SAA, ZemHon ctepona. ‘Mepwi anMut w cKopoctH B weaax napnrauin 3emaa npHiumaeres 3a 3xAMNICONA BpaIeHHA HM aemMHO chhepona. 9.1- ANNCOMA C OHILMANBHO MPHHATHMH pasMepamut HeantnaioT pedepenu-sasunconaom. B CCCP ¢ 1946 r, punt pedepenu-saauncona KpaconcKo- ro, B Apyrix ctpanax npHHsTs saauncouam c HuBIM MapaMeTpaMil, NosTOMY MepeXoA ¢ KapTEt Na Kapty caeayer suino‘HATh He MO KOOpAHHa- Tam, a 10 TleaeHry H paccTosHMto. Tipw pewennit 3aza4 HasHraunu, He Tpe6yIo- MX BHICOKO! ToUKOCTH, 3eMmO NPHHHMAIOT 3a uiap, ¥ KOTOporo AumHa MHHYTH ayrH Goabworo xpyra panna oaHof mopcKoit muse, tT. ¢. 1852 M, Paanye taxoro mapa R=6 366707 437,743. Muai, a amuna ero 9kRaTopa S: 0003 km= 21 600 m. nab. ania 1 Mut saanntHyeckoro Mepnanana 3aBHcHT OT UIMPOTH H AAR pecbepenu-samINcoHTa Kpacoscxoro —cocranaser: M1’ =1852,23— = 9,34 cos 29. Ha 9kearope ona panna 1842.89 m, wa no- atoce — 1861,57 m. B Gombumuerse ctpax MB CCCP c 1931 r. Asuna mopcxod usm craxdapr- nod MusIK npuHaTa paBHol 1852 M. KaGeauton coctanaaer 0,1 muan mt paper 185,2_. Eannuuei ckopoctu spasaetca ysea, paaxpiii onuoh mopcKoh mite a vac; | ys==1852 m4 30,8667 M/Mun=0,5144 ‘m/c=0,167 x6/Munit. Tan OwictpHix npHGrWKeHHEIX paceTOR MOrXHO NpHuATe: cKopocTs B w/c, YMHOKeHHat Ha 2, pasa cKOpOcTH R yaNax; CKOpOCTb B Y3.1aX, Ae- denHan Ha 6, papa cKopocta a K6/mun. Han Tepexola oT cKOpoctH p yS7ax K cKOpocTH B kw/q HeOOXOANMO CKOpOCTH B Y3AaX YMHOKHTS va 2 H OT peayabrata oTHATS ero _qecATyl0 yacTb; ckopocTb 8 KM/H, aemeHHan Ha 2H ca0- enHan ¢ JecATOM YacTHO peayabTaTa, JacT CKO- pocth m yanax 5.1.2. anbMocts sHaumoro ropuscHTa w o6vexron B Mope Zaavnocrs eudumozo 2opusoxta Jl, (B Mu- JAX) M1pH HOpMatbHOM cocToRHUN aTMocdepEt (pue. 5.1) Dee=2,1 Ve, me e—abicora raasa HaGmosatens, M. To sto cbopmyae cocranacwa MT—-75. (5.1) ta6a. 22 Hakasonenue eudumoz0 zopusontu ausncas- eres no (popmyte a’ =1,766 Ye ua puOupaerca ua Taz. 11-a MT—75. Aaavnocrs eudunocru npedaeros, (5.2) My=2,1 Ye—1,2y' + 4+VQA4 Ve — 1.27 PF 44l (he) 5 (5.3) rae h—seicora npeamera, M; y’ — paspeuiaiomtas cnoco6uocts raasa (npH HopMaabuom apenun y’~ 1; np HaOato- aeim 8 OnnoKs c W-KpatHnim yoea- venue y’ Hato ymeHbumTs 8 W pas). Tan ore MoxHo mpHusts y Da=2,1(Vk+Ve). (5.4) Ha Mopckux Kaprax HB HaBHraUHORHE:x nocoOax AamuocTs BHANMocTH x ykasbBaeT- cA ¢ BuCOTH Taaaa e=5 M, Ecam sucoTa rasa Was, TO ykagaHHyI0 Ha KapTe AaqbHOCTS uc npananiot nonpasKoli: , Torna ANy=2.1 We —4,7. (5.5) KoTopag nosoxuTeMbua pH e>5 M. Taavnocrs paduoaokayuoxkozo zopusonra Zp 3aBHCHT OT BEICOTEL aHTeHHB! hy Wp=2.4 Via (5.6) Taapuocts o6wapyxeHia o6vexTos Jpo HCnOs0BaHHeM cyAOBOM —panHoroKaLHOHHOHt CTAHUMH MOET GbITh OleHeHA m0 hopmyzte Dpo=1,150n (8.7) ua npaktuKe [po MoxeT ObiTh MeHee paccuntan- Holt, TAK Kax opmysia (5.7) oTpaxaloulnx cno- coBuocrell oBpeKTa He y¥HTEIBZeT. Puc. 5.1 orneli JlaabHocTb BHAHMOCTH npeAMeTOB H 1395.2.4, Onpegenenne ckopoctn cyaHa 4 nonpankn nara Texnuueckow cxopocrbio maauiBaetes cKO- POCTh OTHOCHTeADHO sOAb, KOrAa MexaHUaML PasBuBaior MoaHyIo MoWHOCTS MpH BoaHeNM He Goatee 2 npn serpe 10 3 Ganon. Texunueckyio cKopocts cy.Ha onpeaeamior Tocae nocTpofiki HAH peMoHTa Ha XoLOBLIX UC MBITAHHSX Ha cHenHaADHO OGOpyzoBaitibix Mep- HX JMMHAX WLI pa.aHOTOKANHOMABX NosMTOHAX, To peayabratam waOaozennit asuncamoT sapien MOcTb CKOPOCTH OT WacTOTH spaulenua BuNTa nonpasky «tara Tlanta npo6era 20mkHa GwTe pasa oaHoit muse “npn V<12 y3, asym Musam npw V (12+24) ys m tpem muaawe npn V>24 ys, Hanpanseune npo6era pacnosarawt nepnexan- kyampo cekyutim crsopam. [Ip nponeaennt ckopocTHLIx HenBITaNHti AelicTBHe TeYeHHs 20.0K- HO GbiTh HCKAONEHO BLITOAHEHHEM —HeCKOMDKHX mpoGeron, wico KOTOPHIX 3aBHCHT OT XapakTepa npeanoaaraemoro Tevenns. [px orcyTeraHH Teve- uit ckopocth cyana Vn fonpaexy aaza Aa (8 %) BuYMCAMOT nO PopmyzaM: S—pon Aa = 100, (5.8) rae S— Adana npoGera, win; 1 —apema npobera, c —pasnocts orcueros Pp Tipu nocrosnvom revennnt npoGera, Torta sara (02—0m)) BunoausoT apa 6.9) Tipu nepementom Tevenn# i BO BpeMA cne- UMaaBHBIX HCMbITAHHit BLINOANIOT TPH MH YeTbI- pe npo6era Ha xotoobx HenbiTanax cocTasaseTeH TaK- we TaGauua Wm cpaguK sasncnmoct V or va ctor spamenus punta N. Ecan napectia cKo: pocrh cy.ana V, oTHOcHTetbHO BOABI MPH Kako! TO OAHOM YacToTe ppalteHHs No BHHTa, Toraa Jit onlpetestenus ckopocti cyana V pu apyroft uactote ppaleHHa N MOXHO BOcHOsb3OBaTECA Apn6anxKenwok hopmy-zoit V=Vo(NiNg)"* (5.10) Bmecto nonpapkn sara wacto HcnosbayioT BeAMUMHy, HasKiBaeMyio KospHuMeHTOM ara Aa100. (6.11) Ka =S,poa nan Ka =1 Tpoiizeunoe cyauom paccrosune no noKasa HM Jara S; (maaeanue no aaey) Syeeth~ 140 Na/100) por wan Sy =Ka pos, (5.12) 5.2.2. Mponepxa cxopoctn ¥ nonpain nara 8 nnasannn Bucoxorountie o6cepaauin no AaHHuM cy oso PJIC nossosioT onpexeaste ckopoctb cyata mposepats nonpasky ara, Caeayer NMeTb B BHAY, YTO ONpereteHHaR TakHM O6pasoM nlonpaska tara GyaeT HMeT» norpewHocth 3a cueT HenapectHoro TevenHs, JLaa ee uck.mONeHHs HYKHO HCNOAb30BaTb He HMeOMHi BeTpoBOrO: Apelitha ca0601HO naaBatoulMit OGbeKT, KoTOpLlii caeayer npnaectt Ha KY=0° 4 gatem’ naMepiTe paawosioKaTopom asa pacctosuna Dy 1 Ds, 3a Me¥ax MpOMeAYTOK BpemeHH f MexAyY H3Mepe- NHIMH TO ceKyHAoMepy. CKopocts H nonpaska Jara paccuntiBawTca 3aTeM no (popMy.lam (5.8). Janna npoGera nomxua Gut» we mene 3-4 Mum, Jaa nopuuenns TownocTH MoxHO CxesaTH HECKOASKO NpOGeroR; B sTOM cay4ae mO- rpeuiHocts coctasut +0,5%. Pacctosune S MOKHO TaK:KE HAMEpHTD MeX- AY ABYM# TOWHDIMH OGcepBpaLHaMH (HanpHMep, nto baaono PHC), B Taxnx cayyaax S omKH0 GbiTh He Menee 20—30 Mush, a A peayabrate Gy- AYT MOAYeHIs, CTPOTO rovOpA, He cKOpOcTs 110 gary Vs Han ero nonpaska Aq, a nyTepas cKO- pocts Vi nonpanKa naanauia npn aaMHoM (06st HeHBecTHOM) TeYeHHI 5.2.3. Yunurorenne K onpemenenne OcrarouHon meBnannn Jesnaniio MaritHoro Kownaca onpeaea- vor Ha AeaHalMoHHtix cTAopax, MOOYepeHO 10- wKacb Ha 8 Kypcos (TaBHble HM 4eTBepTHBIe pyMOni): 6=Mln—KI. (5.13) Onpedeacnue deauayuu no ordasennomy npedaety, NoOKEHHE KOTOPOTO H3BECTHO, BEI- noauseren a HeOoabUNx cyzoB, CyaNo passo- pallnpaercn Ha paBHOOTCTOAUie MarHuTHBIe KYD- Chl HB MOMeHTH, COOTReTCTAYIOMNe TaBHBM uerseptinm pyMOam, nereHryer opnentip. Ma HHTHBI TeTeHT MOxeT GHTD NoayyeH ocpeaNennt eM KoMnacnbix neseHTon 4- MIT 1 =~ dK (5.14) 8 8 Tlesuauna nytenoro KoMnaca onpe.teasetes fo camvenio ¢ rataBHeM: n= KKpa KK t- Brat Cucrewatiseckyio nposepky aesnanm Mar- HiITHOTO KoMNaca OcylecTBAKIOT MO caUYeHITIO C rHpoKoMnacoM o- TKK—KK + ATK- (5.15) (5.16) Ocrarownan AeaManHs He AO.KHA npeBE uiaTh y flasHoro Komnaca 3°, y nyTesoro ECan KOHTpOsbHbIe ONpeaeneHHs AesKaIUH BLIIBANOT Ce PACXOrAeHHe C TaGsNGHO Goze vem Ha 1°, HeoGXOANMO WenpawaeHHe TaGamuDaepnanin. Ecat aeavaunt npeptuiaer 4°, To Ha0 ce YHHYTOKHTb HH NOAYHHYTOANTD, MOCAE 4ero Os3aTesbHo coctapsene HoBolt TaGAMUt aeswauut. Ha cyaax p akcnayaTanun o6n¥HO YHNTOKAIOT TOsIBKO TlOAYKPyroByWo, a MHOrZa — it Kperonyto aesnaumt. Yanutoxenne noaykpyroso xesnauun cno- co6om Spu mo cavenHo c rHpoKoMmacoM, m10- Tipaska KoToporo HaKecTHa, — HanGostee npoctoli HW AOCTATONHO TOUKDIH COCO, npUMeHHMBI B OT- KpbiToM Mope. PekomentyeTen caleayiounit nopa- OK AeicrBHi 1, To opayae IKK=MK—(M'K—d) (6.17) naiiT Kypcbl 10 rHpoKoMnacy, cooTseTcTayioNe raanioim Maruutaem Kypcam: N, E, Sm W. 2. Ynpanaaa no rupoKosnacy, npnaecru cyAHo Ha Gawkaiiwnit raapHblit MarnuTHbii Kype. Coxpansia Kype mo ripoKommacy, marmttamu- yauToxnTeiaMil— nonepewnuimn “Ha Kypeax N ian S, npoaoabitimn ua Kypeax E nan W— zo: wocTH Ha6nOAaeMyIO AeRUAILNO AO HysIs 3. Measennuim nosoporom mpusecti cyaKo na cM@kui raannoit MarMurHBtil Kype, ynpas- iin NO THpokOMMacy, MarHittamu-yHITOKUTETA- Mit AHO JOReCTH AO HY AeANALMO, HaC.tOAa- emylo Ha 9TOM Kypce. 