Control Charts And GO NO GO Gage

P-chart
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Jump to: navigation, search In industrial statistics, the p-chart is a type of control chart that monitors the proportion of nonconforming units in a sample. The appropriate data for p-charts are attribute data (conform or non-conform, yes or no, etc.). The subgroup size should ideally be equal, although unequal sample sizes can be accommodated. p-chart 1. 2. 3. 4. The "p" comes from use of the proportion of nonconforming items Need a good definition of nonconforming items usually a categorical definition Can be of equal or unequal subgroups Normally need large subgroups can even be up to total for the period

Control limits for the p-chart are calculated on the basis of the binomial distribution and an approximation based on the central limit theorem.

The control limits for this chart type can be determined by the formula:

Np-chart
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In industrial statistics, the np-chart is a type of control chart that is very similar to the p-chart except that the statistic being plotted is a number count rather than a sample proportion of items. For example, an np-chart often shows the number of nonconforming items in each sample. Since we are counting failures or successes, clearly the appropriate data for np-charts need to be attribute data. The subgroup size must be constant, as comparisons of counts would otherwise be meaningless. np-chart 1. The "np" stands for the number of nonforming items, which can be expressed as n (sample size) times p (proportion of nonconforming items) 2. Need a good definition of nonconforming items usually a categorical definition 3. Subgroup size must be constant 4. Normally need large subgroups can even be up to total for the period Control limits for the np-chart are calculated on the basis of the binomial distribution and an approximation based on the central limit theorem. The control limits for this chart type can be determined by the formula:

c-chart
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Jump to: navigation, search In industrial statistics, the c-chart is a type of control chart used to monitor "count"-type data, typically total number of nonconformities per unit.[1] It is also occasionally used to monitor the total number of events occurring in a given unit of time. The c-chart differs from the p-chart in that it accounts for the possibility of more than one nonconformity per inspection unit. The p-chart models "pass"/"fail"-type inspection only. Nonconformities may also be tracked by type or location which can prove helpful in tracking down assignable causes. Examples of processes suitable for monitoring with a c-chart include:

Monitoring the number of voids per inspection unit in injection molding or casting processes Monitoring the number of discrete components that must be re-soldered per printed circuit board Monitoring the number of product returns per day

The Poisson distribution is the basis for the chart and requires the following assumptions[2]:

The number of opportunities or potential locations for nonconformities is very large The probability of nonconformity at any location is small and constant The inspection procedure is same for each sample and is carried out consistently from sample to sample is the estimate of the long-term

The control limits for this chart type are where process mean established during control-chart setup.

u-chart
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Jump to: navigation, search In industrial statistics, the u-chart is a type of control chart used to monitor "count"-type data where the sample size is greater than one, typically the average number of nonconformities per unit. The u-chart differs from the c-chart in that it accounts for the possibility that the number or size of inspection units for which nonconformities are to be counted may vary. Larger samples may be an economic necessity or may be necessary to increase the area of opportunity in order to track very low nonconformity levels.[1] Examples of processes suitable for monitoring with a u-chart include:

Monitoring the number of nonconformities per lot of raw material received where the lot size varies Monitoring the number of new infections in a hospital per day Monitoring the number of accidents for delivery trucks per day

As with the c-chart, the Poisson distribution is the basis for the chart and requires the same assumptions.

The control limits for this chart type are

where

is the estimate of the long-term

process mean established during control-chart setup. The observations are plotted against these control limits, where xi is the number of nonconformities for the ith subgroup and ni is the number of inspection units in the ith subgroup.

Go-NoGo gauge
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A Go-NoGo gauge (or Go/no go) refers to an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed tolerances. Its name derives from its use: the gauge itself has two tests; the check involves the workpiece's having to pass one test (Go) and 'fail' the other (No Go). It is an integral part of the quality process that is used in the manufacturing industry to ensure interchangeability of parts between processes, or even between different manufacturers. A Go NoGo gauge is a measuring tool that does not return a size in the conventional sense, but instead returns a state. The state is either acceptable (the part is within tolerance and may be used) or it is unacceptable (and must be rejected). They are well suited for use in the production area of the factory as they require little skill or interpretation to use effectively and have few, if any, moving parts to be damaged in the often hostile production environment.

Plug gauge

Hardened and ground plug gauge

Replaceable thread and plug gauges

These gauges are referred to as plug gauges; they are used in the manner of a plug. They are generally assembled from standard parts where the gauge portion is interchangeable with other gauge pieces (obtained from a set of pin type gauge blocks) and a body that uses the collet principle to hold the gauges firmly. To use this style of gauge, one end is inserted into the part first and depending on the result of that test, the other end is tried. In the right hand image, the top gauge is a thread gauge that is screwed into the part to be tested, the labeled GO end will enter into the part fully, the NOT GO end should not. The lower image is a plain plug gauge used to check the size of a hole, the green end is the GO, red is the NO GO. The tolerance of the part this gauge checks is 0.30mm where the lower size of the hole is 12.60mm and the upper size is 12.90mm, every size outside this range is out of tolerance. This may be initially expressed on the parts drawing in a number of styles, three possibilities may be:

12.75mm +/- 0.15mm 12.60mm +0.30 -0.00 12.90mm +0.00 -0.30

Snap gauge

Thread and plug gauges

Thread and plug gauges

These images illustrate an alternative type of gauge. The snap gauge has four anvils or jaws, the first one or pair (outermost) are set using the upper limit (tolerance) of the part and the inner set adjusted to the lower limit of the part. The usage of this gauge may be more intuitive than the plug type. A correctly machined part will pass the first set of jaws and stop at the second end of test. In this manner a part may be checked in one action, unlike the plug gauge that needs to be used in the correct sequence and flipped to access the second gauge. The left image is a plain snap gauge used to measure outside distances (diameters), the right hand image shows two views of a thread snap gauge. Snap gauges are useful for mass production[citation needed].

Other styles
Once the concept is understood, the principle of operation can lead to all manner of designs where internal grooves, keyways, splines etc. may be measured in a simple yet effective manner. These will often be made to order by the toolmakers, or a related skilled tradesman.