BUILDING ENVELOPE LOUVRE FOR PASSIVE COOLING STRATEGY IN INDONESIAS SINGLE STORY MODERN TERRACED HOUSE Author: Cynthia

P. Dewi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

Research Background Tropical regions are related to such tropical climatic characteristics as high relative

humidity, high temperature, and low air speed. As solar heat gain becoming the consequences of tropical region, which is mean there are large regions surface that radiated. In addition to urban rapid growth, densely building population also affects the energy consumption. So the passive cooling strategy is a better way in provide thermal comfort. Opening is the architectural elements that allow air moving through in and out of the building. The interaction between building opening and air movement are affected by orientation, placement, size, ratio and types of openings. Since the openings are determining the value of airflow and sunlight that enter the building, it is a major concern to design the openings into responsive element architecture. Shading devices are commonly known as one of the methods in preventing solar radiation into the building. Besides preventing the solar radiation, an ideal shading strategy should be flexible in controlling glare effect inside the building. The best example is adjustable louvre. Louvre arrangement in order to optimize eliminate glare are affect to its depth, spacing and orientation of louvre blades (New Zealand ministry of the environment, 2008). Beside opening treatments, stack ventilation is another way in passive cooling strategy. The air movement on this strategies is generate by stack pressure or buoyancy at an opening due to variation in air density as a result of different in temperature across the opening (Nugroho, A.M and Hamdan, M., 2005). Using only opening doesnt sufficient in provide such comfort level of air movement to achieve thermal comfort. Indonesia which is belonging to tropical regions is also face the tropical humid climate problem. The increasing population is followed by high demand of settlement. So it is becoming a new trend in urban area to build a terraced house with modern design but minimum concern in responsive architectural element. Integrated design such as combination

of responsive-smart window, which automatic adjust the opening position due to temperature level and solar chimney, which is could generate low air movement and overhang, that avoid solar radiation, would be a well-adapted alternatives in optimize comfort level inside the building through passive cooling strategy especially for low rise building such as terraced house. Studies of natural ventilation involve aerodynamic experiments on buoyancy problems which can be done using both physical modeling and computer modeling methods (Nugroho,A.M. 2007). Rather than physical modeling, there is computer simulation technology entitled CFD (computational fluid dynamics) which give a lot advantages such as allows easy modification of the design, more precise results in less time. 1.2 The Problem Statement and Research Objective The rapid growth in Indonesia as the one of developing countries give a significant affect to the high demand of residences, especially in urban area. Tropical climate as in Indonesia with high temperature and low air movement among residences may decrease thermal comfort inside the building. The is the main element of passive cooling strategy. Since low air movement among the residence, using opening such as louvres are still not enough in optimize desirable temperature inside building. Then it needs to combine with solar chimney that could generate low air movement. The main objective of this research is to investigate and exploring the possibility and the most effective design and combination of window and solar chimney louvre in optimize passive cooling design through its impact to building cooling load, indoor temperature, and air movement inside the Indonesian modern terraced house. 1.3 Significance and Scope of Study Focus of this study is to compare and found the best performance in cooling load, indoor temperature, and air velocity as the result of modification each variable material and geometry for window and solar chimney louvre in one single room inside terraced house. Those simulations of all combination would use equinox and solstice date as the input data. And then the best performance for both window and solar chimney louvre are combined to be simulated. It is important to know, what it would be if the window louvre is integrated as passive cooling design with solar chimney louvre, in order to achieving and optimize building performance as the responsive architecture design. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to published paper entitled The Modification of Optimum Solar Chimney Geometry to Achieve Target Comfort Ventilation in Malaysian Condition (Nugroho et al, 2007), various solar chimney configurations as roof envelope are simulated based on several different times. The results also indicated that different days of the year experienced

different air movement and air temperature levels based on the solar times. And as the main focus of this research, it was found that the optimum solar chimney geometry model of 6.5m height, 3m length and 1m width gap could increased the indoor air velocity to more than 30%. It is stated that increasing air velocity will follow with increasing attic and chimney opening height, also with decreasing window opening and room depth. Research about window louvre has been done by Nugroho (2010). Those researches found that 5cm louvre blades width is the most considerable in order to decrease indoor temperature. It also found that using aluminum as louvre material could reduce indoor temperature during the day than using glass, but it would be reserved at night. Present research would extend previous research in the modification of solar chimney strategy of opening type at chimney wall. This present research also tried to completing previous research about selected opening ratio and type of louvre in order to catch more winds that enter the room. Then, both strategies above will be combined into one integrated design. And would answer the question about how would it be if the best design of both strategy are combined into one single integrated design in optimizing passive cooling design through provides indoor air velocity and neutral temperature.

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

The methodology that would be use in this research is divided into two main stages. First stage is literature study and collecting data, which is determine the object for case study, climatic data and field measurement nor pilot testing. For literature study, the materials are collected from journals, text book and internet informations. Second stage is about four steps in method. First step is data processing; its about analyzing climatic data that would be use as input simulation data, listing the result of pilot testing measurement of basic model, modeling the object of study case as basic model, and selecting the relevance data from the literature study that would be use as compared data for the simulation result. Second step is modeling and simulating modifications of opening, the modification of louvre, and compare

it with the literature study then select the best design performance. Third step is modeling and simulating modifications of window and solar chimney louvre, compare it with the literature study then select the best design performance. Fourth step is combining the best design performance of window and solar chimney louvre as one integrated design strategy for passive cooling.

Data Collecting

Selected Object measurement Selected Climatic data

Basic Model

Literature review

Input simulation data

Cooling load Temperature Air velocity

Best performance

Window louvre

Material Ratio Opening Blades Orientation

Gap Geometry Opening type

Optimum window louvre

solar chimney louvre

Integrated window & Solar chimney louvre

Fig. 3.1 Methodology framework that used in investigating integrated window and solar chimney louvre for passive cooling

Best performance

Material

SC louvre

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Research activities Literature study Field measurement & object data collecting Analyzing data: climatic data Modeling&simulating basic model Modeling&simulating adjt.louvre (material) Modeling&simulating adjt.louvre (ratio) Modeling&simulating adjt.louvre (opening orientation) Modeling&simulating solar chimney (material) Modeling&simulating solar chimney (gap) Modeling&simulating solar chimney (geometry) Modeling&simulating solar chimney (opening type) Discussion&evaluation Final result

Months 10 11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

8 9 10 11

12 13

Table. 3.1 : research plan and schedule

CHAPTER 4 EXPECTED FINDINGS AND SUMMARY

The best design performance of envelope louvre will be the design that its position is capturing wind. The combination of window and solar chimney louvre can optimize the passive cooling strategy in decreasing indoor temperature. REFERENCES Boutet, Terry S (1987) Controlling Air Movement. USA: McGraw-Hill Book New Zealand Ministry for The Environment (2008). Passive Solar Design Guidance. Wellington, New Zealand. Nugroho, Agung Murti, Hamdan Ahmad, Ossen, Dilshan Remaz (2007) The Preliminary Study of Thermal Comfort in Malaysias Single Storey Terraced House, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. Nugroho, Agung Murti., Hamdan, Ahmad., Ossen, Dilshan Remaz. (2007), The Modification of Optimum Solar Chimney Geometry to Achieve Target Comfort Ventilation in Malaysian Condition. The 8th International Seminar on SENVAR. Nugroho, Agung Murti. (2007), Passive Cooling Performance of A Ventilated Faade Application In Tropical Low Cost House. The 11th International Seminar on SENVAR.