Assessing Amazon regional energy, water and carbon exchange using SiB3/LIS

NASA/LBA-ECO (CD36) Rafael Rosolem (University of Arizona) Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves (NASA GSFC) William James Shuttleworth (University of Arizona)

July, 2007

Who am I?
Where do I come from? Piracicaba, SP, Brazil BSc in Meteorology (2002) at Univ. of So Paulo - Undergrad Research with soil respiration controlled by soil temperature and moisture MSc in Agricultural Systems Ecology (2005) at Univ. of So Paulo - Impact of regional Amazon deforestation on water-energy fluxes caused by road paving (BR-163 highway) Visiting Research Collaborator (2003/2004) at UofA - Automatic parameter estimation techniques applied to SiB2 using Amazon site dataset PhD candidate at UofA (2006-?) - Energy, water, and carbon exchange over the Amazon basin, LSM, Optimization, Data Assimilation (???)

What are the scientific questions?

1. How are the sources and sinks of CO2 located over the Amazon? 2. What is the seasonality of these sources and sinks along the year? 3. Can we identify and quantify the relationships between the carbon dynamics and energy-water cycles?

Saleska et al. 2003 (Science)

Huete et al. 2006 (GRL) 3

Why the Amazon rainforest?

The LBA project has helped the scientific community to better understand the way the Amazon rainforest function with respect to the energy, water and carbon exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere.

STRONG CARBON DYNAMICS gives us the opportunity to better identify and analyze the carbon exchange over the rainforest

Why the Amazon rainforest?

We have been studying the region for the last couple of years: - South American LDAS (de Goncalves et al. 2006 - JGR)

The impact of selective logging on SiB2 parameters using multicriteria optimization algorithms (Rosolem et al. 2005 IAHS Assembly)
-

Why the Amazon rainforest?

Available eddy flux measurements for modeling (calibration/validation)

Source: Dr. Scott Saleska

Why the Simple Biosphere Model?

SiB type models have been widely used in climate studies worldwide, including the Amazon region e.g. Nobre et al. 1991 (J. Climate) impact of large-scale Amazon deforestation on climate using SiB
Temp Prec

e.g. Randal et al. 1996 (J. Climate) SiB2 and remote sensing data coupled to CSU GCM
NEP
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Improved version: Simple Biosphere Model v.3 CSU

S Rn
S

L
L

Um

Tm Hm

em Em (H2O)

Cm Am (CO2)

Zm

New Features: - Prognostic T, e, CO2, other tracers in canopy air space; - 10-layer soil (T and w), with adjustable water extraction profile (roots); - Snowpack of 0-5 layers; - Mixed canopy physiology (e.g., savanna); and - Stable isotope fractionation of CO2.
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Atmosphere
ra

Tc
SPAR
h NADPH ATP

Canopy
fc3 A c3 Ci3
I S O F R A X

rc3

Cs3 Ac

Hc Ec Hc rb

Canopy Air Space

Z2

CO2 (or O2) 3-PGA RuBP ATP Ru-5-P ATP 1,3-diPGA NADPH

Wleaf

3PGAld R-5-P DHAP F-6P G-6-P G-1-P ADPG F1,6diP

Ci4 f c4 A c4 ec*

rc4 rc

Cs4 Erc

Tc es

Ac

Ta C a ea Rg Eg Hg

Leaf Surface
Starch

W c
+ Wthru

ec*

- W

Ewc

Ewc

(Vc fcG LT) Wdrip Ewg

rd

Z1

Hg

Wrun

W g
... ... ... ... ...

eg*
W in

-W

Ewg

Rg rsoil

Esoil

W1
Tg

- W

Esoil

eg*

T1
G
r G

Rroots

W7 W8 W9 W10

-W

Erc

I ws Iws

Soil

R microbes

T2

T... T... T10

Soil Temperature and Soil Water are solved after Canopy Air Space

- Wdrain

Adapted from Dr. Denning slides

Photosynthesis, stomatal function and water

Plants need CO2 (photosynthesis) Open their stomata to absorb CO2 H2O is then released as a consequence
Adapted from Dr. Denning slides

For every CO2 molecule absorbed ~400 molecules of H2O is released

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Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (leaf scale)

Stomatal conductance is linearly related to photosynthesis:
Semi-empirical model of leaf conductance gs (Ball-Berry-Collatz)
Net CO2 assimilation (photosynthesis) stomatal conductance

An hs gs = m p+b cs

empirical coefficient (C3 ~ 9, C4 ~ 4)

RH at leaf surface Atmospheric pressure gs_MIN (C3 ~ 0.01, C4 ~ 0.04) CO2 at leaf surface

Photosynthesis is controlled by three limitations (The Farquhar-Berry model):

An = min( AC , AL , AS ) Rd
Enzyme-limited Light-limited rate rate (RuBisCO) Sink-limited rate

Dark respiration rate

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Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (canopy scale)

From previous slide: g s = f An Integrate for the entire canopy
Canopy top Photosynthetically Active Radiation

( )
(

(leaf scale)
Soil moisture

Water vapor pressure deficit

gc = f Vmax 0 , PAR f pCO2 , e, T , W dz Canopy stomatal z1 conductance Max RuBisCO Canopy bottom CO2 partial Temperature capacity at top pressure canopy

(
z2

PAR-use parameter

Photosynthesis-conductance model (e.g. SiB) directly links the plant transpiration with net assimilation (An)
Canopy transpiration rate Saturated vapor Atmosphere vapor pressure at canopy pressure Density, specific heat of air Fractional canopy wetted area
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e * (Tc ) ea c p (1 Wc ) Ect = 1 g c + 2rb