4. Meanenwtim nopopotom 8 ty xke cTopory npusecrH cyaHo Ha caleayloumit raapueti MaranT- nuit Kype, Ynpasaas no rupokomnacy. Coxpanas Kypc NO THpOKOMMacy, MarHiITaMu-yHHUTOAUTE- JAM = -YMeHDUINTh — HaGsioaaemyio —sAeBHaLHiO Banoe. Dro gocruraetcs, xoraa KK=MK—6/2. 5. Mestenbim nonopotom cyaKa B Ty 2Ke cTopowy mpisecr ero Ha nocaeauuit raapawit MarHuTHBiL KYPe, yNpaBaas no rHpoKoMmac Mariutrastn-yuitrroakiTesta it Aepilaiiio, Ha6tOAaeMy!o Ha 3TOM Kypce. 6. 3amicath nosoKeNHe MarHuTOB-yHINTO- akuTesel Wa BHyTpeHHel cTOpoNe ABeplibl HaK- TOY3a M, ECs NOBNOANIOT yerOMMA, OMpesteanTD aan Kourpoan ATK. Todynuxrowenue noayxpyeosod deeuayuu cnoco6om noa-3pu NO cANYeNHIO ¢ THPOKOMMaCOM BbIIOANAIOT KAK H OMHCAHHHM BBM CTOCOGOM Spi, HO TOABKO Ha ABYX CMEAKHBIX rABHBIX Mar- uuu Kypeax Nw E, Eu S ut. a, wa Ko- TOpLIX HaOoJaeMyio AeBHaMIO Wa10 AOBeCTHE 20 NYAS MArHHTaMH-yHHNTOxHTeARMH. Coco6 AaeT YAoR.teTROpHTersitue peayabrati, ec AIK xoappnunentoa A a E ua npexweih Ta6.mus te- gnaw penoanserca ycaosne (|A|-+|E|) <2°. Vausromenue xpenoaok deeuayuu cnoco- Gon Komyxoea menoasHoT nocae yHHUTOKeNHA noayKpyrosoH aeataumH, nponssoanMot cHzoii CaH. Jan npumenenus cnocoba naxo BMecTo KoTeka KoMmaca YeTaHOBHTh HKAMHaTOp H Ha kypeax E nan W sepemeuienem kperosoro mar UiTa AOOHTSCH, YTOGM USMepReMOe MarHHTHOe nakaonenne J’ panuaaoce ero seanunue JB nan HOM pafione, Beanunny J onpeneasiot no warHnt- HBIM KapTaM HAH H3MepmOT HHKAMMATOpOM Ha Gepery. - foayHMUTOKeHHe KpeHOROH leaHANNI BB noaKsIOT MpH GopToBo! KauKe cy.Ma Ha Kypeax, GanaKux KN nan S, [lan storo waxo nepeme- Menem KpeHOROrO MarHitta AOGUTHCR MOMMA YMeHBUINTE BABOe hoi aMnautynst KoseGanui KaTyWKH KoMnaca, Tlocae m0Goro yHHuTOKeHHS HM noayiHH- TOXKEHHH AeBHAUHH HeOOXOLHMO OnpereAHTh Ha HaGmoxeHHi ee ocraTouHy! neqMuNHy Ha He- CKOABKHX KYPCAX, BEIMHCAHT KosGypHUMeHTH e- Bua, a 10 HM — Hon TaOaMy aeBHaNHn. Onpereaenue aesuauin sanoansior o6naHo Ha BOCHMH TaBHBIX H YeTBepTHNX KoMmacHix kypeax (N, NE nT. a.) mo mencuram crsopop NaH To caHYeHHIO ¢ THPOKOMNacOM. B nocaeaHem cayyae moBopoTs cy.Ha Hao RRNOAHATh Mea- JeHHO B OANY H TY %Ke CTOPOHY, a nONpaaKy rH- PoKomnaca xKesaTersHo Onpeseant 10 H MocaTe Mantenpuponanus. Buuncrenne Kosppuunenton azeanaunn A, 8, C, Dw E no suavennam 5, onpenesenun wa nocemn KK, auinoausior no ‘opwyaan: ) 1 A= (+84 3 ae B FE 6840.71 6,4 5,59): 1 C= M1 81)-40,71 (6— — 85-4 59)]: 1 Dap Or 8, +8559): (5.18) 1 7 (1s +8589). | Barem anuuctsior 6 vepea 10° no dopuy.te 6=Dsin2kK Tit Ww E cos 2KK+A + + Bsin KK-+C cos KK, (5.19) ¥ Vi oT Tae PUMCKHMH IUKpasi OGosHayente YacTH op- MysIbl TAK, Kak 9TO NPHHATO B CTaHAapTHMIX cxe- Max ain puiccreniii, B TakHX cxemax mpiinete HBL MHOMKHTeIN Np KospHUNeHTAX AeBHALH, B pacuerax ywuTbinaiot, 470 8 OGoaHayeHHax va cre bopmy.ibt (5,19) 118 nepaoii noayoKpy2xHo. cru Kypeos (KK<180°) 6=IV+VII, a aan npotuponoaoaxustx Kypcos 6—=1V—VII. Jum KouTpoas pekoMenayercn no si4uczen- HbIM 3uaMeHHAM eBHaLUT —MOcTpOHTs rpaduK, KOTOpbIi He AOZKEH UMeTR pesKHx «BEIGPocoB», a TAKE CPaaiiTh BBIMNCTeHHME aiaveHI AeRM AUN C MOAYHEHHBIMN 3 HaGmOAeHHit Ha TeX -Ke Kypcax: AomycTuMoe pacxoxzenne — 20 0,2°, Wenpansene ra6anun aeananin a nzana- HHH COCTOHT B OnpereTeMMit HONBIX sHayennii wanGoace HIMEHYNBLIX TOAyKpyroBUX Kosdeprt- enton Bon Co a puiucrtennit TaGaMus reBKa Wnt ¢ HcnoaRaORANHEM MpexHUX aHaveMuA apy: 141THx Kosppuunentos. Max yrounenus Bu C a0- craTowHO onperemuTs AeBHAUHO Syow Ha AoyX cMexHBIX raaHbix Kypeax (N HE nan En S WT.) MW HaiiTH naMeHeHHA Ab=8yon—Sraos TaOAM4HOH AesMaUHH Srasa Ha 9THX Kypcax, 4TO AaeT W3MeHEHHA noayKpyroBbIx KoadpHuNeATOB AB=Sbe=—Mw uv AC=Aby=—Abs, rae MHAeKCaMH OTMeNeHB! KypCbl, Ha KOTOPBIX onpe- ereHE HaMeHeHHA aeBHAKHH Ja MCTEHME RYT CYHA 5.3.4. Yuer unpkynsaynn npx npoxnapKe Tpu ywere uxpkyaauun pewarorea ave sa- dau: mpaMan m o6patias. Cpaman saaaya co- CTOHT B HAXOXKAeHUH TONKH, H3 KOTOpO! caeayer MposOKHTs HOBLI Kypc MOCTe OKOHYAHHA NOBO- pora. Ip o6patwof saqaye HaxoxaT TouKy Ha- 4acla Nopopota, Haan NOBOPOT B KOTOpO!, CyAHO Jet Ha NoBisit Kype Mocte ero OKOHYAHIA B HaMevenHiot TouKe. Yuer UMpKYARNH BINOANAeT- ca rpadiueckiMH npHemamn No TaGaNlam WH no anarpamme, Tipems: ysera unpkyaaunn: a) u3 Towxn A Havana —_nonopora (pic. 5.2,a) nepnenankyanpHo K sKHuH nepBoro kypea orkaaauipaior Ry, 13 uentpa O npoRoaat AYTY paanycom Ry. Hadee, KacaTeABHO K OKPYAK- HocTH npoBoaat HoBHi Kype, TouKa Kacania Broa oKonyanus noBopoTa; 6) nposoant Guccextpucy CO yraa ACB (puc. 5.2,6) Mexay crapum AC u Hoaum CB kypeamn. B npousaoasnof touxe D pocctanan- JNBaIOT NepnenANKysAp K_AUNHM MepBOrO Kyp- ca, orknaabipaior Ha Hem DE=Ry u Hepes TO¥- ky E nposoast npamyio EO, napanaenpuyio DA, Jo nepeceuenits c Guccextpucoi yraa ACB p tou ke O. Maaee, paanycom Ry otmeuaior TouKH A 1B wavaaa w oKowanns nonopora; 8) 13 TaGaMuB HAN C AHArpaMMML UNpKyaA- WN BAIGHpAWOT paccTosHHe dy AO HOBOTO Kypca. Ha touku A (pic. 5.2,6) orksaaunaiot di i no- alyyaiot TouKy C, 13 KoTOpoi mo HoBOMy Kypcy Puc. 5.2. TipHems yuera unpkyanumu 142 oTKsaabiBaloT dy Aaa noaywenus TouKH B. Ecan ToaoxKeHHe TOHKH A HeH3BeCTHO, Toraa mepBo- NawaabHo HaxoAsT TOHKY C Kak TouKy nepece- 4eHHs KYPCOR HOT Hee OTKAaAWBaIOT oTpes- ku dy; r) Ha Ha¥aabHo TouKu A (puc. 5.2, 2) mpo- Boast npomexytounbit HKnp AKA, a no HeMy OTK-lagqbiBalOT Ry sin (a/2) — naapa- Hie M0 NpoMexyTouHOMy Kypcy, Nonyyan Tou ky B. Mocaeanuit metoa waxoauT wpoKoe npu- MeHeHHe Lan yueTa UMPKYARuMM KPyNHOTOHHARK- HBX CYIOB MpH MapaHi B ysKocTAX 5.3.2. Berposoi apeiep cyana Hero yuer Yroa mexay cesepHolt acho cTHHHOTO MepHaHaHa HW HanpasseHieM jBIKeHHs cyaHa OTHOCHTE.TbHO BOK Ha3biBaeTCR nyTeBDIM YeAOM: NY,=UK+a, (5.20) rae a—yroa peta, KoTopuit umeer anaK — ecam B npanuii, Yroa apeliba a onpesenseten 3 Habmore- Nui Han mpearBssuncaseTen mo dopMys1aM, 1oMO- rpamMam H Ta6anuaM. Coeanius cepiio H3 Tpex aH YeTbIpex 06- cepsanuit, noayweHHex .0cTaTOWHO TouHBIMH Me- ToRaMil, Ha KapTe noayuaior aWHIO NYTH, OTKY- da onpexeanor wemuuny yraa a=/I¥g—HK, TIpn6awKenno apelih cyana otnocuteabHo BOAL MOXKHO OMpeAETHTD HeNeHroRAHNeM KNAbHA- Tepnoit crpyu, Baas HeckoawKo oreueros KY (AIT), noayans, a= OKY — 180° = OKI — KK. Yroa Apeiitha MoxHo onpeaemte n m0 opH- eHTHPY, nosOX%KeHHe KoTOPOrO HeHaRecTHO. Hame- pair cepmio neseHron ¥ paccTosHHit 10 npeame- Ta, a saTeM Ha NaaHuleTe HAH KapTe AeAaloT 10- cTpoenHe: oT mponanoasHo BuGpanHol ToOuKH poKNaAwBaIOT MeTeHTH H paccTomHNA; sR, Mpowe.tennar Yepes noayyeHHbe TONKH, Aact Ha- npaszenne nytu. Yuet apeitba np npoxaanxe. Ipn Haan yraa apeiiba paccunTbipaeTca H MpoKaaapBaeTcA ia Kapte MY.