EXPERIMENT 1: DUST REMOVAL FROM GAS USING CYCLONE SEPARATOR

Objective:
To demonstrate the cyclone and pneumatic conveying operations. To determine the cyclone efficiency.

Introduction
The cyclone is made of borosilicilate glass and connected to a glass ejector. An air compressor feeds air to the ejector which has a transparent scution for particle transport. Cyclone separation is a method of removing particulars from air, gas or water stream. These process do not involve of filters or vortex separations. The mixtures of solids and fluid are separate by using rotational effects and gravity. Cyclone is used to dedusting the dust and heavy small granular. Cyclone also called as cylindrical container. A high speed rotating(air) flow is established within it. The collection efficiency of a cyclone can be calculated by; (%) = mass out Mass in X 100

The study equipment:

Result
Air flow rate (L/min) = 1.5 L/min Sample Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) Weight of sample loaded (g) 50.6 50.4 Weight of sample collected (g) 50.4 49.9 Collection efficiency (%) 98.8% 99%

Discussion
In cyclone separator, air flow in a spiral pattern, beginnig at the top of the cyclone and ending at the bottom end before exiting the cyclone in a straight stream through the center of the cyclone and out the top. In a conical system, the rotating flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone the rotational radius of the stream is reduced, separating smaller and smaller particles. The cyclone geometry, together with flow rate, defines the cut point of the cyclone. This is the size of particle that will be removed with a greater efficiency and smaller particles with a lower efficiency. In this experiment, 50 g of aluminium oxide is used as sample. The sample is fed through an inlet tube that is substantially tangential to the cyclone houcing. The cleaned light weight fibre material is removed by an overflow immersion or dip pipe and the heavy particles and dust particles are discharged from an underflow or outlet. Because of th high flownin velocity at the region of tangentially blowing-in or injection of the material, the sieve sleeve or member insert causes a higher degree of dust removal than reallized by prior-art cyclone separator. When 50.6 of aluminium oxide is fed into the cyclone separator, the weight of the sample collected after the process is 50.0 g. From the data obtained, the efficiency of a cyclone can be calculated by the equation given. We got 98.8% for the first triall and for the second trial we got 99% of the efficiency. This shown, the experiment can be determine the efficiency of cyclon separation.

EXPERIMENT 2: SIZE REDUCTION USING BALL MILL

Objective:
To demonstrate a batch cylindrical ball mill operation.

Introduction
A stainless steel ball mill is charged with grinding material to be used to study comminution history of a batch of granular solids. The charge and rotational speed may be varied by controlling the speed of the motor. A horizontal rotating cylinder is partially filled with balls, ussuallystone or metal, which grinds materials to the necessary fineness by friction and impact with the tumbling balls. Ball mill are commenly used in the manufacturer of Portland cement. The term size reduction is applied to all the ways in which particles of solids are cut or broken into a smaller pieces. Solids maybe broken in many different ways, but only four of them are commonly used in size-reduction machines. There are 4 equipments of size reduction which are crusher, grinder,ultrafine grinder and cutting machine.

The study equipment:

Result
Speed (RPM) Efficiency (%) 12 78.5 18 95.6 30 99 40 99.7 60 99.3

Discussions
There are two forces acting on the ball. The first is the force of gravity mg/gc where m is

the mass of the ball. The second is the centrifugal force (R-r) W/gc where W = 2n and n is the rotational speed. In this experiment, the motor speed used is various. The experiment is done by three different speed, which are 45%, 70%, and 100%. The time taken for the ball mill to run is constant at 15 minutes. Ball mill are usually run at 65% to 80% of the critical speed. The maximum amount of energy that can be calculated from the mass of the grinding medium, the speed rotation, and the maximum distance of fall. In an actual mill the useful energy is much smaller than this, and the total mechanical energy supplied to the mill is much greater. As the product becomes finer, the capacity of a given mill diminishes and the energy requirement will increases.

EXPERIMENT 3: SCREEN ANALYSIS USING SIEVE SHAKER.

Objective:
To demonstrate a sieve shaker operation and get familiarized with screen analysis. Introduced to a single but differents aspect solids behaviour. To determine the specific surface, particle population and average particle size of a sample mixture by the use of a screen analysis.

Introduction
Screening is a separation of materials on the basis of size as a means of preparing a product for following operation. The screen size or mesh needed for the computation of particle size must be confirmed, the lowest being the top while the highest at the bottom. It is also a means of analysis, either to control the gage, the efficiency of another operation or to get the value of a product for some exact application. Screening in performed using screens equipped with one or two screen surfaces. A single screen provides two products. The product from the top is called the massive or plus product while the one which passes through the screen is the undersize or defect product. Material passing one screen surface but remaining on the next one in a double deck screen is an in-between product. During ideal screening, the plus product contains only particles greater than the size of openings of the screen surface while defect product consists of particles smaller than the opening. In real operations the oversized particles are present in the minus product and some undersized particles are in the plus product. It results from bond of small particles to large ones and that some particles never get into contact with the screen surface. The presence of large particles in the undersize product may be caused by greater than nominal openings or crack of the screen surface.

