a comparative study. With a neat hypothetical memory hierarchical picture, describe the concept of virtual memory and analyze the memory hierarchical questions with reference to it. Explain how performance improvement is achieved? Explain the paged and segmented virtual memory protections each with a suitable example. Compare them. Discuss the vital issues associated in designing a memory hierarchical module. Discuss in detail the various types of storage devices. Explain the Bus standards and the interfaces. With timing diagrams, explain the read and write operations occurring in a typical bus. Explain with a neat diagram, the interfacing of storage devices to the CPU. Discuss Reliability, Availability and Dependability for storage devices in detail. Explain RAID architecture in detail. Discuss about errors and failures of storage devices. Explain in detail how I/O performance of storage systems can be measured? Using queuing theory, explain how server utilization can be computed?

20. 21. 22.

Comment on the various benchmarks available for performance measurement of storage systems. Describe in detail the process involved in designing an I/O system. Discuss the role of a storage device in a digital camera.

UNIT V MULTI-CORE ARCHITECTURES TWO MARK QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. What is multithreading? Write short notes on multi-core processors? What are the different hardware multithreading techniques ? What is cycle-by-cycle interleaving, Write short notes on block interleaving? What is simultaneous multithreading.? Discuss Flynns taxonomy? Write about SISD? Write about MISD Write about SIMD? Define MIMD? What is Simultaneous multithreading? Define Chip multiprocessing

16 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Explain in Detail about Multicore architectures Discuss in detail about the applications benefit from multicore? Explain in detail about software multithreading? Discuss Flynns taxonomy? Explain in detail about hardware multithreading techniques ? Explain in detail about CMP architecture and SMT architecture ? Discuss the design issues of CMP and SMT architecture? Discuss about Intel multi-core architecture. Describe in detail about SUN CMP architecture Discuss in detail about heterogenous multi-core processors. Explain about IBM Cell Processor