=0KK-+ATK--a (5.21) Tpofizennoe no sary paccroanue Sy ork.a- AbwaeTCs TO WMH NYTH, Tak KaK lar MpH @<10° apeli yautumaer. Ecan Ke a> 10°, 10 No AHHH NYTH OTK-aAuRaeTeR paccToAHne S= Sq seco. (5.22) Tipu o6paruofi sarave, Kora tpe6yeren pac- curate KK, wanpannenue ITY cuumawr ¢ Kap- Tei, mocate vero PKK = Ny a—MVK (5.23) laa Haxork senna jo TOUKH B MO- MeHT Tpasepsa opneHtupa caeayer paccunraTs AM=HK £90 w aun aeseura nporectn 20 nepecesenis © annul nyt5.3.3. Cancnenne npy nn na TeNeHnn Qaementamn Texenua saanetca K,—Ha- Ipapaenve Tevenua (cuuTaloT, ¥TO TeYeHHe Ha- MpaBsleHo U3 KOMnaca) H Uy — CKOpocTb TeyeHHs. Mannsie 0 Tevenun noaywaior 43 nocoGui HAH ¢ MOpckHx. Kapr, Tpadnueckoe pewenne aatayn no yuery Te- NeHHA, NpOHsBOAMMOE OGHO Ha HaBHrANKONHOR KapTe, COCTOHT fp mocTpoeHHH HapHrannoNNorO TpeyrouabHHKa HAI TpeyrOABHHKA cKOpocTell, CTO- Powamu KoToporo sBamwoTcs BeKTOp Va ckopo- CTH cyaHa OTHOcHTeABHO ROAM, HanpaBnenHuit NO AHHH HCTHHHOrO Kypca, BeKTOP U; cKOpocTH, reveinin no. er0wanpepaeno. Ry w vextop V HCTHHHOM cKopocTH cyaHa, HanpaBzeHHt no aH- wait nyTH (pie. 5.3, a) Yroa B, 3aKmouennviit ueTHHHOrO Kypca MYTH, HasbiBaeTcs yraoM clloca; oH cHHTaeTeR —MOAOXKHTEMHBM, — ECAH TY, >HK, « orpauateanem, ecan 1V, 10°. 3Haa cm HK, wa- xoaum [Ye no ipopwy-e (5.27). Buayenne [Ye mMorkHO onpeneants, ecan H3- Mepiith TpH_netetra Ha OAHH H TOT xe OpHen- Tip (pic. 5.6,6) M 3aMeTHTh apems naaBaHua MerK.Ly HItM MV, =HIly+ 42, (6.31) mpauem gz noaysaior no opmyae cig 0, —ctg 8, te gg te | (5.32) I+t Ec: neaeurit nats wepes paniie npome- 2kyTKH apemeHH, Tora T=1 # ctege=(ctg0,—ctg,)/2. (5.33) B o6uem nite sta sazaya moxer OuiTD pe~ wena rpaduveckn, Tlocae mpokraaKH wa Kapte TPeX pasHOBpeMeRHMX HaBHTAYMOHHBIX H3OTHHHi HeOOXOAHMO Ha KasIbKe MposecTH NpousBoAbAYIO npaMy!0 M Ha Hell MOCsenOBaTeTbHO OTAOKUTE Aba MponsBoabHX OTpesKa Si=kfy Hn So—hte (rae k—awGpannesi Kospunnent 0,1; 0,5; 2 HT, a). Bweulaa Takne orpesku Mexay JMHHAMI nposorkenHbix Ha KapTe neweHToB, MOAyYHM Ha- npanaenve npamof, napasseasuok sMnM nyTH. Meroa onpeseaenua cymMapHoro yraa cHo ca c n3 o6ceprauni npeanosaraet noaywenne ce- pi TouHWX MecTonosOKeHN cyaHa sa 2—3 ¥, Tpousuean rpaciueckoe ocpentenne TaKHx 06- cepsaunii, noayuaior nanpagrenme ammit nyTH,Hetuunaa ckopocts papusetca otHouenmio KpaT- uaiuero paccTonuua Mexkay HavanbHoll H KOHeY- Hol OGceppannamn KO ApeMeHH TulapaHH MerKay aM. 5.3.6, AWanutmueckoe cuncnenne nyT™ cyana Axaauruweckoe cuucaenue pexerca mpH ma- BalHH B OTKPHITOM Mope, MPH pelleHHH acTpoHo- MHMECKHX 344%, NPM MaBaHHAX, cBABAHHBIX Cc wactoit cmeHoi Kypcon. opmyab anamnTHuecko- TO CHHCAeHHs HcHosbayloTcA B aBTOCuHCHTeAAX KOOPAWHaT HB HaBHrauMONHBX TpeHarxepax. Hs HapHraivouHoro TpeyrombAHnka PHM tPH; My=M+PA, (5.34) rae PUll=S cosK; P/=OTIUlI sec @ep; OTUI=S sin K. (6.35) Tlo stam dopmyzam cocrasaena taba, 24 MT—75, Suavenne PJ suOupaetcn ua taba, 25-a MT—75. [pu Gombwnx naapanuax, a TaKKe B BUICOKHX uIHpOTaX cHeRyer Nombs0BATECA Goze TOO! opmy.toit: PMY = 0TH] ——, 3 PA= OTIS (5.36) rae PMY —pasnocts mepuananaspinx 4a- creii, BuiOupaewaa 3 Ta6n. 26 MT—75, Auaantiueckoe cuncnenne MoxeT OniTs npo- croe, Kora mlananHe conepulaeten OAHHM KYP- CoM; cocrasnoe, Kora maapanue coBepulaeTca He- CKOMBKHMH Kypcami, H caosenoe. TIpH coctan- HOM cuHegenHH npoHanoautea pacuet Fen. PU u Tex, OTUI Kak aarepanueckoi cymmit Pll! w OTH. Tlo Tex. OTH! puuncanerca Ten. PLL. Tipu caoxnom cuncaenun PZ auwncasetcs sas Kax10ro Kypea, a HX asre6panyeckan cymma aaet Men. Pil. Tpu yuere apefipa aaa pacuera PI »_OTUl aprymextom cayxut ve HK, a TY,. Tipu yyere Tevenua ero Hanpapaenue npi- HHMaloT 3a OTaeabHMA Kypc, @ peAMYHHY cHO- ca—aa maananne m0 Hemy. Tipn adaauTHveckom cuucaeHHH 8 caysae aa- croii cMenm Kypca Caeayer yaHTHBaTb LupKyan- uuio MO apryMentam: npoMedyToNIi HCTHHHE kype H naaBanme no wemy. Oopmyau anaauTH- Heckoro CuHcaeHA MpHMeHmOTCA mp pacueTe paccroauus S Mexay ApyMa TOUKAMH H Aaa Ha- XOKMAHHA JOKCOAPOMHYECKOTO HaNpaBseHHA Ho oanoit na apyryi0 Oru Pl —. —— 3 tek Pil PMY’ (5.37) S = PIll sec K =OTIlI cosec KK. (5.38) 5.3.7, Oyenxa rounoctn cuncnennsa nyTH cyanea Tlorpeumocts cuncaewua caaraetca ua no- Tpeumoctelt B MpHHATOM HanpaBAeNHH ABHKeHHA cyana (kypca, yraa apeitha, yraa coca, nonpan- ki rHpokoMnaca 4 4p.) H norpemHoctel B npoi- AeHHOM paccTomHHH (NonpaBKa fara HAK cKOpO- CTH, MpHHsTOH qq canereHHA norpeumocTH a yiere TevenHs HAH OT HeyeTa mocaenHero) Tlorpewsoctx nepsoi rpynnbi aisnBaior Gokonoe cmeulenue cyaHa myy S ny 6=— (6.39) 60 ) a norpeuioct propo rpynnat — cmemenue BAO AHHWH Kypca: 7 V e) +m. SuaveHus aH 6 MoryT OMT npHHATE 3a TO- aayocH aaqunca norpeuinoctH cycaenus. Onn TOBOAAIOT BLIYHCANTL cpeauioln KBaApaTHYecky!o norpeulHocT cuHcseHHA (5.40) Me= Varo, (5.41) Jaa caysas, Koraa TeveHHe orcyterayer, 5 Me= Tog V28miyFmg,, (5.42) Ha ocHosaHuH MMOroaeTHux He6m0,eHHit no- AyYeHL cAeAYIONHe OPHEHTHPOBONHLE aHaNeHKs ‘M. Aaa HOpMaabHHX yeOBHit nasaHHA B 3aBH- CHMOCTH OT npofiaeHHoro paccToRHHs: Gea neTpa uw Tevenun Me=0,02S; c yuetom apeitha Me= 03S; ¢ yyetom ‘apeiiha n TevenH Me = (0,03-20,07)S. Ha Goabuiux nepexoaax popyau aan pac- veta a 4 6 aa sanbWeHHHe pesyabtaTH, Tak Kak MorpeulHOcTH CHHCAeHHA Ha OAHOM OTpesKe NYTH YaCTHYHO KOMMeHCHPYIOTCR TAKOBAMH Ha Apyrom orpeske. B atom eayvae aan pacuera a Wb pekomenayeres Hcnosb308aTb (bopmyau: a=acyr VNi b= beyr VN» (5.43) PAC deyr, beyr — BOIMOAHBIE CMEWEHHA cy.AHa 3a cyTKH; N—npoaoaxuteasiocth —naasanna (cyt), Gomme exnnnuss Mponssoan cratucTHueckyio o6paorky n0- rpeumoctelt CHHCAeHHA, MOKHO NOAYUHTS Kos- ‘uunenT TowocTH eMHcaeHHA mM, Vr Ka, (5.44) tora Me=Ket (5.45) Caeayet nomnnts, To uorpeusocts cuneae Kia He ToxrecTaeHHa norpeulHocTHt cuHteaRMOTO Mecra, Tak Kak B oceaMOIO BXOINT 1 MOrpeUt- HOCTb HCXOAHOH TOUKH, 145Puc. 5.7. flyra Goasworo Kpyra ®opmysbi 4a OueHKH TOUNOCTH cUHCAeHHA: Mpyy = Ms cos K—S sin Km; Mory =Ms sin K-+S cos Kmy: Mpa = Morus S&C Pep; Me=V ha ry B dopuyaax (5.46) ms u mx — cpeaune koaapaTiyeckHe —norpewHoctH cooTBeTcTBeHHO nuiapanua u Kypea (nyTi) (5.46) 5.3.8. Mnananne no ayre Gonsuioro Kpyra Alyea Goavwozo xpyea (oprodpomua) scerna Kopove JoKcoApoMun Han papHa eli, B BHCOKHX Uluporax W Ha GombUIHX nepexomax Wenecoobpas- Ho BuOupaTs Mapupyt no oproapomun, [laa Ha- XOMKCHHA pasHOCTH B AAHHE OpTOAPOMHH H HoKcoxpomun caeayeT nocnombaonateca Taba, 23-6 MT—75. Sty pasiocts moxkHo noaysuTS To dopmyzast: S= PIL sec JTok IT; P TM