The study equipment:

Results: No 12 18 30 40 60 Last container

Speed Control Knob T0

Code container (g) 0.0661 0.2394 0.0234 0.0265 0.0098 -

Container + Sand (g) 532.09 530.58 472.80 381.13 365.42 242.21

Empty Container(g) 446.21 412.20 293.34 378.55 358.55 241.31

Sand(g) 86.88 118.38 79.46 2.58 6.87 0.9

= =

30% 20 minutes

Discussions:
The data shows that the size diameter of a particle affects the mean diameter in terms of length, surface & volume. Plotting the data between the sizes of the particle versus the mass fraction of the material retained in the screen, a bell shape curves was generated. It means that this variable is not directly proportional to each other because theres no linear relationship between them. Even though the data gathered show the relationship of some variable; still it shows some inaccurate data. The inaccuracy is due to the insufficient cleanliness of the sieve. In this experiment, there are several precaution we must take to avoid and prevent errors from occur. The screen on the sieves should be clean carefully in order to remove all grain sands. The stack of sieves on the Sieve Shaker must be locked tidily to avoid them from moving away during shaking process. Student should make sure that all the left over sand in each sieve is transferred to the container use in weighing process. We also must clean the area around digital scale balance to get accurate readings and avoid the environmental effects. Other than that, soft bristle brush also can used to gently wipe the screen.

EXPERIMENT 4: CEK-FLUID MIXING

Objective:
To observe the various flow patterns that can be achieved by the use of different impellers with and without the use of baffles.

Introduction
The mixing of solid powder into a liquid depends on two main factors which are shear rate of suspended around the tip of impeller, and the rate of overall circulation of the liquid and solid through the high shear region. Both contribute to the power needs of the mixer and the best one would be selected to suit a particular solid and liquid. A typical optimum arrangement would be a turbine impeller rotating at high speed, one third of the liquid level from the bottom with the baffles fitted. Baffles are needed to stop the swirl in a mixing tank. Almost all impellers rotate in the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. Without baffles, the tangential velocities coming from any impeller causes the entire fluid mass to spin. It may look good from the surface seeing that vortex all the way down to the impeller but this is the worst kind of mixing. There is very little shear and the particles go around and around which is more like a centrifuge than a mixer. The presece of baffles stop that.

The study equipment:

Results:
Types of impeller (paddles) Flat Paddle i) small Speed (RPM) 100 With baffles 150 (P) Without baffles 105 Flow of water With baffles Without baffles moving slowly movement of water is smooth the movement speed increased smooth water mixing middle speed smooth water mixing - moving slowly - flow downward with slow rotation - the spinning of water downward is increased - middle speed - flow downward with slow rotation - do not entirely mixing - bubble formed - water almost splash - rotate downward with the large diameter - bubble formed - water mixing by rotation - slow rotation of water in the middle of tank - speed of water rotation increased - bubble almost form.

200

360

175

100 ii) middle

235

80

200

200

bubble formed

100 iii) large

530

105

water mixed smoothly all around the tank bubble formed water mix slowly and smoothly all around the tank

200 Propeller 100

30

280 35

200

55

85

speed of water mixing increased the mixing of water is smooth

Discussions:
Baffles are obstacles or barriers that are positioned parallel to the agitator arm at the edge of a tank wall. They inhibit tangential flow without affecting the radial component. Typically, four baffles are adequate unless the tank has an unusually large diameter. Impede rotational flow without interfering with radial or longitudinal flow. A simple and effective baffling is attained by installing vertical strips perpendicular to the wall of the tank. The patterns off low of fluid velocity in an agitated vessel are complex but reasonably definite and reproducible. When the shaft is vertical, the radial and tangential components are in horizontal plane, and the longitudinal component is vertical. The longitudinal and radial components are useful and provide the flow necessary for the mixing action. When the shaft is vertical and centrally located in the tank, the tangential is generally disadvantages because the flow follows a circular path around the shaft, creates a vortex at the surface of the liquid. If solid particles present, circulatory currents tend to throw the particle to the outside by centrifugal force that makes them concentrated at the bottom of the tank. In unbaffled vessel, circulatory flow is induced by all types of impellers, whether axial flow or radial flow. In fact, if the swirling is strong, the flow pattern in the tank is virtually the same regardless of the design of impeller. At high impeller speeds, the vortex maybe so deep that it reaches the impeller and gas from above the liquid is drawn down into the charge which is undesirable. In this experiment, we are testing the two types of impeller which are propeller and flat paddles. Impeller also known as agitator function as to create a flow pattern of liquid in the system. The propeller is usually used for an axial flow where it is one of the high speed impeller for liquid of low viscosity. We have been observed that the water mix smoothly all around the tank by using the propeller with the aid of baffles and without baffles. While without baffles, the flow of water mixing is not uniform and not really smooth. At the high speed, the bubbles are almost formed and this may cause of splashing if go on with the next speed. This shown that the aid of baffles is more convenient. For the paddles, we are using three sizes of flat paddle to show the different types of flow pattern. Same goes to the propeller, those types of paddles also well function by mixing the water smoothly all around the tank with the aid of baffles. Without baffles, the water is mix by rotation at the middle of the tank.

