Introduction & Basic Engineering Calculations using Microsoft Excel 2007

Presented by: AZIZUL AZRI BIN MUSTAFFA

B.Sc.(Chem.Eng.)(Hons.), M.Sc.(Chem.Eng.)(UTM)

and ZAKI YAMANI ZAKARIA

B.Sc.(Chem.Eng.)(Hons.)(Bradford), M.Sc.(Chem.Eng.)(UTM)

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ATTENTION

Please pay your attention to the lecture being given No internet during this class Fill in the attendance fast without delay

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SURVEY
Do you know what is Microsoft Excel? Do you have any basics with this software? What do you usually use this software for?

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ADVANTAGES
Managing data and organizing lists by creating tables and forms Manipulating data using functions Creating graphs and charts Database management Statistical analysis Financial analysis Programming using Visual Basic (VBA)
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INTRODUCTION
SPREADSHEET Rectangular grid composed of addressable units called cells Cell is addressed by referencing its column letter and row number A cell may contain numerical data, textual data or formulas

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INTRODUCTION (contd)

Column C

Cell C8

Row 8

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HOW TO START
First click the button on the right bottom corner of your desktop interface Then click the button Next click on the Microsoft Office icon and click on Microsoft Office Excel 2007 icon

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HOW TO START (contd)

Then this Microsoft Excel interface will appear in a few seconds

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THE EXCEL SCREEN

Tab list Commands that displays a different ribbon, Quick access toolbar Title bar name of the programsimilar to a menu Displays the and current workbook Minimize application button A toolbar that you customize Application close button Formula bar
to hold commonly used commands

Office button
This button leads to lots of options for working with your documents

When you enter information or formulas into Excel, they appear in this line

Clicking this button closes Excel

Ribbon

Main location to find Excels commands. Clicking an item in the Tab List changes the ribbon that is displayed

Name box
Displays the active cell address or the name of the selected cell, range or object

Window close button Maximize/Restore button Clicking this button closes the active workbook window Minimize window button

Vertical scrollbar Active cell indicator Column letters Row The dark outline indicates the currently active cell Letters range from A to IXFD. You can click a Numbers range numbers from 1 to 1,048, 576. You can click a column heading to select entire column
Row number to select entire row

Cells Sheet tab scroll button Status bar

Displays various messages

Horizontal scrollbar

Sheet tabs
Represents a different sheet in the workbook

Page view buttons

Zoom control
9

Change the way the worksheet is displayed

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TAB LISTS & RIBBONS

HOME: This tab contains the basic Clipboard command, formatting commands, style commands, commands to insert and delete rows or columns, plus an assortment of worksheet editing commands

INSERT: Select this tab when you need to insert something in a worksheet a table, a diagram, a chart, a symbol and so on.

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TAB LISTS &RIBBONS (contd)

PAGE LAYOUT: This tab contains commands that affect the overall appearance of your worksheet including settings that deal with printing

FORMULAS: Use this tab to insert a formula, name a range, access the formula auditing tools or control how Excel performs calculations

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TAB LISTS &RIBBONS (contd)

DATA: Excels data-related commands are on this tab

REVIEW: This tab contains tools to check spelling, translate words, add comments, or protect sheets

VIEW: Contains commands that control various aspects of how a sheet is viewed.

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POINTERS
There are many types of pointers in Excel and each of them have different functions o This pointer is to select and activate cells

o These pointers are to adjust the width and height of the cells manually

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POINTERS (contd)
o This pointer is to adjust the text or formula that has been typed in certain cells.

o The function of this pointer is to copy the content of the active cell so that the other cells beside the active cell will be inserted with the information from the active cell

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POINTERS (contd)
o This pointer is to transfer the content of any cell to any new location.

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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS

The ability to manipulate formulas, arrays and mathematical functions is the most important feature of Excel for engineers To test and refine potential solutions to a problem To solve mathematical problems Use values stored in various cells to calculate new values The formulas used to calculate the new values must refer to the values in other cells
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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

A formula can consist of any of these elements Mathematical operators, such as + (for addition) and * (for multiplication) Cell references (including name cells and ranges) Values or text Worksheet functions (such as SUM or AVERAGE) NOTE: Formulas always begin with the equal sign so that Excel can distinguish the from text
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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

Operators Used in Formulas
Operator + * / ^ & = > < >= <= <>
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Name Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Exponentiation Concatenation Logical comparison (equal to) Logical comparison (greater than) Logical comparison (less than) Logical comparison (greater than or equal to) Logical comparison (less than or equal to) Logical comparison (not equal to)
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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd) Exercise 1

Please calculate the area and perimeter of a square given the length and width using formula
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Using Cell References in Formulas

Relative: The row and column references can change Absolute: The row and column references do not change Mixed: Either the row or column reference is relative, and the other is absolute

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Using Cell References in Formulas (contd) (cont Using mixed cell reference (C3 = $B3*C$2)

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P=

RT

FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd) Exercise 2

Calculate the pressure (atm) of a gas at various temperatures (550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610 Kelvin) and molar volumes (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 L/mol) assuming that the gas is in ideal condition, Given, R = 0.082058 L.atm/(mol.K)

. P =_____ V

RT

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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

FUNCTIONS: Enable you to greatly enhance the power of your formulas and perform calculations that are difficult if you use only the operators discussed previously Example: AVERAGE, SUM, TAN, SIN etc

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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

HOW to use the function?