te fox 1) ——PA_ _ OT PMY ~~ PL 6.4 cos D=sin g, sin gy-+c0s gy Cos py X 608 (Iq —Ay)s A=S—D. Ain uanecetun Ha mepkatopcKyio Kapty Ayr Goawutoro Kpyra Menombsyior ypanenue oproapostint tei (5.48) rae ho —aoarora TouKH nepeceyeHHA 9KBa- Topa oproapomneli; Ko— Yro. Mexay MepiaNaHom 1 opto- Apomueli s TouKe mepecevenna 9K- BaTopa; Qs Ae — TeKylue Koopamnatia, Sanapancs aoarotok Ay, noayyaior wHpory i TOUKH Ha 3aqanHoM Mepnanane. Cte Ko sin (Ai —4o) Puc, 5.8, [poxaanka oproapomuu na xapte 146, Snavenua napamerpos Ko HW ho BuNHCAmIOT npenpaputeabno: 4, 16 Gop —ha) te (2S) sin, + +92) cosec (F,—93); Cte Ko = te gy cosec (Ay — Ao) = 2 cosec (hy — Ao). J Baxitim napamerpom oproapomun asanercs Haxaaonoul Kypc Ky, KoToptiit moka3wBaet Ha- Npapsenue oproapomun B Touke A (pic. 5.7): ctg Ku=tg G2 08 y cosec (Ay — Ay) — —sin gy ctg (hy —A4). (5.50) Tlnapane sKoHOMHMecKH BHroaHee coBep- late We no KacaTemHNM K opToapoMHn Kp, a no xopaam. Ha pue. 5.7 wanpasaenne xopat o60- 3Hayeno vepes HK. Yroa Mexay KacatembHoh u xopaoh 6yaet PaBex opTozpomuyeckoH nonpaaKe ‘. Caeqosa- TeabHO, OGMH NpHAWHN pacieTa naaBaHHA 110 oproapomun cocrouT B pacuere HauambHoro Kyp- (5.49) ca Ky, suGope otpeska maananua S jaa AR<10° H noayyenus netHMHoTo Kypea: HK=Kut. (5.51) Pacuer Havasbuoro Kypca MOxKeT OWITb BB NoaeH c HCnOABIORAHHEM TAGAHLLIL OPTORPOMH- ueckHx nonpasox (pyc. 5.8). Ilan storo Ha Mex- KomacuTa6Holi Kapte coeauuaior TouKH A HB, CHHMaloT sHayeHHe aoKcoapomuyeckoro Kypca, suGupaior us taba. 23-6 MT—75 yrom oom i apunicamoT Ku=JIOKKi—poom. Toabaysich TaKHM MpHeMoM, OpToapoMHio MOXxHO HaHecTH Ha Kap- TY, NOBTOPAA BLYHCTEHHA AIR ABYX, TpeX ¥ Gomee Touex. Jaa coxpamenna pacueros uaaa- JOTCR KapTH B FHOMOHHUECKO! MPOeKUHH, Ha KO- TOPLIX OpToApoMHs us06paxaeTca npaMof aH- nueit, Coeaunaa wayatbHyio H KOHeIHYIO TOKH, Noay¥aiot OpToapoMiio, —KOOpAHHaTH KoTOpOit 3aTeM mepeHocaT Ha MepKaTopcKyio Kapry. Ha THOMONMMeCKHX KapTax HMeIoTeA TAOAMUK H HO- MOrpaMMBL Ain pacueTa AMHHE OpTOApOMHH Hawaabuoro Kypea. Jaa Gwerporo pacuera wavambuoro Kypca usaaeea HoMorpamma Ne 90199, nombayscb KoTO- po, Ky moaydaior rpaduyeckn c To¥HOcTHIO +£0,2°, Ecam mpunsts, 110 D=90°—h, Ke=A, G:=Ge, G2=5, a AL=t, Torga pacuetw opto: APOMIH serKO ‘BEINOAHHTB, HenOMbayA TaGAMIK BAC — 58, 5.4.4. Cuenenns 3 Teopwn onpenenenna mecra cyqHa Hasucaquonnoim napamerpom U naawpaerca BeaNYHHa, saBHCAUlaK HanecTHIM O6pazoM OT HOOKeHHA TOHKH H HIMepseMaa AA ONpenere- HA MecTa cysHa, HanpHMep meseHr, paccTosHHe, paicora ceeritaa u T. m,Hapuraunonnof naoaunnel Hasupaeten an- HH, BO BCeX TOUKAX KOTOPOH sHaveHNe HaBHTa- MHOHHOTO NapameTpa O_HHaKOBO. Tpaauentom uasHrannonnoro napamerpa Ha- sbiBaeTCA BeKTOP g, HanpaBaeHuBtl no HOpMaaH K HSOAMWU B cTOpoHY ee cMemeHHA Ap npH yBe- auaeain napaMerpa U ua anayewne seaiun- aot AU. Octosie HasHrannonnwe napamerpy, ux PyHKUHH, H3aOAHHHH H rpaqHeHTH npeacTaszentt B ta6a. 5.1. B stoi ra6auue © n A— reorpadu- weckHe KOopaHHatit OpHenTHpa; @ iH A— TeKyumne xoopanuata cyaua. Oyxkunn napametpos AD u @ AaMW 5 HaTypasbHOM pide, He sasHcAUeM OT BuOopa cHCTeMM KOOPAMHAT: IR MpHBEeHUA HX K reorpaduyeckum KoopauHataM Halo noacta- BHT Bbipaxenua dyHkuHn napamerpa D u3 npe- ABLAYULHX CTPOK Taba. 5.1. Jusuen noaomenua Hasupaetcn npaMan, 3a- MeHmOMaA —YYACTOK HaBHrauHOHHO! H30.NHHH BOAUSH CHHCAMMOrO MecTa. Ecau auniio nozoxKenna (1am yyactoK u30- aun) eMccTHTD B o6e cTopoHH Ha sHayeHne ee cpeaueit KBaapatHyeckol morpeuioctH mp, TO Nloay4uM cpednioro Keadparuxeckyio nosocy noao- eHUs, BHYTPH KOTOPOH c BepOATHOCTHIO ~ 68% HaXOaNTe JeliCTBMTeMbHOe MecTO (Ha pHc. 5.9 TpanHlit stoi norocH NoKasaHM MYHKTHpOM). Yoeanuns wpHay Tako nosocu B TpH pasa (iam caectuB MAM MOsOxKeHUA B OGe cTOpOHL Ha 3mp), noayyHM npedeanKyto noaocy noao- sens, KoTOPaR saxpaTHBaeT elicTBHTeTbHOE MecTO © BepontHoctsI0 ~99% (Ha puc, 5.9 nto Kagawa WTpuxnyHKTHpOM). 5.4.2, Onpegenenne no nenenram Onpeserenue mecta cyaua no neseuram ABYX OpHeHTHPOB — HanGoaee pacnpoctpaneHtiiit 8 HapHrauMH cnocos, Lax nossuleHHA TouocTH Nepsuim neseuryiot ‘npeaMer, pacnoaoxennuit GawKe x aMaMeTpabHof naockocTH. Tipu nezen- FowawHH npeanoutenHe oTAaioT mpeaMeTaM, Ha- XOMAIMUMCH Ha GaHSKHX pacctoniiax. Hesocta- TOK cnocoba — otcyTcTaHe KOHTpoAN MpH OAUHOY- Hom onpexerennn, Jaa ero yerpanenns nposoaat He ONO, a cepiio onpexeaenuit mecta, pacnoaa- TaOWLHXes Ha KapTe BAOAb ANKNM nepeMententia cyaila Ha pacctosiiax, nponopunonaabitix cooT- BeTCTBYIOUHM NPOMEXYTKAM BpeMeHH wa naa vania no aary. Tip naanwnt noptopmowelica NlorpewwoctH €4, 8 o6ulel nonpaske AK am- HHA, COeAMHAWOIAR OBcepBauM, cocTaBHT c aK Huei nposoxenioro HK yrom, pasiuit eax. Suavenne takof norpeuoctH &4x MOXKHO on- pexeauth cxeayiouum npHemom. Cueays noctoan- HUM KypcoM H ckOpocTbio, TpHakan GepyT me- aenru npeameros A a B (puc. 5.10), duxcupya orcuer lara H Moment npemenu,’ Ha Kapte NpoksaawBaior ucnpasaenuwe o6uelt nonpanKon AKnp nenexra npeamera AW HaxoanT sMHINO abc, napaatetbnyio nyTH, BMeULeHHeM oTpeskoR Siu Sz. Hs Tove a, 6 i c npokstaausawr ne- JenrH npeamera B c yuetom npuuatoh nonpaskit Kap. Takne neneura mepecekyrca B TouKe B’, a yroa Mexiy annitamn AB 1 AB’ Gyact pane Puc. 5.9. Toaoca nonoxenna &\x—NorpewnoctH B npunatoi nonpapke Kom- naca AKnp. Torpeuuoct 6yaet co sHaKoM noc, ecan touka BY aexur npapee wun AB. Bepioe aHavenve nonpask Kommaca’ onpegemurca no opmy.ne AK = AKnp—eqx. (6.52) Cpeauaa Kpaapatuyeckan norpeumocts M Mecta cyaHa no aayM nenenraw L 57,3 sin AT xV mh DPD) my DE, x (6.53) rae ATI — pasnocts neaenron; my H } —cpeanne Keaapariueckne norpeuno- Max CTH MeTeHroBaHHA H NpHHATOM mo- Npapky KoMnaca, rpaa; Dy Da —Pacctoauua 20 opHeHTHpos H Mex- w Dia} ay nam Tipu neaeurosannn tpex opnentupos o6pa- ayercn Tpeyeoasnux nozpeunocred. Ecam ero ctopoun pani 5—15 MM (8 aaBiicHMocTH oT MacuiTa6a KapT), TO MecTO CyAHa ApHHMMalOT B uentpe. Ecan tpeyroabuuk octpoyroabauit H on- Ha cTopowa Menbille Apyrux, TO ecto cysHa MpHHUMaIoT BHYTPH TpeyromHHKa, GaKe K ero Mebulelt cropone. Ecai Goabuioh TpeyroabHnK BHISBAH MasMNHeM CHCTeMaTHYecKOR mOrpeuIHo- cTH (B YeM caeayeT y6eaHTscs, NORTOPHE Ha6z0- ACHHA H NOAYGHB NOCH TpeyrosbHHK), TOr- sla _cateayeT mposectu rpadHueckoe uckmovenne cuctematnyeckoit norpeunocra, [las storo, u3Me- NB Mlonpapky Komnaca Ha 3—6° (n m06ylo cra- a é Puc, 5.10. Onpeaenenue no nenenray 147a of LS HTH | MoAweda Auentudaw % LU KorsK vou Q todan wemumroxodu ‘wewudyy @ 509 (¥—v) b—o =U 3p MA9ONIOLU eH ciaued | [ wan | quisoo a fieamndon A moe | Gy —y) Bia qos} r= — -1f You Q cadon’ wemut 8 woareds 1 a ==. ooteH ‘ouvka eu CQ eduinando 9 [LL aavan- yrnsedg, AW __ kwemrndan CCE sh) % LL wovsd rou Q codon 13) wodweds | ce°Zs wembroxodu ‘wemudty o—o wavoNdouN eH [urnw/moAveds) soo at oR (o'3) DBP - o1vou YHTT 4 =y) tho b urs— UMS iam ai ba AS -yemuug Ww Q edoah Lit (e—v) Bio urs - a 3 OR} I -oxodu — esnarouoeyy — |—(Y—V) 999 09 @ BY= L519} adada ex reduawando [[ aNowapy (4 — 06) =2 wookuved — wuwaonHdad> oe MH BHHaMEGI0 aDOI-ON_& 4 eaten adopo ew | a etn | (UH) S09 @ S09 b 00-+ 1g weuenitrdoox (evniogs sAnnee) y| WIAW MLAWHNE —soomd xmuaed Jkdy Lg us b wis y wis > erMiags y eLOONg, @ wookuwed HO am Of ome OL nodiwan 9 auz0nKkdHQ | 7809 eC¢—V) + 2lb—@) 27 nugono0v0 eM @ wookuved wioonnd +) $09 dh $09 @ 5 [ BHHBOLOIed MNAHHY | ' Poa igi nods snisiacda (y—y) soo dh soo q soo O81 FL | wniwous5ed Taye YUNVER — wHTTeLD0¢}4 “ph uls q usc soo adago ex (0. edusnondo lov = am wou20eq 2 onnaraedueyy qusondoneed “F avavow fl . oumzorn wennomnesTEHL wunmndp wenuoNMELHEeL] dionedeu yrimmomtesnaeH runowireds H HMHHVOSH ‘HNAKHA XH ‘MadiaWeden AMHHOMNEIHELH aIHEOHIQ re eunvoe, &o 7 3 é x S a $ £ ° 6 E 5 £ 5 S & & B cropony GawxKaiiuero soxyca Ha wentp nsoronet MHHYTEL AYFH eaMHMUN paccToRHHA 3438'D. eAMHHUL paccromHHs eaHHAW paccroRHHs 2 [ runep6o: Oe | 2sin® Tlaockaa runep6ona c| To xe wepes 0). i BriHca- Céhepnueckan ta ¢ hoKycamu O; HO» goxycamn O; # Oz Haorova — oxpyxuoct», O, w wMewuta! npoxoasuas HEM yroa a AD=D,—D, Di+D}—D 2D, Dy sin?AD =cos*D,—cos*D, +- + 2 cos AD cosD, cosD, cos @ = 4 Mexay Hanpasaenuamy| pacctosuni Dy—Dy_ 20. opuel yroa On O. ua mocKocTH Tupos O; # Os: Ha naockoctH ua cépepe Topusouranmunit Pasnocts Ha opHeHTHpeL © 6a30h D AD. Puc. 5.11. Tpeyroasiux norpeumocteti POHY) HM upoHsBeaA HOBOE NocTpoeHHe, NOAyYaIoT Bropoi Tpeyroabunx (puc. 5.11). Touxa nepece: NeHWA AHHH, COeAHHAIOWIHX CXOACTBEHHNe Bep UHHB, MpHNAMaeTcs 3a Mecto cyaHa F. Bmecto Takoro noctpoeHia MoxkHO nepefiTi K onpexeneniio Mecra cyaHa no AByM yratam, PacciutanHbiM nO TpeM KOMNacHNM meneHram. 5.4.3, Onpegenenne no ropwzonranbiuim 4 meprHKanbHuim yrnan, Jaw onpeaesenus mecta cyava c BHcoKOR TONHOCTIO MOAKHO HIMEPHT CeKCTAHOM ABA TO- pusoHTabHBX yraa aH B. Han na6exanua cayyaa neonpeseaenuocrn (koraa opuentups A, B, C um cyaHo Haxoaates Ha OaHOl OKpy:kHocTH) “HaGmOJaeMBe opHeHTH- PH AOMKHB Pacno.aratecR: Ha OAHOH npaMoll AWK HAM 61N3KO K Hel, NGO cpeaHHi opHeH- THD Ao.DKEH GIT GaWKe'K cyAHy, YeM Kpafiue, Jin60 Ce TPH OpHeHTHpa AOAKER pacnoaarate. CH MpHMepHO Ha OAMHaKOBOM paccToaHuH oT cyaua. Jlocrousterso cnoco6a coctout B TOM, TO OW He 3aBHcHT OT aHaHHa fonpapKH KoMna- ca AK. Cpeauan Keaapatiueckan norpemnocts Me- cta cya, onpelestenHoro no asym ropusoHTa.tb- nom yrtam mi D; 3438 sin On «/ TET TET. «ss rae mg cpeauas KBaspatnueckan f10- rpemmocrs wamepenita ropur BOHTAABHIAX yraoB, yraoBule MHHYTHI; Dy, Ds w Dy—paccrosune 10 o6vexros, Mun; 6 —yroa nepecevenus muni no- soxenns (0=360° — Bat +B): 149Byron pu supe; Das, Dac —pacctonine Mexay opventH- pani, via. Viamepenne cekctaiom pepTukaabHoro yraa @ (8 yraoBbix MHHyTAaX) mpeaMeTa, BEICOTa KOTO- cpeaHem opxen- poro A (M) HapectHa, MosBoaseT paccuuTate Paccrosmile 10 Hero B MARX: D=1,86 (h/a). (5.56) Pacctonuwe D aaet waoammmo pune oKpyxuoctu. B rouKe mepecevenita atoll oKpy2k- HocTH ¢ Apyro# usoaMHHeR moayyaeten MecTo cyana Ecat ocuonaaue npeameta ckpiito 3a ropi- 3O1TOM, TO BepTHKAAbHBH yroa a HaMepmOT Mex- AY Bepulnioi npexMeta H AHHHeH BHANMOrO TO- pigouta, Heriinas yraonaa auicora npeamera 8 (5.57) fae @— HaMepenaui yroa; d—wakaowene BHAHMOrO ropHaoHTa, Pacctoaune 10 npeamera onpesteasetca no 1a6a,29 MT—75. Cpeanna Keaapataveckas norpeuHocts mp B moayaenHom pacctoaunn D =a—d, ma a Th ate 658) TAe mg H m_—cpeanHe KBaapaTHueckHe no- TpemocTH yraa H BHCOTH OO» exra B Mopax, mmeiouux npnanoe, caeayer yan ThinaTe KosebaHHA YpoBHs, OnWaKo wes1ecoos- Pagiee 8 TAKHX yeaOBHAX HAMePATS yroa MEKAY OcHOBaHHeM Masaka H cboHapeM H Moa h NOHHMaTb TOAIBKO BBICOTY COOpyKeHHA, Paanoneneuratops yroa mexay JKT] cyaua Hanpapaennem pac- nosgoamot —yaMepuits npoctpanenua paanonoauts (pic, 5.12). Stor yroa HastiBaetca paduoKypcosnim yeron (PKY). On noayyaeten nocae Henpansenua cHatoro oT cueta (OPKY) paduodeauayued f. Ee anayenne BuGupaeter 3° cneuMambHoh Ta6aMuB. Yrox MexAY ceBepHOl dacThIO HCTHHHOrO MepHanaHa H Nanpasaentem pacnpocrpanenua paaHonoaHn HaswBaeTcn UCTUMALIM paduoneaeHeon: HPIl=HK + PKY =OPI+APK +f= =TKK 4+-APK+0PKY+F (5.59) Jaa toro vro6u aun HPI, nposoxennan Ha MepkaTopckoit KapTe, mpouia Yepes MAAK, He- OGXOANMO paccuHTaTe A0Kcodpomureckud neaen2 Jlox = HPM+y, (5.60) 150 Puc. 5.12. Oproapomuieckan nonpaska rae p—opToapomuyeckas nonpasKa, swOupae- man u3 Ta6a. 23-6 MT—75. Oproapomuueckaa nonpapka 1p — pa3Hocth MexkAY HanpaBaeHHaMH ayTH Goabuloro Kpyra i HOKCOAPOMHH B LaHHOM TOUKe Ha MepKaTOpcKO!t Kapte, KoTOpan MpHOAWKeHHO BHpaxaetca dop- my.iolt ah sin gep- (5.61) 5.5.2. Mpoknagua paqwonenenron Ma Mopcunx Kaprax Ha maabix paccronuuax, Koraa nonpaska ~<03° Hee MoKHO He YyHTHBaTe, AHHH McTHHHMX paaHoneseHron MpoksaauiBalor OT pa- AWOMARKOB B Be NpAMBX aHNHIL; B TOKE ne- Peceveia aayx TaKHX JHHNi HaxoANTeR o6cep- AOBaHHOe MecTo cyawa. TIpeaembunie paccromHHA, Ha KOTOPHX BOSMOKHO MpOKanwBATb AUHNH pa- awonedeHros 6e3 yueta oproapomuueckoi 10- MpaBKu, S=36 ctg p cosec HPI. (5.62) Ha paccrosunax, npessiumaiounx anuncaen- Hoe no dopmye (5.62), cteayer yuntEIBaT Op- Tospommueckyio nonpapky. B stax cayyanx wa kapte npoxaaaweawr Jlox T1=Opr T+. TIpw Goasux Hepaakax pekomenayeTen 13 cancaHMoi TouKn C (pyc. 5.13) onyctHT» nep- NeHAUKyARp Ha AHO TOKCOApoMHecKorO. Te- senra H noay4HT Onpereasiouyio TouKy K, We- pea KOTOpyio mposectH AHHH TOAOKeRHA, —pas- nepHys ee Ha peaHuHHy yraa tp. Puc. 5.13. Onpeneasomas TowaEcan oe paaHomank Haxoauten 3a pamKoli kapta (puc. 5.14), T0 nonoaHeHe K rpaduye- CKUM TOCTPOeHHAM BBINOAHAOTCR pocTHe Bu- MHCHeHHA Ia HaxOKAeHHA TOUKH K Ha MepHAn- ave (aM napaamean) cancanmoro ecta. Jan Toro NoaBsyloTes opMy.oit PMY = PJ ctg Jlox I, (5.63) rae PL=(he—hp) — pastocts goarot pa- AWOMAHKA H CHHCAHMOTO MecTa; PMY= (M46 — M49, ) — pasnocto mepn- AWOHAABHBX YacTel paanoManKa H onpeseamouel touKn K. Tipu pacnoaoxennn TouK K wa cuncmMow Mepuanane, Koraa Jlox II>45° B vetseptHoM cue- re, suuncaaior PMY, npuaaiot ee K Mepitano- HaabHol YacTH paaHoManKa H O6paTHLM BxOOM u3 Ta6a, 26 MT—75 sw6upaior umpoty Tox xu OK. Tipn JlokT<45° agar PMY = =M%—,— MY, auineanot PZ, npnxair ee K JoaroTe palHoMaska m noaywaiot zoaroty roukn K wa cucauMoi napaaaemi. Uepes noay- yenny:o touky K nposoant ammo JloK I. Tipu pachosoxkenun paanomankos 3a pamKoii nyTeBOH KapTH MOXKHO MpHMeHHT rpadHuecknit npuem (puc. 5.15), cyutMocts Koroporo coctour B TOM, YTO paaHOMaaK nepeHocaT B yeaoBHyW touKy' My Ha’ pamke Kapa. Paccantusaior PMY, ecan PM¥ cenepnee (ioxKHee) pamkn Kap- tet, wan PJ, ecan PM* aanaanee (soctounee) Pamkn Kapri [Ip HaxoxaeHin paanoManka Bue hpeseaos rpasut Kapti 10 AByM KoopaNHaTam paavomanK nepeHocaT Byron KapTH M BINuNCan- jor Kak PMY, tax w PZ. Ha neanunny PMY (um PJ) cMeuaiot napaasears (mepwanan) BHYTPb Kapri H noayyaiot TO¥Ky Mz. Hs TouK My nposoaat auawio pazuonereitra v noayyaior rouxy K. Hsmepawr orpesok MzK, orkiaaupaiot ero or To¥KH KH Haxoaat TouKy Ky. Yepes n0- aysenuyio TouKy Ky