Slope Deflection Method

CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The slope-deflection method uses displacements as unknowns and is referred to as a displacement
method. In the slope-deflection method, the moments at the ends of the members are expressed in
terms of displacements and end rotations of these ends.

An important characteristic of the slope-deflection method is that it does not become increasingly
complicated to apply as the number of unknowns in the problem increases. In the slope-deflection
method the individual equations are relatively easy to construct regardless of the number of unknowns

2.0 DERIVATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

When the loads are applied to a frame or to a continuous beam, the member will develop end
moments and become deformed as indicated. The notation used in the figure will be followed.
Fundamental Slope-Deflection Equations:

H
AB
=
2LI
L
0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
L
+ H
AB

H
BA
=
2LI
L
0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
L
+ H
BA

Where :
Case A : Fixed End Moment

AB
= -
AB
;
BA
=
BA

M
AB
B
A B
w
A
M
BA

FEM
AB
FEM
BA
A

B

w


AB
= -
w
2
12
;
BA
= +
w
2
12

AB
= -
P
2
2
;
BA
= +
P
2
2

Case B: rotation at A

AB
=
4
0
A
;
BA
=
2
0
B
; |xed ed, 0 =
B A
w
L
w
2
12

w
2
12

w
2

w
2

P
a b
L
A
B
P
2
( +2)
3

P
2
2

P
2
2

P
2
( +2)
3

A

M
AB
M
BA
B

A

Case D: displacement of end B related to end A

AB
= -
2
A ;
BA
= -
2
A

3.0 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

General Procedure:

Step 1: Scan the beam and identify the number of (a) segments and (b) kinematic unknowns. A
segment is the portion of the beam between two nodes. Kinematic unknowns are those rotations and
displacements that are not zero and must be computed. The support or end conditions of the beam
will help answer the question.
Step 2: For each segment, generate the two governing equations. Check the end conditions to see
whether one of the end rotations is zero or not (it is not possible for both the end rotations and other
deflection components to be zero). If there are no element loads, the FEM term is zero. If there are
one or more element loads, use the appropriate formula to compute the FEM for each element load
and then sum all the FEMs. If one end of the segment displace relative to the other, compute the
chord rotation; otherwise it is zero.

Step 3: For each kinematic unknown, generate an equilibrium condition using the free-body
diagram.

Step 4: Solve for all unknowns by combining all the equations from steps 2 and 3. Now the equations
are entirely in terms of the kinematic unknowns.
Step 5: Compute the support reactions with appropriate FBDs.

M
BA
M
AB
A

B


Example 1:
A continuous beam is supported and loaded as shown in the figure. Analyze the beam for support moments
and reactions.

Solution :

H
AB
= -
ob
2
I
2

H
AB
= -

2
9
2
-

2
9
2
= -9.
H
BA
=
bo
2
I
2

H
BA
=

2
9
2
+

2
9
2
= .

Slope-deflection equation: hence
A
= 0,
B
= ?, = 0
H
AB
=
I
I
_0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ + H
AB
=
I
9
_0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ - 9. = . 220
B
- 9. 7...(1)

H
BA
=
I
I
_0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
I
_ + H
BA
=
I
9
_0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
I
_ + . = . 440
B
+ 73. 33.... (2)

A
B
60 kN
25 kN
3 m 3 m 3 m
60 kN
25 kN
FEM
AB
FEM
BA
A
B
0 0
0 0
a
a
b
b

Hence, M
B
= 0;
M
BA
= 0; .I0
B
+ . =
I0
B
= -
73.33
0.44
= -. ..(3)

Substituting eq. (3) into eq. (1) & (2);
H
AB
= .I0
B
- 9. = .(-.) - 9. = -.
H
BA
= .I0
B
+ . = .(= .) + . =

Support reaction;
M
B
= 0;
-. +( ) + ( ) - (
B
9) =
B
= 21. 85 N

V = 0;
A
+ .8 - - =
A
= 3. 15 N

A
B
60 kN
25 kN
3 m 3 m 3 m
-133.33 kNm

Shear force and bending moment diagram;

A
B
60 kN
25 kN
3 m 3 m 3 m
-133.33 kNm
63.15 kN
21.85 kN
56.12 kNm
65.57 kNm
133.33 kNm
63.15 kN
3.15 kN
21.85 kN
+ve
-ve
+ve
-ve

Example 2:

Solution:

H
AB
= -
I
2
= -

2
= -.
H
BA
=
I
2
=

2
= .

