When

The use of participles

1. 2. 3. the present participle (writing) the past participle (written) theperfect participle (having written).

**the present and the perfect participles also have a passive form (being written and having been written).

Present and perfect participles can also have passive forms:

active present participle perfect participle writing having written

passive being written having been written

The present and past participle used in tenses

Present participles are used in continuous tenses. It was getting darker and darker.

Past participles are used in perfect tenses. Ive just bought a new processor.

The past participle used in passive voice

The train was packed with people.

FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH, LISTEN, NOTICE + somebody / something + present participle
After these verbs the present participle expresses an action in progress.

In passive voice a continuous infinitive is used: He was seen to be climbing over the fence.

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If we want to emphasise that the action is completed, we use the infinitive: I saw him climb over the fence. (= I saw that he climbed) I have never heard this group perform this song. (= I have never heard this song performed by this group.)

Note that in passive voice to is inserted before the infinitive. He was seen to climb over the fence.

he past participle replacing a clause

The action expressed by the past participle happens before or at the same time as another one. The participle replaces a clause with a passive verb. Shocked by the explosion, the people ran for shelter. (= As/After/Since they were shocked by the explosion, the people ran for shelter.) Then we stood up, surrounded by thunderous applause. (= We stood up while/as we were surrounded by thunderous applause.)

If we want to emphasize that the action happens before the other one, we use a perfect passive participle: Having been beaten by Tyson, Geoffrey decided to give up boxing. (= After/As he had been beaten by Tyson, Geoffrey decided to give up boxing.)

The perfect participle replacing a clause

The action expressed with the perfect participle happens before another one. Having seen the film before, I didnt feel like going to the cinema. (= As I had seen the film before, I didnt feel like going to the cinema.)

The present participle replacing a clause

The action expressed with the present participle happens at the same time as or just before another one. Geoffrey walked down the street, singing happily. (= As he walked down the street, Geoffrey was singing happily.) Having nothing left to do, Julie went home. (= Since she had nothing left to do, Julie went home.) Opening the envelope, I found nothing. (= I opened the envelope and I found nothing.)

In the last sentence the opening of the letter happened right before the other action.

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EX.PARTICIPLES As arranged home, well meet outside He has been feeling terrible sick.ever since arriving in this country. On reaching home, I went Shaken her indifference Having finished Remember to use block capitals when completing the application. Unless required later, the key should be returned Remember to bend your knees, whenever lifting something way. Waiting for the bus Once opened, this product should be consumed. When using a dictionary All musical instruments, if played properly, hurt. Having thus established You find yourself thinking aboutsinging. Being warned about the approaching. Warned about the imminent storm Having been warned about Not being an expert Being a poor swimmer ** Standing at the top of the hill I could see all my friends.in the distance standing at the top While preparing the meal, he listened to the radio. Finding the window broken, we realized Before preparing the meal he consulted a recipe book Crawling across ..

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HOLD hands with sm, someone responsible, your breath, head high. She walked so fast that I couldnt KEEP UP WITH her = FOLLOW. Theres no point in trying to KEEP UP WITH the J. = CONTINUE. Youve done a lot of good work this month. I hope you can KEEP IT UP = CONTINUE Theyre getting married next month! KEEP IT TO YOURSELF = DONT TELL ANYONE. Ill KEEP MY FINGERS CROSSED Im sorry for what I did, I hope you wont HOLD IT AGAINST ME Their reasoning just Ididnt HOLD UP But they were HOLDING SOMETHING BACK = NOT TELLING THE TRUTH. We got HELD UP in the traffic = DELAYED. HOLD BACK: ASCENDER, VACILAR,OCULTAR HOLD ON:ESPERAR HOLD OUT:AGUANTAR, DURAR. HOLD OUT FOR: RETRASAR UN ACUERDO KEEP DOWN: NO DEJAR CRECER, recortar KEEP IN WITH: MANTENER BUENA RELACION KEEP OFF: NO TOCAR KEEP OUT OF: MANTENERSE AL MARGEN EX HOLD & KEEP The clouds look pretty ominous, I dont hold out much hope of sunny weather. Their supplies held out the subject till the rescue party got to them. Youd better keep off the subject of his marriage. They managed to keep their costs down by employing fewer people. It was private, so I thought to keep out of it.