mpoBosat aKHnIO xoKcompo- Mu¥ecKOro neseHra 20 mepeceyeHHa ee c JMHHelt stoporo JloK.T, Cpeauas Keaapatiueckan mo- rpewHocTs patwonereira papinerea: myen=V iT bKy mf, (6.64) rae mux, —cpeanne xeaapatieckite n- meas mi] spenine aa, rpeulHocta mapametpoB, Bxo- AMMHX. B paccunTannish HPIT, Cpeanaa xeaapatuueckan norpewmocts Me- cra, onpedesesioro no asym. paavonenenram: Myer 57,3 sin® rae Di x Dz—pacctoauus 20 paaomanos. Di+Di, (6.65) 5.5.3. Onpegenenne no nenenram ceKTopueix pagnomanxos Tpoxoxkaenne vepes cyano pasnocurHaas- Hof 30H He nosBoameT npoHsBecTH TOWN MoA- c4er cHrHasos, nosToMy wliea0 3HaKoB Ns, cocun- Ag i A PM pos c a7 | g vole pmy | _ TE —— —_ I Puc, 5.14. Panwomank aa pamKow Kaprix (nep- ti cr10c06) TaHHOe AO HaYAAA paBHOCHrHaAMbHOR 3OuM, HeO6- ORK UTKOPPERTAPORITE: 60—(Wy-EN, N=N, + Sethe (6.66) rae N2— nero sHakos mocae pasHocuraambHoit 30HH. Cuer curaaon nponanoantes Ha cayx Man € NenomsonaHHeM AByx cekyHoNepos. B n0- caeaHeM cayae HX aanyckaioT OnHOBpeMeHHO ¢ NavaaoM Wiksa Hu 3aMevaioT Apa orcueTa: fi — B MOMeHT Hawaxa panHocurHanbHolt 30Hm HM fz — Bee xonue. Toraa N +h. (8.67) Octostaa norpewocts pu onpenenenne neneura npowcxoaHT 43-32 OWNHOOK B cueTe cHT- nanos. Caysaiube norpeumocti Ha6aogenth coctapaniot 2—6 sHaxos, T. e. 0,4—I,5°. Houbio NorpeuioctH neaeHronanua Goabiwe, ¥eM aHeM, HN oco6eHHo seaHKH Ha pacctoniax 300— 500 Muab, rae cHabHO ckastiBaeTca HOMHOH 3¢- ext. BGausn Hepa6ownx 30H own qocTHraIoT +2°, Jaabioct lelictans cextopuux paquoman- Kos anem 1000 Mite, Houbio— 20 1500 mua. Cpeaaa Keaapatiueckaa norpemnocts mecra BuIYHCAAeTCR To opmyste (5.65). Ecau ua cyawe orcyterayior cneuuanbune kaptsl, To Ha paccromuuax 20 300 Mia Mecto cyava MoxeT ObiTh NOAyYeHO rpadiyecKHMH npH- Puc. 5.15. Paavomask 3a pamKoit kaprix (stopoi ‘enoco6) 151eMaMit, MpuMeHtnembisn np onpexenennn m0 pa- amonestentaM Kpyroauix paanoMankon, IIpi stom AOAKEH bith HaMeHeH 3HaK OpToApoMHecKoit mompaBkH, a ee 3Hay¥eHHe AO7KHO BHOUpaTECA no wpote paanowanka, 5.5.4. Onpegenenne mecra cyana € nenonbaonaHnen ranepSonnueckix HARMFAUMONHEX cHCTEM Onpenenenne no asso PHC «Jlexna>, Topaxok panoznenta o6cepaaiin: No CUHCJeHiIO ONpeleaHTs HOMep 30HBL KaxK- of maps HW BBICTABHTh HX Ha MpHeMOMMAMKa. rope: Tpouspectn yerpaene MHOrOsHaNHOCTH CO- rach TeXHHMMeCKOHL MHCTPYKULHI; DUICTABHTH HOMepa JOPOXKEK KarkAO! nape Ha asoMerpax TOUNBIX AOpOrKeK; CHAT MOONepeAHO OTeHeTH Nap B nocmeTO- BaTeAbHOCTH: KpacHas, secleHas, buOmeTOBAR; uaiith Wa Kapre’ coorseterayioulHe aHHWH NoaoxeHHA MM MOcae MHTepnoaALMH nOAyYHTh KoopaHaTit OGcepaoBanHoro Mecta B TONKe me- Pecevenits aByx HAH Tpex rHnep6oa; nepeHecTH noayuennbe KOOpaHHaTH Ha ny- renyio Kapry. Tounocth onpexetenua Mecta cyaHa coctaa- aaet ot | 20 2,5 KG Ha pacctoauHn 0 250 MHab. nem ‘norpeumocrs mag cocrasaser 0,05 hasoporo wHkaa (>. u), Han 5 AeneHHit wKatl, Houpio zocturaet 0,1 ¢. 1, nan 10 geaenni. B nekotopwix paiionax Towxocts o6cepna- UHH MOMIPKAeTeH H3-3a MeCTHAIX OTKAONEHHA 8 ckopocrit pacnpoctpaveuns paauonoan, Onpenenenne mo ¢asonoi PHC , B peaaputsx yenoenax ckopoctb pacnpocrpane- NH paquOBOAH MOxeT OTAHYATECR OT pacHeT- Holl, TIOSTOMY BCe CHATHe OTCHETH AOADKHE He- Mmpanastca Nonpapkamu 3a OTKMoOMeHHe baKTH- ecko ckopoctu oT cpeaneli. Tlonpaakn caeaent b TaGaNub Aa KBaapaTos, MMeIOUX pasMepHi 46° no umpore, 6—8° no’ Aoarore. Aprymenta- MH jl BXOAA B TAGAMLY ABAROTeH: rpHHBHY ckoe apema HaGatorennit H aata. TonpasKn ta- TOTCH B COTHIX AOARX (PasoBOrO UNKAA Jan KaxK- Aoi cranumn. Tonpanka naps cranuni paccan- ThinaeTes, Kak PasHOCTs NOMpaBoK cooTHeTCTAY- romirx cranmuit: Bac (5.68) Ta6amun aan PHC «Oera> cocransenn 4a 26 paiionon semHoro wapa ama Karo; mpHHH- Maemoli Taw nap cramunii, H3 ta6qmu BiGupa- JoT KOOPANHATH TOUeK mepeceYeHHA saxaHHMIX MepHananios (WaH napasesel) ¢ HaoaHHHAMI BOaNSH CHeAHMOTO MecTa. CoeamHaa 3TH TOUKIL Na TYTeHOH KapTe, HaXOAAT AHHIIO noaOXKeNHs, Jan ‘mutepnoanunt 8 Ta6anuax npHBoaRTeR 13- Menenna A HcKoMOM KoopanuaTH B AecATHX 20- AAX MunyTst Ha 100 xtozeit asosoro UMK.ta. Haw noatiuexis TowoctH Ha moaxXoAax x Gepery ® paae crpaH costaHm cranumm, KoTOpEE onpedeasoT Tounbe sHa¥eHua nonpanok H mepe- AaioT WX Ha cya B paiioue c patuycom 200— 300 Muth, Takol Metoa nosayuna HaaBanHe snd: 152 Sa-4e. epenunastbnoh «Omer», B stom cayyae tou HocTh noayyeHHoro Mecta MoxeT cocTapaaTb 0,3—0,5 mnam Onpenenenne no nmnyaecHo-asonok PHC «dlopai-C». Mecto cya onpezeaserca no cne- UMaJbHBM PaIHOHABHTAUMOHHM KapTaM HW Ta6- aumav. Ha Kaptax Macuita6a Goze 200000 Ha- Heceid pasIMYHUM UBETOM THMepGomMEcKHe 130- ANMHH Map cTaHuHi. OckosHas onmdponKa cre- slat wepes 100 nan 200 mKc, Yepes 2° wpotit u 4° Joaroru HaHeceHs nonpasKH 3a npocrpan- CTBEHHYI PalHOBOAHY Aan AHA H HON Ha KaxK- y. Hx yeronue o6osnayenun D (Day) (Night) — novo, Ecau orcuer noay- Yet MpH HCNO-w3ORAHHK MOBEPXHOCTHMX HMMyZIb- cos oT seayilel cTaHuHH H mpoctpaxcTaeHHnx oT se1oMom, TO nonpaBKa npeapapsetca ycs03- MyM oGosHavennem GS (Ground — Sky). Ecan TpHHATH NpoctpaxcTseHHbe MMMYABCH OT BeAy- ule, a OT BeAOMOM MORepXHOcTHie, TO cTaBHTCA coueranne SG (Sky—Ground). Coueranue SS (Sky — Sky) ucnombayetes, Koraa o6a_curnana NpuaTH OT npoctpanctaenHoh sos, TouocTb onpexenenna Koopannat no PHC «JIopan-C> coctasaset 3—6 KG MpH ucnoabsoBaHNN noBepx- HOCTHEX BOAH B HMMY-TbCHO-a30H0M PexHMe 13- Mepenus. Tip paGote Toko B HMMyaIbCHOM pe- HME OWNOKH cocTaBAsOT 2—5 Mite H Gosec. 5.6.1, HeGecnan cepepa » cHctems Koopannar HeGecnas cepa. Ew na3pipaetca aoobpaxka- emas cibepa npousBoabHoro paduyca, Ha KOTOpy!O NpoeKTHpyWrca CHeTHAA NPAMBIMH, CoeLHHAOUL- MH cpeTHTa c eHTPOM chepEs. Tlwamerp HeGecHoh cheps, napasaeabneit oTBecHoi AMHMH, MepeceKaeT cibepy B TONKAaX 3e- nura z 4 xadupa n (pic, 5.16). Bombume Kpyri, Npoxoasuuwe wepes 3TH TOUKH, HastiBaIoTCR Bep- TUKQAGMU; CpeAH HX BEILeTMOT NepBbiii BepTH- kaa, mpoxoasuutit vepes TouKH Eu W. Boapuiok KPYP, MAOCKOCTH KOTOPOTO MepneHAHKY.mpHa OT- BeCHOH AMHHH ZA, HaSLIBaeTCR HCTHHHLIM TopH- S3OHTOM; Ma.Ibe KPYTH, MIOCKOCTH KOTOPHIX TAKIKe TepNeHAHKYASDHE AHHH 27, HaSBIBAWOTeH aabMy- kawtapatawn, Huametp neGechoh cepst, napasaeavansit oct 3emaH, Haaupaerea ocbIo Mipa. Ita Ocb e- pecexaer cibepy TO¥Kax MOBBIeHHOTO H OHH XxeHHOrO nosocon Mupa Px m Ps. Boasutne Kpy- TH, MpoxossuMe Yepes nomtoca Mupa, HasuAAIOT- cm HeGecHLIMH MepHLLHaHaMH, a TOT H3 HHX, KO- Topi MpoxoaHT 4epes_ seHHT — MepHaHaHOM na6moszateas, Ock mupa PyPs aeauT mepHauai naGmoaatenn wa noayaenHyo (aksONaeT 3eHHT) uv noayHounyio (c WaaHpoM) wactH. Mepuawalt HaGmonaveaa nepecekaeT uCTHMMI TropHaOHT B Toukax cesepa N 1 wora S, wepea KoTOpse npo- xoanT noayaennas tints NS. Boabuiolt pyr, 1110cKocTb KoToporo nepren- Aukyaapa och Mupa Py Ps, Hasuipactcn HeGec- WbIM 9KBATOPOM; OH nepeceKaeT HCTHHHEI ropH- 30HT B ToNKAX HocTOKa Fw aanaaa W. MaawePuc, 5.16. HeGecuan cepa Xpyril, maockocr# KoTOpHx TaKaKe nepneHanky- AMPH OCH PNPs, Ha3biBaoTcA HeOeCHAMH