H
BC
= -I = - = -
H
CB
=

2I
I
A
B
10 kN/m
5 kN
C
4 m 2 m
10 kN/m
A B
FEM
AB
FEM
BA
L = 4 m
B
5 kN
C
FEM
BC
L =2 m

Slope-deflection equation: hence
A
= 0,
B
=? = 0
H
AB
=
I
I
_0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ + H
AB
=
()I
_0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ - . = 0
B
- 13. 33...(1)

H
BA
=
I
I
_0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
I
_ + H
BA
=
()I
_0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
I
_ + . = 20
B
+ 13. 33.... (2)
H
Bc
= -1 N
H
CB
= N

Hence, M
B
= 0;
M
BA
+ M
Bc
= 0; 20
B
+ 13. 33 -1 =
I0
B
= -
3.33
2
= -. .. (3)

Substituting eq. (3) into eq. (1) & (2);
H
AB
= I0
B
- . = -. - . = -15 N
H
BA
= I0
B
+ . = ( -.) + . = 1N
H
Bc
= -1 N
H
CB
= N

M
B
= 0;
- - ( ) +( ) + (
A
) =
A
= 21. 25 N

0 0
0 0
2I
I
A
B
10 kN/m
5 kN
C
4 m 2 m
-15 kNm
10 kNm -10 kNm

V = 0;
B
+ . - ( ) - =
B
= 23. 75 N

Shear force and bending moment diagram;

2I
I
A
B
10 kN/m
5 kN
C
4 m 2 m
-15 kNm
10 kNm -10 kNm
23.75 kN 21.25 kN
21.25 kN
18.75 kN
5 kN
+ve
+ve
-ve
2.13 m
1.87 m
7.63 kNm
9.9 kNm
15 kNm
+ve
-ve
-ve

Exercise 1:
By using Slope Deflection Method, determine:
i. Fixed end moment value
ii. Final bending moment diagram
iii. Shear force and bending moment diagrams

Solution:
H
AB
= -
()
2
= -
H
BA
=
()
2
=
H
BC
= -
()
2
-
()()
2
2
= -.
H
CB
=
()
2
+
()()
2
2
= .8

Hence
A
=
c
= 0 and = 0;
H
AB
=
I
I
_0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ + H
AB
=
I
_0
A
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ - = . 70
B
- 15...(1)

H
BA
=
I
I
_0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
I
_ + H
BA
=
I
_0
B
+ 0
A
-
A
I
_ - = 1. 330
B
+ 15...(2)

H
BC
=
I
I
_0
B
+ 0
C
-
A
I
_ + H
BC
=
I
_0
B
+ 0
C
-
A
I
_ - . = . 70
B
- 155. 5...(3)

H
CB
=
I
I
_0
B
+ 0
C
-
A
I
_ + H
CB
=
I
_0
C
+ 0
B
-
A
I
_ + .8 = . 330
B
+ 137. 78...(4)

40 kN
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
3 m 2 m 4 m
A
B
C
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0

Hence, M
B
= 0;
M
BA
+ M
Bc
= 0;
.I0
B
+ + .I0
B
- . =
0
B
= 7. 28..(5)

Substituting eq. (5) into eq. (1) - (4);
AB
= .I0
B
- = 32. 9 N
BA
= .I0
B
+ = 18. 47 N
BC
= .I0
B
- . = -18. 47 N
CB
= .I0
B
+ .8 = 1. 97 N

Support reaction;

20 kN/m
A B
108.47 kNm 32.09 kNm
3 m
V
A V
B1
_H
B
= ;
.9 + 8. - () _
] +
A
() =

A
= -1. 85 N
_ = ;
-.8 - () +
B1
=

B1
= 7. 85 N

40 kN/m
B C
160.97 kNm 108.47 kNm
2 m
V
B2 V
C
40 kN
4 m
_H
C
= ;
-8. +.9 -() _
] - () +
B2
() =