When Their boss attitude was holding her back in her career. If she wants to get on, shell have to keep in with her boss. Tell all that you know, dont hold anything back. Our offer wasnt good enough, so they held out for more. As they climbed the cliif, the leader told them to hold on tight.

REPORTING
Here are some common verbs which describe a function rather than report original words: accept, admit, advise, agree, comfort, complain, congratulate, greet, interrupt, introduce, invite, remind, suggest, threaten, warn etc.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + TO + infinitive AGREE, CLAIM, DECIDE, DEMAND, HOPE, OFFER, PREFER,
PROMISE, REFUSE, THREATEN ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + somebody + TO + infinitive ASK, ADVISE, ALLOW, BEG,
COMMAND, ENCOURAGE, FORBID, INSTRUCT, INVITE, ORDER, PERMIT, PERSUADE, PREFER, RECOMMEND, REMIND, REQUEST, TELL, URGE, WARN, WANT ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + noun / gerund (-ING) ACCUSE SY OF, ADMIT (TO), APOLOGISE FOR, BOAST
ABOUT, CONFESS (TO), COMPLAIN (TO SY) ABOUT, DENY, INSIST ON, PROHIBIT, SUGGEST, WARN SY ABOUT ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause ADD, ADMIT, AGREE, ANSWER, BELIEVE, CLAIM, COMPLAIN, CONFESS,
CONFIRM, DECIDE, DENY, DOUBT, EXPLAIN, FEEL, HOPE, INSIST, MENTION, PROMISE, REPEAT, REPLY, SAY, SUGGEST ETC.

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Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause with SHOULD + infinitive

ADVISE, AGREE, DEMAND, INSIST, PREFER, PROPOSE, RECOMMEND, REQUEST, SUGGEST, URGE ETC.

Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause with subjunctive ADVISE, AGREE, DEMAND, INSIST,
PREFER, PROPOSE, RECOMMEND, REQUEST, SUGGEST, URGE ETC

Expressions of time if reported on a different day this (evening) today these (days) now (a week) ago last weekend here next (week) tomorrow

that (evening) yesterday ... those (days) then (a week) before the weekend before last / the previous weekend there the following (week) the next/following day

original utterance present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous past simple past continuous

reported sentence past simple past continuous past perfect past perfect continuous past perfect past perfect continuous

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past perfect past perfect continuous

past perfect past perfect continuous

original utterance can (present reference) can (future reference) may (uncertainty) may (permission with present reference) may (permission with future reference) will neednt must (obligation) must (certainty) could would might mustnt had better ought to should used to

reported sentence could would be able to might was allowed to would be allowed to would didnt need to/didnt have to had to must could would might mustnt had better ought to should used to

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original utterance tonight today this week/month/year/semester etc. now yesterday last night/week/month/year/time etc. tomorrow next week/month/year etc. five days/weeks/years etc. ago in five days'/weeks'/years' etc. time

reported sentence that night that day that week/month/year/semester etc. then the day before the previous night/week/month/year/time etc. the next/following day the next/following week/month/year etc. five days/weeks/years etc. before five days/weeks/years etc. later

EX. REPORTING He refused to help me and told me that I would have to do it by myself. She advised me not to write it all out in longhloand. He blamed me for our missing the bus, accusing me of misreading the timetable. r He wondered if I knew when the performance started, not wishing to be late. She suggested that I should telephone him she persuaded me to call him She warned me not to star giggling during the interview He persuaded me to type the letter out for him promising She accused me of borrowing her dictionary He threatened to me to call the police if I didnt my car She agreed me to accompany me. She implied that I should have finished writing my report.

When He forgave me for my rudeness, knowing that I was upset She apologized for breaking my sunglasses

INVERSION
There are two types of inversion:

(a) the subject and the verb change position (we call this full inversion):

In this type of inversion the subject and the verb of the sentence change position. In other words the verb is put before the subject.

When adverbs or adverbial expressions of place are placed at the beginning of the sentence we use full inversion.