Plant to CAS aerodynamic resistance

Canopy stomatal conductance

Psychrometric constant

Carbon exchange
Usually neglected in terrestrial ecosystems (may be important in the oceans)

(NEE)

(GPP)

(Rautotrophic)

(Rheterotrophic)

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Carbon exchange
NPP= GPP Rautotrophi c NEP= NPP Rheterotrop hic NEP= GPP Recosystem NEE= NEP
Carbon uptake

(NEE)

NEP= GPP (Rautotrophi + Rheterotrop ) c hic

(GPP) (Rautotrophic)

(Rheterotrophic)
GPP
Carbon exchange (Atmospheric Sciences)

Carbon exchange (Ecology)

0
Carbon release

NEP Recosystem Jul

13

Jan

Dec

Feedback mechanisms and limiting factors

Structural Physiological

Nemani et al. 2003 Science

positive negative

Adapted from Pitman 2003 Int J Clim.

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Why Sib3/LIS?

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Why Sib3/LIS?

-Integrates different sources of data (e.g., remote sensing, ground-based data) with LSM; -Improves land surface characterization; -Applications in agriculture, water resource management, 16 and flood, weather, and climate predictions

Why Sib3/LIS?
Different sources of forcing data in the Amazon (examples)

South American LDAS De Goncalves et al. 2006 - JGR

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Adapted from Dr. Goulden slides

Why Sib3/LIS?

SiB3

An

Rc
Carbon Balance

NEE

Rroot

Rg

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Time-varying inputs
New phenology module that reads monthly time-varying inputs from 1o x 1o map (climatology) -Absorbed fraction of PAR (aparc) -Leaf area idex (m2 m-2) (zlt) -Greenness fraction (-) (green) -Roughness length (m) (z0d) -Zero plane displacement height (m) (zp_disp) -Bulk PBL resistance coefficient (rbc) -Ground to CAS resistance coefficient (rdc) -Time-mean leaf projection (gmudmu) -Canopy gap fraction for thermal IR radiation (-) (thermk) Better results than look-up table values associated with vegetation type!!!

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Time-varying inputs (examples)

aparc (January)

aparc (June)

aparc (June minus January)

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Qualitative analysis (average Jan to May)

CO2 assimilation Plant respiration

Net CO2 assimilation

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Qualitative analysis (spatial-temporal analysis)

Units: mol m-2 s-1 Lat = 3oS CO2 assimilation Plant respiration

Day Night (no assim.)

Day (photo resp)

Night (maintenance resp) Net CO2 assimilation

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Soil respiration
Units: mol m-2 s-1

Lat = 3oS

Shows also diurnal variation and heterogeneity

But values are TOO HIGH!!!

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Carbon exchange components

Units: mol m-2 s-1

(Lat = 3oS; Lon = 54oW)

Step 1: CO2 assimilation

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Carbon exchange components

Units: mol m-2 s-1

Step 2: Plant respiration

25

Carbon exchange components

Units: mol m-2 s-1

Step 3: Net CO2 assimilation

Up to this point, it is OK.

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Carbon exchange components

Units: mol m-2 s-1

Step 4: Soil respiration

TOO HIGH!!!

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Carbon exchange components

Units: mol m-2 s-1

Step 5: Net ecosystem exchange (NEE)

As a consequence, values are unrealistically high

28

Comparison with EC flux tower (Lat=3oS/Lon=54oW)

Units: mol m-2 s-1

Off course, this was expected !!!

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Current modifications

SiB3

Phenology module aparc, zlt, green, z0d, zp_disprbc, rdc, gmudmu, and thermk (Monthly)

An

Rc
Carbon Balance

NEE

Rroot

Rg

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In summary
SiB3 may benefit from LIS framework in terms of: - Handling several potential input data to the model (remote sensing data, regional forcing data SALDAS, ground-based data); - Its ability to perform regional simulation with high resolution components (parameters, time-varying inputs); - Providing a better estimation of the carbon exchange components (land cover and soil texture heterogeneity);

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Challenges
-energy and water balance components (not yet tested); -Model initialization: soil moisture (couple of years); carbon (couple of centuries) (e.g., soil respiration results); -Model calibration and validation within the domain; Note: The LBA-MiP may provide useful procedures and techniques related to above challenges that we may apply to our study (e.g., 10 km x 10 km maps of time-varying inputs are already available for the region and will be implemented in the future)
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10km x 10km time-varying input maps

-Derived from 20 year long NASA/NOAA AVHRR Pathfinder NDVI dataset (using empirical relationships);

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10km x 10km Leaf area index (Jan)

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Next steps
-SiB3 offline experiments (run in parallel with SiB3/LIS framework); -10km x 10km time-varying input maps (Dr. Stockli from Dr. Scott Dennings group) already available; -Spin-up experiments (soil moisture and carbon); -Discuss the results with Scott Dennings group which provided the model code (not yet released) and support (Dr. Ian Baker); -Survey of remote sensing products that may be useful for this study (e.g., MODIS); -Use EC flux towers for validation and calibration experiments.
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Acknowledgements
-Gustavo and David Toll (visiting NASA/GSFC); -Dr. Jim Shuttleworth (supervisor); -Dr. Christa (excellent comments and suggestions); -Regina Izzo (computer and technical support) Any comments, suggestions, ideas (PLEASE)

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LBA site Bananal

Rplant

-GPP

37

LBA site Bananal

Rground

-NPP

38

LBA site Bananal

NEE

39