na- pactrezamu Topusoutian cuctema xoopaunar. Ee cocras- JOT BbicoTa H asHMyT (pc. 5.17). Botcorod cae- Tuaa h wasbiwaetea ayra ero peptuKasa (H cooT- Bererayiouui ef weutpaabunli yroa) oT MeTHH- Horo ropusonta ao caeruata C. Ecan exetato non FopiisoHToM, to sty ero KOOpaMHaTy HasbBaioT cHivkenHem (—h). BMecto sbicoTH npaMeHsioT Take seuTHoe pacctoaune 2=90°—h (usMe- puetes or sentra to 180°). AsHMyTom caeriaia A HasbiBaetca chepuueckHit yroa mp seHuTe oT Mepi.aHa Ha6aloAaTesIa 20 MepHMaHa caeTHaa Baisaer noaykpyrosoft — or roux N nan S, oa. noumennof ¢ uimpoto#, x E iam x W 20 180°, 4erBepruof — or rouxu N nan S x E nan x W 20 90°, Kpyrosoii—or ton NK E 10 360° AsiMyTY B noayKpyronoM H yeTBepTHOM cueTe Npinucheaior HanMenosanne Ha aayx GykB — Ha- 4aslo M Cropowa orcuera, HanpHMep, OJMN MH TOT Xe a3HMyT B TeX cHicTemax orcueTa: 122° NW, 58° SW 11 238° Hepsyio aKsaTopnaasnyio cuctemy Koopan- Nat cocTanamioT cKnoHeHNe H YacoBOl yron (puc. 5.18). Cxtonennew cneraa 6 nasbinaeres Ayra ero Mepuanana (H cooTeercrayiouliit WeHT- Paabubit yroa) oT akKBaTOpa so cReTHsa C, uMe- eT HaHMeHOBanHe N Han S. Baecto ckjoHeHna NpuMensior TaKxe nomapHoe pacctosune A. 90° — 5, uamepaemoe oT noBmuleHHoro noatoca Mupa. Yacosuim yraom csetiaa ¢ Haabipaetca chepuveckuli yroa npn mossuleHHoM nosoce Mupa Mexkay noayaenHoll vactsio Mepuanana naGmoaatean w Mepnananom caeriaa. Hiamepset- Ca YacoBoi yroa Aayroh weGectoro akBaTopa B AByX ciicTeMax cueTa: Kpyronof —B cropory W 20 360° Mw npakruueckuit—e cropony E nat W ao 180°. Hanpumep, oan Tor ike Yaconoh ro B aByx cucTemax cuera: 256° wan 104° E. Bropyio sksaTopuasbHyto cHcTemy KOOpAMMaT coctapanior ckaonenne 6 (Han noaspHoe paccto- mune) iW mpaMoe Bocxorwksenne (cM. puc. 5.18). Tipameim pocxoxaeunem a Haauipaerer ayra He- GecHoro skpaTopa or TouKH Osta \ a0 MepH- aliaHa cpeTiila, HaMepseman B CTOpoHy roj10B0- n Puc. 5.17. Topusoutnas cuctema Koopaunar ro asixenua Coanna a0 360°. Yaue nozbsyior cA 3eesdueLm donoanenuen t=360? — a. UWupora na6mosateaa p panua sucore hp NopwueHHOro nomoca Mipa, a TakKe — ck.t0He- nwo ero 3enuta 5;; xoarora HaGmoaatena ) Papiia rpuHBHYcKOMy YacoBomy yray ero seHit- ma fy. Napanaaxrwveckut tpeyroanmax. Ox o6pa- ayerca nepecevenem MepHinana HaGsoaatens, BeptuKana csetuaa Com ero MepaaHana (puc. 5.19). Saements storo rpeyroabHka 90°—g, 90°—5, 90°—h, A, f u g—napa aaxTuuecKul yz0a MPH cHeTHse MexGLY ero Me- PHLAHAHOM H BepTHKa.1OM, Pewenne napasaaktuyeckoro tpeyroabunKa cocTout » sbuncaeHHH ero ameMeHToR NO sataH NbIM, KOTOPHIX JOAKHO ObiT He Meuee Tpex. Stim ocyulectasxeten nepexoa oT 9kBaTOpHadts- voit (5, t) K ropusontHoh (A, A) cucteme Koop Auwat 1 nao6opor. Jan suauerenna hw A nto sadannnim §@, 6 Hf mpHMeHsoTcA cucrembt hopuya sinh=sinqsind-+cos @ cos6 cost; y teas g 1 (5.69) sin A=cos 6 sinf sec h; s z fy, 5 7 an Puc. 5.18. Okparopiastevas cucrema Koopauiat 153Puc, 5.19, Mapanaaxruyeckuit TpeyrombHuk g—6 sin? + z toes 2 (5.70) ete sin A=cos 6 sin f cosec 2. Cxemu abiancnenHit no 3THM opMysam H npawiaa onpedenenna HaHMeHOBaHMR asHMyTa npureaensi 8 MT--75. 5.6.2. JlawKenne cpernn. Buesanein rnobyc Buanmoe aminkenme ceeria pasmeanior Ha cyTowtloe, oGycaoBseHHOe BpaulenHeM Sevan BO- Kpyr cBoeH OCH H OAHHAKOBOe ANA BCeX TOHeK nebecHohi chepsi, H coGcTBeHHOe, o6ycaoB.eIHOe nepemeutentie Seman H cBeTH, Buaumoe cytouvoe ABHxKeHHE cBeTHA TIO HX neGecHsim napaaaeaam (pic. 5.20). Ono conpo- BOKAACTCA snceHAMN —BOCKOa, KYMBMHHALMH, 3axojla HT. m1, yoaoRlA HacTynaeKia KOTOpHX 3aBHCAT OT COOTHOWEHHA WMpOTH Hab.OAaTeAA @ W ckaonenua caeTHaa 6: Puc. 5.20. Buaumoe cyTouoe aBWkKeHHe cBeTHA 154 CHETHNO BOCKORHT HM saxoaHT, <90°—@ (cnetiaa C2, Cs Cs); cpetiio Hesaxonnutee, ecan 6>90°—@ H onHoumenio cp (Cs ¥ Ca); eneTHAO HenOcKoLAMLee, eca 6>90°—@ pasnoumenuo c @ (C1); cBeTuzo nepecekaet nepauit peprukan nan TOpH3OHTOM, ectH 5<~ H ONHOHMEHHO ¢ @ (Cy); cBeTHaAO npoxoauT Yepea aeHuT, ecan b= HW oaHouMenHo c @ (Cs). B moment nepxueli KyabMuuauun cpeTHaa, Korda OH0 NPOxoANT nosysleHuy!o YacTh MepHAH- aa HaGsoaateas, ero Yaconoit yroa 1=0, a B MOMeHT HWDKHeH ky.tbMUHauHM ¢=180°. JTio6oe cBeTHAO KYAbMHHHpYeT Had TOWKaMH N nan S, B COOTRETCTBHH C Ye MePHAHOHAsbHON BUCOTe ceetiaa H npunucninaiot takoe Ke HanMeHoRa- HHe, 4 MePHAHOHATBHOMY JeHHTHOMY paccTosHHio Z=90° —H —nporunontonoxnoe. Daa pepxnelt H WWAHER KyAbMMNaUMi cnpapezmMaK panencBa g=Z248; p=H+A, (6.71) rae B nepBof hopmyste Munyc npH @ H 8 pasHo- weHiEx, Buicora caerHaa HaMeHReTcH HaHGonee Gi ctpo y mepsoro nepTHkasia, a aaHMyT— y MepH- AWaHa Ha6molaTens, TO’ BupaxKaetcn popMy vam ecm 6 << —cos@ sin A; —sing-{-cos pcos Atgh, (5.72) Ha ocHose KoTopHx coctansenm Ta6s. 17 4 18 MT—75. Buawmoe co6crsennne rogosoe asMxenne Coanua. Ono mpowcxoauT m0 _akauntuKe (puc. 5.21), Koropaa mepecexaer HeGecutiit 9K- haTOp NO yrOM e==23,5° B TONKAx weceHHero HW ocenHero paanodencraud (n TO¥KaX OBHa F u Becos 2), rae W3MeHseTca HaHMeHORaHHE cksonenna Coanua. HavOoxburet —nemnaniet ~23,5° cksOHeHHe AOcTHTaeT B TOUKAX 66,5°), B KOTO! OuBAIOT NoaspHe aeHs 1 HO¥B TpodomkHTeABHOCTHIO Gosree 24 4 SksatopHasmHne KoopauHatH Comma 8 Ha HMeHMOTCH A TeNeHHIC Toa HepaBHOMepHO, HX TOWNE BHaveHHR 1aHB_n MopckoM acTpowoMH- HeckoM exeroaunke (MAE). aa npa6awxen- HBX PacieTon NpHiHMaIOT, ITO B TeYeHNe nepBO- TO Mecala 20 H mOcse paHoaencranit cyrouHoe Hamenenie ckaonenus A60,4°, B TeYeHHe BTO- poro mecua Ad~0,3, 8 TeveHMe Mecala 20 1 nocare coumuectoauma Ab = 0,1°, a cyTOUHOe yBe- aiudenie npaMoro nocxowieHun 1° B Tevenne acero roaa. Pacuerm neayt oT Gawxkaliwel ATH PaplosencTans wn comHuecToRHHA. Buaumoe co6ctsennoe asHaenne JlyH. Ono TpouCXoANT no ee BHANMOH op6nTe, KOTOpaA ne- pecekaer SKANNTHKY B TOUKAX JYHHLX y30B NOL yraom ia5,2°. MaxcuMaspioe cksonenne JIynts itamewneten ot 18,3° 20 28,6 oGonx HanMenoBa- unit c nepuoaow 9,3 rosa, JIyHHoiM secayeM Ha- auinaeTCR MPOMeXYTOK ApeMeHHL, B TeHEHHe KOTO- poro Jlyna eaaet o6opor no caoeli suanMoti op6ure oTHocuTeabHo Mepuanana Coamua; ero NporowAuTeroHocTs 29,5 cpeanHx cytoK, Bospa- ctom JIynm B nasuisaeres uncao cyToK, npowen- WX TOcse NocHerHerO HOBOAYHHA, NPHHHMAeMO- ro 3a Havaao ayHHoro Mecaua. Osu JIyHy pas- 4uaioT No BAY OcBeMLeHHO! YacTH «YHHOTO. AH cka i onpeseasiot ee soapactom. Hosoaynne (B=0) w noaHoayune (B=14,8) Hastisaior cH- 3UrHaAMH — B 3THX cbagax Ha’ npotaxeHHH 3— 4 cyt npuansoo6pasyroume cum JIyn x Coan Ma ckqaabBaioTes, BbignBaN HaNCombuIe npuan- au. Tepsyio (B=7,4) u nocaeamow (B=22,1) ueTsepTH HassiBaior KBaapaTypaMu. Koopaunats JIyiti, ee soapact, npews Kyab- Mrnawnit nan p MAE, Tas NpHOAWKEHHBX — pacteos Bospacta lyn B cayokut dopmy.a B=M+A4J, (5.73) rae M—womep mecnua » rosy; AL—womep ans a mecaue (uuca0); JI — ayaHoe weno, yaeanunpaioueecs exe- Toavo wa IT (npuneseHo wwKe 10 roaam) Toa JT Ton Tr 1988... 9 1993... 6 1989 2...) (20 1994) 2 a7 1990... 2 1995 2 1) |! log W991. 13 1996. 2 2 Sg 1992...) 