B2
= 137. 92 N
_ = ;
.9 - () - +
C
=

C
= 142. 8 N


Shear force & bending moment diagram;

40 kN
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
3 m 2 m 4 m
A
B
C
32.09 kNm
160.97 kNm
16.85 kN
214.77 kN
142.08 kN
3.55 m
0.45 m
16.85
76.85
137.92
57.92
17.92
142.08
161.02
31.85
108.7
91.17
87.14
-ve -ve
+ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve

Example 3

Solution
1. Fixed end moment
H
AB
=
H
BA
= +
= ( .) +
( .
2
)
= .
H
BC
= -
-
ob
2
2
= -
()
2
-
8(.)(.)
2
2
= -.8
H
CB
=

2
+
ob
2
2
=
()
2
+
8(.)(.)
2
2
= .8
H
C
= - = -
H
C
=
2. Supports B and C do not settle, nor are they displaced up or down,o
B
= o
C
= . The slopes at B, (
B
)
and C, (
C
) are unknown. The moment equation:

+
2(20
+ 0
-
6

H
AB
=
H
BA
= .
H
BC
= -.8 +
2LI(20
B
+0
C
)
L
-
6LI6
L

= -.8 +
2LI(20
B
+0
C
)
5
-
6LI(0)
5
(1)
H
CB
= .8 +
2LI(20
C
+0
B
)
L
-
6LI6
L

= .8 +
2LI(20
B
+0
C
)
5
-
6LI(0)
5
(2)
H
C
= -
A
B
C
D
16 kN
80 kN
16 kN
2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m
10 kN/m

H
C
=
3. From the equilibrium equation, we know that:
_H
B
= _H
C
= ;
_H
B
= ; H
BA
+ H
BC
= ;
. - .8 +
2LI(20
B
+0
C
)
5
=

I(0
B
+ 0
C
)
= -.
0
C
= -
2.1
2LI
- 0
B
()
_H
C
= ; H
BC
+ H
C
= ;
.8 +
I(0
+0
- =

I(0
C
+ 0
= -.8
0
C
+0
B
= -
154.15
2LI
()
4. Substituting (3) into (4);
0
B
=
24.99
LI
()

5. Substituting (5) into (3);
0
c
= -
.
I

6. Substituting 0
B
and 0
c
into (1) and (2)
H
BC
= -.
H
CB
=

A B
C
D
16 kN
80 kN
16 kN
10 kN/m
71.25 kNm
40 kNm
R
B
R
C

7. Support reaction;

16 kN
10 kN/m
71.25 kNm
R
B1
A B
= ;
- - (.) +
B1
=
R
B1
= 41 N
80 kN
10 kN/m
40 kNm
R
C1
B
C
R
B2
71.25 kNm
2.5 m 2.5 m
2.5 m
H
B
= ;
- . + (8 .)+( .) -
C1
() =
R
C1
= 58. 75 N
H
C
= ;
- . - (8 .)-( .) +
B2
() =
R
B2
= 71. 25 N

40 kNm
R
C2
C

D

16 kN

2.5 m

= ;
+
C2
=
R
C2
= 1 N


8. Shear force and bending moment diagram

+

-

-

+

+

-

75.63 kN

71.25 kN

40 kN

+

16 kN

71.25 kN

46.25 kN

16 kN

41 kN

33.75 kN

58.75 kN


Example 4
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown. Support B settles 10 mm, and EI is
constant. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 400x10
6
mm
4
.