But if the subject is a personal pronoun, no inversion is used.

If the utterance precedes the reporting verb, we can use full inversion and place this verb in front of the subject.

(b) the word order changes to the interrogative (question) form (we call this partial inversion): In this
type of inversion the subject and the auxiliary of the sentence change position. n case of present and past simple the auxiliary do/did is put before the subject and the verb is used in its simple infinitive form.

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Partial inversion after SO + adverb / adjective and SUCH

When adjective and adverbial phrases starting with so and such are moved to the beginning of a sentence for emphatic effect, partial inversion is used. So quickly did he run that the others couldnt catch up with him. (= He ran so quickly that the others couldn't catch up with him.)

When telling a story in the past time, if an event quickly follows another, these adverbials and partial inversion is used to express the first event. In the inverted clause usually past perfect is used. With no sooner than, however, we can also use simple past. Hardly had I arrived home when the telephone rang. (= I had hardly arrived home when the telephone rang.)

Ex INVERSION At no level of society do women have equal rights with men It occurred to me later (did)* A solitary pine tree stood at the top of the hill Little did they know that the sheriff Bang went the door. In came fred. On came all the lights.out went the cat. Rarely shy people taken as seriously as assertive people. FILL THE GAPS Little did she/anyone realize that Not only does she play the piano.she sings well Never in my life have / had I so humiliated. No sooner had I got into the baththe phone started ringing Only after a long searc h

Under no circumstances should/must the fire doors be blocked Not until everyone had finished were the rest of us. Not once during her entire life has she been Not only is he rather nave but she also seems to be

When No sooner had we started OPPOSITES NAVE SOPHISTICATED BRAVE-COWARDY/TIMID, SORRY-UNREPENTANT, SLOWING DOWN-ACCELERATED, GUILTY-INNOCENT, HELP-HINDERED ME, SPENDING- SAVED IT, PULLING X OPEN-PUSHED IT TO, REASSURING-UPSET ME, GET ANGRY- STAYED CALM, ANTONYM-SYNONYM, SLAMMING-CLOSED QUIETLY. 1)IN CONSPICIOUS, TOLERANT, FREQUENT, ADVISABLE, COMPETETN, DISCREET, EXPLICABLE, ACCESIBLE, STABILITY, VISIBLE, APPROPRIATE, CONSIDERATE, DISTINCT, GRATITUDE, SINCERE, CONSISTENT, EFFICIENT, SINCERITY, SUFFICIENT. 3)UN ACCEPTABLE, DESIRABLE, EVENTFUL, FORGETTABLE,MANAGEABLE, SOCIABLE, CLEARLY, CONVENTIONAL, DIGNIFIED, EXPECTED, PREDICTABLE, SOPHISTICATED, TRUSWORTHY, COMPETENT, CONVINCING, GRATEFUL, REWARDING, DECIDED, FAITHFUL, STABLE, WANTED, AWARE, FORESEEN, IMAGINATIVE, WELCOME. 3) DIS CONNECT, AVANTAGE, AGREEABLE, APPROVE, ARM, CONTENTED, ENTANGLE, RESPECTFUL, SATISFAIED, SIMILAR 4)IL LOGICAL, LEGAL, LEGIBLE, LEGITIMATE, 5)IR RATIONAL, REGULAR, RELEVANT, RESPONSIBLE. Out we went in our best clothes, and down came the train Off drove the thieves with the police Up went the umbrellas. Home we went, wet through Sitting beside her in the train was a tall dark stranger Lying under the table was a cat fat tabby. The edge of the city gave way and down she fell Behind the wall was a ferocious dog barking Not until then realized I had made a very

CLUMSY-CAREFUL FEARLESS-FEARFUL/COWARDLY, NEAT-UNTIDY/MESSY. NOISY-QUIET, PROUD-HUMBLE/MODEST, RARE-COMMON, RESTLESS-CALM, TACTFUL-TACTFULESS, TALKATIVE-QUIET/TACITURN TRIVIALSIGNIFICANT/SERIOUS.