As the speed increased, the pressure also increased. But for the middle and large size, the most appropriate speed for them to well function is at 100rpm. At 200rpm, the water is almost splash where the water is not mix properly. This experiment have shown us that the baffles is really useful in the mixing of liquid by creating the smooth flow pattern compared to without the aid of baffles.

EXPERIMENT 5: GAS ABSORPTION

Objectives:
To analyze the performance of a gas absorption column.

Introduction
Gas absorption is a widely unit operation in chemical engineering. There are numerous process applications where particular components need to be selectively removed from a gas stream. The type of contacting unit for the feed gas and the absorbing liquid can be tailored to the application along with the choice of the absorbent which will have a high selectivity for the desired components along with a high capacity for the absorbed components. The use of chemically reactive absorption systems has been developed by chemical engineers as a process that shows high selectivity and capacity as compared to absorbents which do not chemically react with the absorbing species. There are numerous applications of this approach in the chemical industry. Examples are the removal of ammonia in the Haber process of ammonia synthesis, separations of acid such as CO2 and H2S from natural gas, and CO separation from gas mixtures with H2. There are numerous types of contactors that have been developed to assure a good contact between the gas and liquid streams. This is important to obtain an efficient separation process that requires a minimal size for the absorber. Many of the contactors are similar to those used in distillation. These include bubble cap trays and columns filled with various packing. Chemical engineers need to be able to design gas absorbers which produce a treated gas of a desired purity with an optimal size and liquid flow. This can be based on existing correlations and, when required, laboratory and/or pilot plant data.

The study equipment

Result Air Flow (L/min) Water Flow (L/min) 2 Observation in column Top
Slow water flowed The water not well distributed Water flow more faster Dried surface still appear A lot of bubble

Bottom
A lot of dried surface Slow water flowed

Pressure drop Left Right 41 130

40 4

A lot of bubble appeared Dried surface still appear Water flow more faster Water flow more faster No dried surface A lot off bubble Water flowed through all the packing. Water flowed slow than at the top column Less of bubble

40

132

Water flow more fastest More bubble compared to bottom column Slow water flowed Not well distributed Dried surface appear Less bubble More bubble appear Water flow become faster

42

132

2 70

66

113

A lot of bubble Water flowed become more slow

66

113

NO INTERACTION SINCE FOAM FORMED AT THE TOP OF THE COLUMN.

157

204

2 110 4

Not well distributed A lot of dried surface

A lot of dried surface Water flowed more faster.

157 155

206 208

NO INTERACTION SINCE FOAM FORMED AT THE TOP OF THE COLUMN. CANNOT PROCEED SINCE WATER FLOW AT 4L/MIN HAS NO INTERACTIONS. -

Interpretation result -graph

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 40 70 110

Graph air flow vs water flow

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 pressure drop 1 pressure drop 2 pressure drop 3

Graph air flow vs pressure drop (left)

250 200 150 100 50 0 pressure drop1 pressure drop 2 pressure drop 3

Discussions Once the liquid flow into the column, it will form this films which cover over the entire packing surface all the way down the tower. Films tend to grow thicker in some places & thinner in others, so that the liquid collects into small rivulets & flows along localized paths through the packing. At low liquid rates, much of the packing surface may be dry or covered by stagnant film or liquid. There is an upper limit to the rate of gas flow. The gas velocity corresponding to this limit is called the flooding velocity. It can be found from the inspection of the relation between pressure drop through the bed packing and the gas flow rate, from the observation of the holdup of liquid, and by the visual appearance of the packing.

References R. Dickerson, Chemical Principles. Benjamin-Cummings, 1984. R. H. Perry and D. W. Green, Eds., Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1997. R. Treybal, Mass Transfer Operations, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 1980. www.slideshare.com www.sciencedirect.com D. H. Sharp. An overview of Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Physica D, 12:3{18, 1984.

E. George, J. Glimm, X. L. Li, Y. H. Li, and X. F. Liu. The inuence of scale-breaking phenomena on
turbulent mixing rates. Phys. Rev. E, 73:016304{1{016304{5, 2006. Szegvari and M. Yang, Fine Grinding of High-Value-Added Industrial Minerals by Attrition Milling. Paper presented at Les Mineraux Industriels Materiaux des Annees 90, March 9,1989. Unit Operation in Food Processing. R.L Earle en.wikipedia/org/cyclone separation en.wikipedia/org/Mill (grinding)