ME 472 Engineering Metrology and Quality Control

Linear and Angular Measurements

Mechanical Engineering University of Gaziantep

Dr. A. Tolga Bozdana Assistant Professor

Measuring tools and instruments

Measuring tools and instruments

Direct (contact) measurement (e.g. micrometer or caliper)

Indirect (non-contact) measurement (such as optical, electronic and pneumatic methods)

Graduated (either linear or angular graduations incorporated into measuring system of the tool)

Non-graduated (gauges or adjustable tools which compare the measurements)

NEXT WEEK!

Rules Vernier Calipers Vernier Gauges Micrometers Protractors Dial Indicators

Calipers Gauges and Gauge Blocks Sine Bar Special-purpose tools

Graduated Linear Measurement - Rules

Imperial steel rules with various lengths having graduations on each side Same rule with relatively larger graduations

Metric steel rules with various lengths having graduations on each side

resolution?
How to read a rule: A = 22 mm (22nd graduation) B = 12 mm (12th graduation) C = 31.5 mm (between 31st and 32nd) D = 40.5 mm (between 40th and 41st)
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Graduated Linear Measurement - Vernier Calipers

More precise tools capable of measuring external and internal dimensions as well as depths.

How to read a vernier caliper: First, read the graduation on main scale just before vernier scale starts (i.e. 19th graduation which gives 19 mm) Next, read the graduation on vernier scale where two graduation lines on main and vernier scales perfectly match (i.e. 32nd graduation which gives 32 * 1/50 = 0.64 mm) Then, add fine reading into main reading (i.e. 19 + 0.64 = 19.64 mm)

Graduated Linear Measurement - Vernier Calipers

Direct reading of an internal length by digital vernier caliper Direct reading of an external length by digital vernier caliper

Vernier caliper with a dial indicator

Graduated Linear Measurement - Vernier Height Gauges

Designed for use in toolrooms, workshops, inspection departments to measure or mark off vertical and locating center distances.

Standard Height gauge

Dial Height Gauge

Digital Height Gauge

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Graduated Linear Measurement - Vernier Depth Gauges

Designed for use in toolrooms, workshops, inspection departments to measure depths of holes, slots, recesses, and so on.

Standard Depth Gauge

Dial Depth Gauge

Digital Depth Gauge

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Graduated Linear Measurement - Outside Micrometers

VERNIER READING THIMBLE READING

Metric Micrometer
SLEEVE (BARREL) READING

Vernier Metric Micrometer

B

How to read a vernier metric micrometer: Sleeve div. = 1 mm Thimble div. = 1/50th of sleeve sub-div. = 1/100 mm
Thimble Division

Vernier Division D

Vernier div. = 1/10th of thimble div. = 1/1000 mm A. The highest figure: 5 * (sleeve div.) = 5 mm
C

B. The half-figures: 1 * (sleeve sub-div.) = 0.5 mm C. The highest figure: 28 * (thimble div.) = 0.28 mm D. The matching figure: 3 * (vernier div.) = 0.003 mm

Sleeve Division

FINAL READING = A + B + C + D = 5.783 mm

Graduated Linear Measurement - Outside Micrometers

Dial-indicating Micrometer

V-anvil Micrometer (measuring odd-fluted taps, milling cutters, reamers, and also checking out of roundness)

Direct-reading Micrometer

Screw Thread Micrometer (measuring pitch diameter of screw threads)

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Graduated Linear Measurement - Inside Micrometers

Standard Inside Micrometers

Digital Inside Micrometers

Graduated Linear Measurement - Micrometer Bore and Depth Gauges

Micrometer Hole and Bore Gauges

Inside Micrometer Set

Micrometer Depth Gauges

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Graduated Angular Measurement - Protractors

(a)

Simple Protractor (measuring angles from 0 to 180)

(b)

Universal Bevel Protractor (main scale consists of 4 portions of 90)

Measuring acute (a) and obtuse (b) angles

How to read an angle on a bevel protractor: Main div. = 1 = 60 Vernier div. = 1/12th of main div. 0.0833 = 5 The highest figure: 50 * (main div.) = 50 The matching figure: 4 * (vernier div.) 0.333 = 20 The final reading is: 50.333 or 50 20
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Special Purpose Measurement Tools

Level (used for setting up and testing machinery)

Combination set (consisting of a 90 square, a level, a depth/height gauge and a bevel protractor with a centring head)

Dial test indicator mounted on a magnetic stand (used as an accessory with machine tools for accurate and delicate measurements)
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Non-Graduated Linear Measurement - Calipers

Standard calipers have a fine adjustment screw and a quick-adjusting spring nut. Accuracy obtained with these tools depends mostly on the inherent skill of users. The measurements are carefully transferred to a graduated measuring tool.

Caliper for inside measurement

Caliper for outside measurement

Caliper used as a divider

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Non-Graduated Linear Measurement - Gauges

Telescopic Gauges (consist of a handle with two plunger-contacts at right angles to the handle which both lock simultaneously)

Small Hole Gauges (consist of an expanding ball head adjusted to size by a knurled knob to provide an accurate feel for obtaining measurements in a hole or slot)

Surface Gauge (consists of a ground rectangular base with a round upright rod and a fine adjustment feature in the base. It can be used in a layout work for scribing lines on vertical or horizontal surfaces as well as in inspection work as height or depth gauge)
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Non-Graduated Linear Measurement - Special Purpose Gauges

Screw Pitch Gauges (consist of a metal case containing many separate leaves. Each leaf has teeth corresponding to a definite pitch. By matching the teeth with the thread on work, the correct pitch can be read directly from the leaf)

Tap and Drill Gauges (consist of a flat rectangular steel plate with holes accurately drilled and identified according to their size)

Radius Gauges (are available as individual leaves and each leaf is marked with its raius. They are designed to check both convex and concave radii)

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Non-Graduated Linear Measurement - Rectangular Gauge Blocks

(a)

(b)

(c)

Linear Gauge Blocks: (a) rectangular, (b) square, (c) square with center hole

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Non-Graduated Angular Measurement - Angle Gauge Blocks

parallel +3 +5 Target: 38 +30

Complete set of angle gauge blocks

True Square

Setting a revolving magnetic chuck using angle gauge blocks

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Non-Graduated Angular Measurement - Sine Bar

How to use Sine Bar: We want to set an angle of 14 12 using a 10 mm sine bar. This means: l = 10 mm and = 14.2 So: h = l * sin = 2.453 mm Therefore, a combination of gauge blocks having this height must be used. Limitations of Sine Bar: When using a sine bar, the height setting is limited by the gauge block divisions available. This results in an error that may be negligible or in some cases quite significant. Due to the nature trigonometry; at larger angles, the sine bar is susceptible to errors in the length of the sine bar as well as in the height of the gauge blocks.
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