Solution:
Fixed end moment
H
AB
= -
.()
2
= -8.
H
BA
=
.()
2
= 8.
H
BC
= -
(.)(.)
2
2
= -.
H
CB
=
(.)(.)
2
2
= .
Calculate the settlement at support B
Span AB;
3A
L
=
3(0.010)
4
= .
-3

Span BA;
3A
L
=
3(0.010)
5
= -
-3

Supports A and C do not settle, nor are they displaced up or down,A
A
= A
C
= . The slopes at B, (
B
) and C,
(
C
) are unknown. The moment equation:

H
AB
= (
6
)( (
-6
)) / 0
A
+ 0
B
- .
-
8. = 12 0
B
- 98. 33...(1)
H
BA
=
(
6
)( (
-6
))
0
B
+ 0
A
- .
-
+ 8. = 24 0
B
- 891. 7...(2)
H
BC
=
(
6
)( (
-6
))
0
B
+ 0
C
+
-
.
= 128 0
B
+ 4 0
C
+ 352. 75...(3)
H
CB
=
(
6
)( (
-6
))
0
C
+ 0
B
+
-
+ .
= 128 0
C
+4 0
B
+ 415. 25...(4)

6.25 kN/m
50 kN
4 m 2.5 m 2.5 m
3I 2I
A
B
C
0
0

From the equilibrium equation, we know that:
H
B
= ; H
BA
+ H
BC
= ;
0
B
- 89. +8 0
B
+ 0
C
+ . =
8 0
B
+ 0
C
= 8.9 ..... . ()
H
C
= ;
8 0
C
+ 0
B
+ . =
0
C
= -
0
B
- .
8

0
C
= -.0
B
- .
-3
..... ()
Substituting (6) into (5)
8 0
B
+ (-.0
B
- .
-3
) = 8.9
0
B
= .8
0
B
= 2. 22 1
-3
.. (7)
Substituting (7) into (6)
0
C
= .0
B
- .
-3

0
C
= .(.
-3
) - .
-3

0
C
= -4. 35 1
-3
(8)
Substituting (7) & (8) into (1)-(4)
H
AB
= -.9
H
BA
= -8.8
H
BC
= 8.
H
CB
= .

R
A

R
B
R
C

6.25 kN/m
50 kN
4 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
3I 2I
.9
8.8
8.

H
B
= ;
8.8 + (.) -
C
() =
R
C
= 9. 7 N
= ;
B2
+ 9. - =
R
B2
= -4. 7 N
Span BC

H
A
= ;
-.9 -8.8 +
.(
2
)
-
B
() =
R
B1
= -237. 8 N
= ;
A
- .8 - .() =
R
A
= 22. 7 N
Span AB

262.68
237.68
46.76
96.76
+
-
-
641.93
358.79
241.89
+
-

4.0 ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITH NO SIDESWAY

A frame will not side sway, or be displaced to the left or right, provided it is properly restrained. Also no
side sway will occur in an unrestrained frame provided it is symmetric with respect to both loading and
geometry


Example 5
It is required to analyze the frame for moments at the ends of members. EI is constant for all members.

1. Fixed End Moment (FEM)
H
AB
= kNm
H
BA
= kNm
FEN
BC
=
-(120)(8)
2
12
= - kNm
FEN
CB
=
(120)(8)
2
12
= kNm
H
C
= kNm
H
C
= kNm
2. Hence
A
=
D
= 0, and displacement, = 0 (no sidesway)
= == =
N
+ + + +
2
( ( ( ( X X X X + ++ + Y Y Y Y + + + + ) )) )
H
AB
= +
2LI
5
(() + B + ()) = .EIB ()
H
BA
= +
2LI
5
(B + + ()) = .8EIB ()
H
BC
= - +
2LI
8
(B + C + ()) = - + .EIB + .EIC ()
H
CB
= +
2LI
8
(C + B + ()) = + .EIC + .IB ()
H
C
= +
2LI
5
(C + + ()) = .8EIC ()
120 kN/m
A
B C
8 m
5 m
D

H
C
= +
2LI
5
(() + C + ()) = .EIC ()
3. From the equilibrium equation, we know that:
NB = NC = :
NB = : .8EIB + .EIB + .EIC = (2) + (3)
C = (EI) .B (7)
NC = : + .EIC + .EIB + .8EIC = (4) + (5)
.EIC + .EIB = - (8)
4. Substituting (7) into (8)

.EIC + .EIB = -
.EI |(EI) .B] + .EIB = -
B = 9.EI (9)

C = (EI) .B
= (EI) .|9.EI]
C = -9.EI (10)