When CONCEITED- MODEST, DECEITFUL- TRUHTFUL, OPEN, FRANK. FUSSY- LAID BACK. LAZY-HARD-WORKING. MALICIOUS-KINDHEARTED. MEAN-GENEROUS. NARROW-MINDED-LIBERAL. NEUROTIC-NONCHALANT. PRETENTIOUSUNASSUMING. SECRETIVE-OPEN, FRANK. SOLITARY-SOCIABLE. SULLENCHEERFUL. TOUCHY-EASY GOING.

ING & TO To answer a letter/phone To contact sm by phone or post To drop a line to give sm a ring to keep in touch to reply to a letter to tell som a story to write sm a letter to get from the airport to the city .taking a taxi I never beento go there someday After a heavy meal I cant face taking exercise The night exam..unwise to risk going out all the night After struggling to follow.trying to read the novel Some people enjoy listening.i prefer listening metallica First chapter.i kept on reading on There was a violent..on walking in a safe place After a hard day working I feel like having a break If I heat a baby crying I cantto listen After an English class I dont mind doing extra work After being ill 3 .i began to feel better She probably wasnt.why not try to call her again? Someone started but I pretended not to hear.

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FORMING ADJECTIVES ABLE acceptable, admirable, advisable, breakable, describable, forgivable, obtainable, ING astonishing, convincing, distressing, disturbing, forgiving, inspiring, overwhelming, promising, upsetting. IVE communicative, informative, instructive, descriptive, cooperative, possessive, preventive, productive. AL conventional, educational, fictional, functional, intentional, musical, personal, professional, proportional, seasonal, secretarial, sensational. IC diplomatic, enigmatic, idealistic, magnetic, materialistic, optimistic, pessimistic, realistic, romantic. OUS adventurous, ambitious, fictitious, malicious, religious, spacious. LY fortnightly, quarterly, weekly, yearly, ED curly-haired, experienced, long-legged, pale-skinned. Ed-n educated, finished, unknown, satisfied Ical alphabetical, historical Ish childish, stylish, boyish, snobbish Y draughty, airy,brainy, funny Worthy seaworthy, trustworthy, noteworth, newsworthy, noteworthy. GET & BRING Shes a very gregarious person ans seems to get on with I promised to go food shopping..and I cant get out of Was it because they pleaded guilty thatgot off with a fine, insteador the judge had been got at? There is not point in having good ideas.dont get them down writing The un intervention brought about If you want to get on in politics..and get in with people

When Im sorry to get on I know how to handle himIll be able to get round him. I havent done the workwhen Ill get round to it I have to be at work can you get me up at Im sorry to bring this up. What have the children been getting up while i. bring about - ocasionar, provocar bring up - subir, criar, educar, mencionar como tema de discusin
(to) get at: alcanzar, llegar a/ insinuar/ criticar/ meterse con. Get down: bajar, apuntar, deprimir Get in with: juntarse con Get off with: ligar Get on: subir,ponerse, hacerse Viejo, avanzar Get on to:ponerse en contacto, localizar,

THERE Theres somebody waiting to see you. There are no easy answers to most political problems. Theres no point in trying to. There is more coverage given to sport Luckily for us there was a telephone box Theres no need to shout There are 14 branches. Come quickly!there has been an .there may be some people. There he stood with There were fifteen. PREFIXES ANTI American democracy federal feminist monarchy test union PRO American democracy federal feminist monarchy union

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PRE cooked packed test HALF American asleep brother cooked expect packed truth way RE appear build capture fasten fillable grow load number print united usable value work UN block fasten load usuable OVER build estimate work load simplify UNDER estimate value OUT grow number vote SELF defeating educated employed explanatory governing preservation sufficient CO director exit owner COUNTER measure EX director official owner policeman president SEMI automatic circular educated official productive SUB standard heading title EX oversimplification overestimating pro-strike outvoted counter-productive overreact subtitles super-rich superstars outsell self-explanatory half expected ex wife counter-attack pre-arranged reappeared half-frozen ANTE BEFORE NATAL ROOM AUTO BY ITSELF REVERSE RECORD TIMER FORE BEFORE WARNED ARMED TASTE POST AFTER WAR GRADUATE MEGA LARGE STAR DOLLARS MONO ONE SYLLABIC CHROME BI DOUBLE CENTENARY ANNUAL SEXUAL LATERAL LINGUAL TRI LATERAL LOGY PET