Click the function icon and select the function that you want to use
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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

Exercise 3 Calculate Sum, Average, Count, Min and Max using FUNCTION

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FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

Exercise 4
A chemical reaction is in the form of A Product, starting with pure A in the reactor and keeping the reactor constant at 45OC. After 2 minutes a sample was drawn from the reactor and analyzed to determine X, the percentage of the A that has reacted. 10 run were successfully done. Please estimate the true value of X.
Reactor Sample tap

Analyzer X (% conversion)

V-1

Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X (%) 67.1 73.1 69.6 67.4 71.0 68.2 69.4 68.2 68.7 70.2

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(cont FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

Range, Sample Variance and Standard Deviation are used to express the extent to which values of a random variable scatter about their mean value Refer page 18 (2.5d and Figure 2.5-1 of Felder book for details
Example The volumetric flow rate of a process fluid, V is measured 5 times, with the following results:

Measurement 1 2 3 4 5 3/s) V (cm 232 248 227 241 239

Calculate the sample mean, sample variance and sample standard deviation
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(cont FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

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(cont FORMULAS & FUNCTIONS (contd)

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CHARTS & GRAPHS

CHART: Visual representation of numerical values Useful for summarizing a series of numbers and their relationships Can spot trends and patterns of data Must have data/numbers before creating charts Data-stored in the cells in the worksheet
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CHARTS & GRAPHS (contd)

CREATING A CHART Make sure that your data is appropriate for a chart Select the range that contains your data Select a chart type by clicking a chart icon in the INSERT CHARTS

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CHARTS & GRAPHS (contd)

Exercise 5

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CURVE FITTING a straight line

In mathematical equation, you will encounter with a dependant variable and an independent variable The independent variable is a variable whose value determines the value of the dependent variables. Independent variable is plotted on the X axis, and the dependent variable is plotted on the Y-axis. Other variables may also be present in equations. These may be constants or other variables. They may be given to you or you may be required to obtain them by performing curve fitting.

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CURVE FITTING a straight line

Example
Equation y = mx + C (straight line equation) y = dependent variable x = independent variable m and C = constants Data set and graph:

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(cont CURVE FITTING a straight line (contd)

When the dependent and independent variables are plotted as shown in graph, m and C values are obtained by adding a best fit line through the data points. m is the slope of the equation, and C is the y-intercept. Adding a best-fit line in Excel can be done by using the Add Trendline. Step 1 (Add data set in Excel)

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(cont CURVE FITTING a straight line (contd)

Step 2 (Make a graph from the given data use XY scatter)

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(cont CURVE FITTING a straight line (contd)

Step 3 (Add trendline & select linear trend/regression type)

Put a check on Display equation on Chart and Display R squared value

on chart
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(cont CURVE FITTING a straight line (contd)

Best fit equation

The equation displayed for the best-fit line shows m (slope) to be 2 and C (y-intercept) to be 50.

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Curve Fitting - LINEST Function

To calculate the statistics that describe a linear trend matching known data points, by fitting a straight line using the least squares method (without creating a graph) Step 1 (Highlight both cell D5 & E5)

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(cont Curve Fitting - LINEST Function (contd)

Step 2 (Insert =LINEST(B2:B7,A2:7,1))

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(cont Curve Fitting - LINEST Function (contd)

Step 3 (Press Ctrl + Shift + Enter)

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CURVE FITTING a straight line

Exercise 6
Fitting a straight line to Flow meter Calibration Data
Rotameter calibration data (flow rate vs rotameter reading are as follows: Flowrate, V Rotameter reading,
(L/min) 20.0 52.1 84.6 118.3 151.0 R 10 30 50 70 90

a) Draw a calibration curve and determine an equation for V (R) b) Calculate the flow rate that corresponds to a rotameter reading of 36 c) Determine the constants using the LINEST function
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CURVE FITTING Nonlinear Data

If the data is not linear and we wish to linearize it Calculate the f(y) and g(x) for each tabulated (x,y) Plot f(y) versus g(x) If the plotted points fall on straight line, the equation fits the data Several examples plot that yields straight lines (1) y = ax2 + b (2) y 2 = a/x + b (3) sin (y) = a(x2 - 4) Plot Plot Plot

y versus x 2 y 2 versus 1/x sin (y) versus (x2 - 4)

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(cont CURVE FITTING Nonlinear Data (contd)

Other two nonlinear function that normally occur are exponential function y = aebx or y = a exp (bx) power law y = axb

y = a exp (bx) => ln y = ln a + bx semilog plot Plot ln y versus x. Slope = b, intercept = ln a Both ln y vs x plotted on rectangular graph and y vs x plotted on semilog graph should yield a straight line y = axb => ln y = ln a + b ln x log plot Plot ln y versus ln x. Slope = b, intercept = ln a Both ln y vs ln x plotted on rectangular graph and y vs x plotted on log graph should yield a straight line

*Drawing using semilog and log plot can save time and work
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The Method of Least Squares

1 n xi n i =1

sx=

s xx =

1 n 2 xi n i =1

sy=

1 n yi n i =1

s xy =

1 n xi yi n i =1

Slope:

a=

s xy s x s y s xx ( s x ) 2 s xx s y s xy s x s xx ( s x ) 2

Intercept:

b=

See page 608 Example A.1-1. Redo the calculation in excel. A.1-

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FINDING ROOTS
2x2 5x 12 = 0
How to find the roots of x using Excel?

Trial and error method by guessing x value

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FINDING ROOTS Using Goal Seek (1)

1st Root

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FINDING ROOTS Using Goal Seek (2)

Guess another x-value to find the next root. x-

2nd Root

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FINDING ROOTS Using Goal Seek (3) Exercise 7 Solve the root for the quadratic equation given using goal seek function in Excel a) b) c) d) e)
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x2 + 3x 10 = 0 6x2 + 1x 2 = 0 x2 10x + 9 = 0 3x2 2x + 9 = 0 2x2 5x + 1 = 0

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THANK YOU
LETS DISCUSS, DO SOME EXERCISES AND YOU CAN EVEN EXPLORE EXCEL MORE BY YOURSELF GOOD LUCK !!

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