6. Substituting (9), & (10) into (1) (6)

H
AB
= .EIB = .8 kNm
H
BA
= .8EIB = 8. kNm
H
BC
= - + .EIB + .EIC = -8. kNm
H
CB
= + .EIC + .IB = 8. kNm
H
C
= .8EIC = -8. kNm
H
C
= .EIC = -.8 kNm

7. Support reaction
Span BC

120 kN/m
8 m
R
BC
R
CB

487.6 kNm 487.6 kNm
NC = :
-8. + 8. ( x 8 x ) + R RR RBC BC BC BC (8) =
R RR RBC BC BC BC = 8 kN = 8 kN = 8 kN = 8 kN
Rv = :
8 ( x 8) + R RR RCB CB CB CB =
R RR RCB CB CB CB = == = 8 kN 8 kN 8 kN 8 kN


Span AB

Span CD

487.6 kNm
243.8 kNm
B
A
R
AB

R
V
= 0:
R
AB
= 0 kN

487.6 kNm
243.8 kNm
C
D
R
DC

R
V
= 0:
R
DC
= 0 kN


480 kN
480 kN
472.4 kNm
243.8 kNm 243.8 kNm
487.6 kNm 487.6 kNm

B
A
+
-
C
D
+
+
-
487.6 kNm 487.6 kNm
- -

Example 6

H
AB
= -
(32)(1)(3)
2
4
2
= -8
H
BA
=
(32)(3)(1)
2
4
2
=

H
BC
= -
wL
2
12
=
-(24)(4)
2
12
= - kNm
H
CB
= -
wL
2
12
=
-(24)(4)
2
12
= - kNm
H
B
= 0 kNm
H
B
= 0 kNm

2. Hence
C
=
D
= 0, and displacement, = 0 (no sides way frame). And Slope Deflection equation:
=
N
+
2
(2
X
+

Y
+ 3)
H
AB
= -8 +
2LI
4
(A + B + ()) = -8 + EIA + .EIB
(1)
H
BA
= +
2LI
4
(B + A + ()) = + EIB + .EIA
(2)
H
BC
= - +
2LI
4
(B + + ()) = - + EI B
(3)
H
B
= +
2LI
4
(B + + ()) = EIB
(4)
1 m
4 m 3 m
4 m
32 kN
24 kN/m
C
A
B
D

H
CB
= +
2LI
4
(() + B + ()) = + .EIB
(5)
H
B
= +
2LI
4
(() + B + ()) = .EIB
(6)

3. Since M
A =
M
B
= 0:
NA = : -8 + EIA + .EIB =
A = (8EI) .B
(7)
NB = : + EIB + .EIA - + EI B + EIB =
.EIA + EIB = (8)

.EI |(8EI) .B] + EIB =
-.EIB + EIB =
B BB B = == = .8EI .8EI .8EI .8EI (9)

A = (8EI) .|.8EI]
A AA A = == = .9EI .9EI .9EI .9EI (10)

6. Substituting (9) and (10) into (1) (6)

H
AB
= kNm
H
BA
= 9. kNm
H
BC
= -.8 kNm
H
B
= .8 kNm
H
CB
= .9 kNm
H
B
= .9 kNm


7. Support reaction

Span AB

Span BC

Span BD

NB= :
9. ( x ) + R RR RAB AB AB AB () =
R RR RAB AB AB AB = == = 9.9 kN 9.9 kN 9.9 kN 9.9 kN
Rv = :
9.9 + R RR RBA BA BA BA =
R RR RBA BA BA BA = == = .9 kN .9 kN .9 kN .9 kN

Nc= :
-.8 + .9 ( x x ) + R RR RBC BC BC BC () =
R RR RBC BC BC BC = .8 kN = .8 kN = .8 kN = .8 kN
Rv = :
.8 ( x ) + R RR RCB CB CB CB =
R RR RCB CB CB CB = == = . kN . kN . kN . kN

24 kN/m
4 m
R
BC
R
CB

25.82 kNm 35.09 kNm
6.18 kNm
3.09 kNm
B
D
R
DB

R
V
= 0:
R
DB
= 0 kN

3 m
R
AB
R
BA

0 kNm 19.64 kNm
32 kN
1 m


19.09
12.91
45.68
50.32
1.9 m
2.1 m
19.09
19.64
25.82
35.26
17.57
3.09
6.18
+
+ +
+ +
-
-
-
-
-