ADVERBS 1) in front of the main verb or after the verb to be We have just, already, almost finished our work. I always, just, often, utterly, quite disagree

When It is never, hardly ever, seldom as cold as this. 2) in front of the verb or after the object, continually, perpetually, regularly, sporadically, absolutely, altogether, completely, constantly enormously, entirely, exactly, greatly, more or less, perfectly. 3) verbs more of than word are normally placed at the end or beginning of a sentence Again and again, all the time, every so often, from time to time, many times, most of the tome, once a week, once every x years, in the past, the following week, the previous day, within the hour. ADVERBS NEVER GO BETWEEN A VERB AND DO 4) can be placed at the beginning, in front of the main verb or after the main verb or object normally, occasionally, periodically, sometimes, usually afterwards, at once, clearly, eventually, immediately, later, obviously, presently, shortly, soon, suddenly, probably, presumably. 5) adverbs of manner which describe how people react, act or speak are placed after the main verb or its object though other positions are possible she was very foolishly or violently. He held up the prize proudly and thanked everyone gratefully or sincerely. She took his hand gratefully, lovingly and looked gloomily into his eyes. I raised my hand instinctively to protect my face.

REWRITE WH Wherever he goes, he takes a phrasebook with him. You can arrive whenever you like. All I did was stick out my tongue at her. What you did was very rude All she needs is someone to tell her troubles to. I dont mind where you put it. Whether you write or phone doesnt really matter Whenever you arrive, get in touch What he said made a big impression on me What astonished me was her confidence

MAKE & DO Someone was comingbut I couldnt make out who it was. Adrift.they were done for.

When I dont seewhat this has to do with you. It was a 3-seafearer.but they refused to make room for me. None of it is true I made it all up Im sorry yoi had to do allIll make it up to you. They were finding.difficult to make both ends meet. How can I ever make amends Its no vey importan really, youre making a big mountain of a molehill Shhh dont make a scene. Its a shame we were held up..make up for lost time Its a terrible portrait..do justice to him EX I left my bike outsidehas made off it Youve done this room up. We went out for a meal to make up for our disappointment It youre not comingill make up some sandwiches We collect 5so I made it up yo a round 10 Your shoes need doing uo otherwise youll tripe over the laces Do you agree thatr all exam should be done away with Youre heading in the wrongif youre making for the station If too many news.ones will be done out of our jobs He threw anythingand then made off without another word

PASSIVE I was told by a friend that you have been awarded a scholarship. Both cars were badly damaged in the crash, but no one was injured. After the bather had been rescued, he was taken to hospital. After he had operated on, he was told to stay in bed for weeks.

When MC are sold all over the world. Liverpool were held to a draw by everton. The square may be crowded with thousands demonstratos tonight. The plane was scheduled to land at moon but ot has been delayed The tennis mach was rained off There were flooded with requests for the samples of the new product. An escaped prisoner has been seen, who is believed to be dangerous. I think im going to sneeze can could you give a tissue. Will you be able to makewhen you are in/go to/ visit Hqve you decidedare you going to go by car /are you going to take the bus Supposing ypu car breaks downwhat will you do? Our flight is due to landwill be/is going to be/might be By the time the plane lands.will have been No one knows for sure what the future will bring. In the next century, tourism is going to be/ is likely to be While you are away on holidays Im going to be=Ill send Ive no idea Ill have As soon as I receivell give you Its time we decided what we are going to do. I hope nobody callsll be having What willif I leave Im looking forward to reading.you have

SIMILAR MEANING Why ever didnt you tell me before We were still waiting at midnight for the plane to take off Arriving at he airport, I was told that my flight had been cancelled Never having flown before, I was very nervous

When The only thing I want to do is spend the rest of my life with you Not only do they go on holiday in the winter but in the summer too Little did we realize that our hotel was right beside the airport I propose that he be sent a letter explaining the situation She never fails to get the right answers Only after writing several lettersdid we manage to get our money back