Example 7

H
AB
H1
=
-wL
2
12
= -
(3)(3)
2
12
= -. kNm
H
BA
H1
=
wL
2
12
=
(3)(3)
2
12
= . kNm
H
BC
H1
=
-wL
2
12
- PL =
-(3)(3)
2
12
- ( x ) = - kNm
H
B
H1
= kNm
H
B
H1
= kNm

2. Hence
A
=
D
=
N
+
2
(2
X
+

Y
+ 3)
H
AB
= -. +
2LI
3
(() + B + ()) = -. + .EIB
(1)
H
BA
= . +
2LI
3
(B + + ()) = . + .EIB

(2)
H
BC
= -

(3)
H
B
= +
2LI
4
(B + + ()) = EIB
(4)
H
B
= +
2LI
4
(() + B + ()) = .EIB
(5)

B
3 kN/m
C
A
D
2 m 3 m
4 m
4 kN

3. Since M
B
= 0:
NB = : . + .EIA + EIB - =
B = (.EI)

(6)
4. Substituting (6) into (1) (5)

H
AB
= . kNm
H
BA
= 8.9 kNm
H
BC
= - kNm
H
B
= . kNm
H
B
= . kNm

5. Support reaction
Span AB

Span BC

Span BD

3 kN/m
3 m
R
AB
R
BA

1.11 kNm 8.97 kNm
NB= :
. + 8.9 ( x x .) + R RR RAB AB AB AB () =
R RR RAB AB AB AB = . kN = . kN = . kN = . kN
Rv = :
. ( x ) + R RR RBA BA BA BA =
R RR RBA BA BA BA = == = .8 kN .8 kN .8 kN .8 kN

3 kN/m
2 m
R
Bc

4 kN
C
Rv = :
( x ) + R RR RBc Bc Bc Bc =
R RR RBc Bc Bc Bc = == = kN kN kN kN

5.03 kNm
2.52 kNm
B
D
R
V
= 0:
R
DB
= 0 kN

R
DB

14 kNm


1.14
7.86
10
4
0.38 m
2.62 m
1.11
8.97
1.33
14
2.52
5.03
+
+
+
+
-
-

Example 8

H
AB
= -
(9)(
2
)
= -
H
BA
=
(9)(
2
)
=
H
BC
= -
()()(
2
)
2
= -.
H
CB
= -
()()(
2
)
2
= .

2. Hence
A
=
C

H
AB
=
2LI
4
(0
A
+0
B
) - = . 50
B
- 12 (1)

H
BA
=
I
(0
B
+ 0
A
) + = 0
B
+ 12 ()

H
BC
=
I
(0
B
+ 0
C
) - . = 1. 330
B
- 2. 22 ()

H
CB
=
I
(0
C
+ 0
B
) + . = . 70
B
+ 1. 11 ()

3. Since M
B
= 0:
_H
BA
+ _H
BC
= ;

4 m
A B
C
9 kN/m
1m
2 m
5 kN
0
0
0
0

I0
B
+ + .I0
B
- . =
I0
B
= -.9 ()

4. Substituting (5) into (1) (4)

H
AB
= -.
H
BA
= .8
H
BC
= -.8
H
CB
= -.9

5. Support reaction

Span AB

Span BC

14.10
7.81
9 kN/m
4 m
R
A R
B1
_H
B
= ;
-. + .8 - (9 ) +
A
() =
A
= 9.
_
= ;
9. +
B1
- (9)() =
B1
= .
_H
C
= ;
-.8 - .9 - ( ) +
B2
() =
B2
= .
_
X
= ;
. +
C
- =
C
= -.
R
B2
R
C
1m
1.69
5 kN
7.81
2 m


+
+
-
19.57
16.43
6.5
1.5
14.10
7.4
7.4
7.81
1.31
1.69
-
-
+
+

Slope Deflection Method

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Slope Deflection Method

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CHAPTER 2: SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

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