94 4 Puc. 5.21. Bugumoe co6crsentoe rozoBoe aBH- akenHe Coana Buaumoe co6crsennoe aBuxenHe naanet. Oxo NPOUcXOANT no cAOKHBIM KPHALIM BOANSH 9K-MI THKH B cTOpoHY ABHAKeHHS Comma, HO B OTJe-tb HBle NepHoaB “NaaHeTa MoXeT HMeTb nonATHOE Apinkenne, Hapuraunonnoe sHaveHie HMeIOT ANU 4 naanerit: Bexepa ¢, Mape c', }Onutep 4 4 CatypH , cpea Koropsix Benepa — snyr- Penian (oTHocHTeaBHO op6uTK BeMaut), a OcTatbHne — BHeMHHe, BuaNMocTs naaneT aaBit- CHT OT HX pachosOxeHHA OTHOCHTeABHO Besa 1 Comua, asnisaemoro Kondurypauuel. Jlaru KOHurypaunit naaveT MUX BHANMOCTR no MecH- uawt ykasanbt n MAE, Buaumoe cobctsenoe aBHxenne sean, 06- Yerowaennoe nepememtenuem Coaneynon cHcTemm, Ono weBeanKo H TomBKO y HanGocee GaNaKHX gBe3 AocTHraeT wemUMHE OKO 0,1’ B ros. Bomee sameritie usMewenun Koopaniat aneait beisanit npeueccueli, uyTauuei 1 abeppaunel Mpeyeccua o6ycaop.zeva HeodIMaKOBM ayR- HO-cOmMeNIM npHTHKeHHEM NpoTHBONOAORHBX Mace spauaiouelicn 3eman 11 apomwaercs B TOM, 4TO owOC Mpa OMNICHBAeT OKo.10 no.NoCA TaGauua 5.2. Cossesaua 3onnaxa = 7 Mecait Cosnesaue Mecau| — Coaneaane I ee I aa Bogoaes | VII | gy Jee 0 H Pubs VU | up eww Mm | & Osuna IX | 4 Becos WV} oY Tessua X | m_ Cxopmona v 3 Bausnenos} XI | 9” Crpeasua VI | @ Paka XIE | & Kosepora I | Sa 155.SKAMNTHKH Maauiit Kpyr CO cihepH¥eckHM paan ycom 23,5° 3a 25700 wer. Beseactane 9T0r0 n.10- tkocTh 3kBaTopa nosopayneaeTcs Ha 20” B roa, a Touka Opa nepemeuiaetca mo 9kBaTopy Ha- netpeyy Co.tmny Ha 46,1” 8 roa. Bapwaunu ayn Ho-COaieNHOrO NpUTHKeHR ¢ MepHOLOM 18,6 TO Aa HaabieaioT HyTauuell — KOneGaHUA seMHoi OCH ¢ asnautyoi 9”, AGeppayua — BHANMoe cMeMeHHe Haupas, Hii Ha CueTHaO B CTOPORY aBiKeHA 3eM.m no cnoel opOite BeaerctaHe CaloxKeHHA ckopoctelt cweta H aBiakenua Sema, Takoe cMeulenue HMe- er roanuuni nepHox JocTHraeT 20,5”. Gelictsna npeueccun, wytaunn w_ aGeppauint yanTomaiores np cocrabsenun MAE. Sresanwi rao6yc. Ox anaseter Mogeabi0 He- Gecnol chepsl MW cayKUT clit MpHG.moKeHHOrO (c norpeuioctsio 10 2°) pewenns actponomn- ueckux aaqay, Ha ero mosepxHoct# Haneceabt cetka HeGecHBIX MeplataHon H napaaaestelt, 9K- auntuka 1 167 3Be31; MaHeTb HaHocaT no Heo6- XOAHMOCTH HO HX KoopaitHatam us MAE. ueaanmii rao6ye yeratasansaior no wupoTe Tak, YTOOLL OAHOMMeHHBI c Hei nomoc Mupa (y cenepHoro noaoca mpoctas.stexo Hassanue To- JiapHoit anesanl) Haxoanes Wak cooTBeTeTBYIO- weit Touko# N vam S Ha BEIcoTe, paBHoit wy, 1 nO MecTHOMy 3ne3.HOMy BpemeHHt Sy TAK, YTOOL Noa NloayaeHioi YacTbiO MepHaHOHaabHOrO KOAbUA rao6yca HaXOAMAICCh JeTeHHe ero 3KBATOPA, pas noe Sy. Mod6op ceerua 319 wabaworenHi aerawT, yeTanosny rao6yc no g¢ Mw Sy Ha npeanoaarae- Moe epema HaG.torenni, laa ssOpanunix cpeTHA € MOMOWbIO KPeCTOBHM BepTHKa-toB c rao6yca CHiMaIOT MH 3amiicbiBawoT aSHMYTHL HM BEICOTHL cnerita Onosuanite cneria, Biicota KoToporo ht 13- Mepea cekctano, a aauyt A nomywer nesen- ToRaHHeM, BAMOJTHETeR C MOMOLLLIO KpeCTOBHHEL BepTHkastop nocae ycraHowkH r1o6yca no p i Sy. Ecca wiseKe ykasbipaeT Ha TOMKY BOASH 9K- SIMMTHKH, Te 3Be3Ab HET, TO Hao CHAT KOOp- uunatn 6 i d 9TOH TOK H 3aTeM OnpeteAHTb o MAE, Kakas maaweta HMeeT TakHe KoOpanHa- THB 3TOT AcHh, [loxoGuHM O6pasoM sBesaHuit raoGyc HCNoAayeTCR L4H CAMOCTORTEAbHOTO H3Y- ents 3nea;Horo HeOa. 5.6.3, Wsmepenne apenenh Jin uamepenua ppemenn —ncosnsyiores ecrecTeeHHble nepHoaHeckHe mpouecchl, B YacT- HOCTH aBiLkeHHe Zea mo OpOHTe, Bpamenne Bem noxpyr caoeli ocH, co6cTBeHHBe Koute6a- Wii ATOMOR Ha MOzeKY.1 onpesteseHHAx Be- unecrs. Baeadnoimu cyTKaMu HaaiBaeTeR MpoMexy- TOK BpeMeHH MexkAy JBYMA MOCTeLOBgTeABHBIMH HepXHIMH KysbMHHaUHIM TouKH Osta. Tpome- XYTOK apeMenn oT nocaeanel BepxHelt KyaIbMH- Naum TouKH OpHa (npHiMaeTcs 3a Havaao 38€31HLIX CYTOK) 10 1aHHOro MOMeHTa Ha3BIBa- erea 3neaainim apemenem S, KoTOpoe pasHo wa- 156 cosomy yray TowKH OsHa, tT. e S= ebipa- xKaeTcH OGKIYHO B TpadycHo Mepe M 4atH He umeer. Tas so6oro cseTHaa (a8 a10G0! TouKH He GecHoH cepts) c YacoBLiM yrsiom { H npaMBM BOCXOAKACHHEM G CTpaBeaTHBa OcHOBHaR op my.la spemenit eee (5.74) Orewa, 106anasa x S 360° 1 samensa a 38e31HWM JorOaHeHHem T=360°—a, nosyyaen hopmy.ty Aaa pacueta YacoBLx yrvop: t=S4t (8.75) B paguise nepuoim roaa Havaso anesanux CYTOK MPHXOANTCR Ha pasHoe BpeMs AKA W HOUT W nlosToMy B GuTy sBezqHoe BpeMA HE npuMe- naetca ictiunwe coanewine cyTkH, Kak npomexy- TOK wpeweHH MexAY MOCHeLOBATEMDHLIMH O-AHO- UMeHHMH KyabMHHauaMH CoaHia, HMeioT He- NOCTOAHHYIO NPOAOKUTENHOCTH H NOSTOMY He cayxat eauMuyel apemenn. Cpeanne cyTkH HMe- Jo Cpeamiow 3a FOAL MpOAOAKHTeMbHOCTS HeTHH- WbIX COAHeUHMX CYTOK H_AeaATCR Ha cpenHe Yacht, MHHYTH H cekyHabl. Ec c70R0 onyuieHo, To noapaaymenawoTea HMeHHO cpeanue eqmunun ppemen. Cpeaium apemenem 7 Hasit- RaloT NPOMEKYTOK BpeMeHH OT Havasta cpeamux cyTOK 0 Jamoro MoMeHTa, ITO Bpema wasuiBa- JOT TAKIKE TPArKAAHCKHM H eM OOAZATeABHO MpH- niichigaercn lata. Cpeanee # 3Be3aHoe speweria, @ TaKKE MaCOBBIC rab CHETHA, HIMepAeMBIe OT MepHalana onpeaerennoro mecta ¢ Joarotol A, WagbBaloTcA MeCTHEMH, a HSMepAeMbe OT MepH anana Tpuuanya (4==0) —Hasspawres epun- euuckunu, Tpuwanickoe cpeauee pea Trp (Greenwich Mean Time —GMT) #asbuaior TaK- Xke ceMUpHoLM BpeMeHeM, CooTHOUIEHA Mex ay MECTHBIM 1 TPHHBHNCKHMH BpeMeHaMit iH Yaco- BAMHI yawn BBIpaKaioTcR opMysiamn: T= Trp t My; Su =Spp + My (5.76) Tw F Mys Sep= Sue F Mis E top = tm F awe (5.77) C 1884 Fr, peexeHo aexenHe nosepxnoct#t Seman Ha 24 wacomux nosca, B mpenenax Kax- AOrO U3 KOTOPHX MpHHATO MoACHOe BpeMa Tn, oramvaioueech OT BceMUpHoro Trp Ha tes0e uucato ¥acon — Homep nosca Ne: Ty=Trp + NE: Trp = Tu F Ney. (5-78) Tpanwuit 4acopbix noxicon Ha cyule copnajta- oT ¢ AAMMNHCTPATHBMBMH HM yKasaHEL Ha KapTax yaconbix noscos. B oKeaHax M OTKpTIIx MOpAX STH TpaHHist MPOxoAsT NO MepHANAHAM c JL0.IrO- rofl, kpatuo 7,5°. Uro6u ysHaTb 8 Mope HoMep nosica, Hao AOArOTY MepenecTH B YacoBy!O Mepy (15°=15) w oxpyranth x0 wesoro ancsta. B CCCP c 1930 r, ppesetio eKpeTHoe ape- ma Ta, KoTopoe wa 1% Goble MomcHOrO, a C1981 r. paeaewo setHee pea Ts, KoTopoe ¢ 1 anpean no | oxta6ps Ha 1* Gomme zeKper- noro (T. e. Ha 2* Goabule noscHoro). Bpems mep- Boro BOCTOYHOTO NoOAca aabBalOT cpeaneeBpo- nefickus. Cyaopbim spemenem nasninaercn o*punasp- Ho mpiuatoe Ha cyame no ykasaHHio KanHTana NoacHoe spems. OG HaMeHeHHH mpHuATOTO cys10- BOTO BpeMeHH OGsSaTeTLHO AeAAIOT BamHch » cy- AOBOM >KypHaze, Bo Beex enyyaax np pacuetax no opmy- sam (5.76) — (5.78) pykonoactayiorea npapit- JOM: K ROCTOKY Bpemeni Goabuue. [px pacuerax cpeauero spement oOsaaTetbHO yuHTHIBaIoT s1a- TY, KoTopaa wa cyaHe MoxeT OT™MYaTBCA OT TphnBHIcKOH. Aemapxayuonnod aunued epeenu (auuneli cMeub Jat) HasuiBaioT rpannuy MexKay AneHat- UaTHMi BOCTOUHKIM 1 3anaaHHM wacoBHMH nom casi, Sta aus noKagaHa Ha KapTax YacoBHx NoscOB H MpoRereHa c OTKOHeHHAMH OT MepH- Auana 4=180° Tak, 4T0OM oa HuTAe He Mpo- xoaaa no cyme (Kpome AwtapxrHau). TIpy ABIKEHNH Ha BOCTOK (Kypcw O—180°) B nOAHOND locale nepeceveHHa AeMapKANWOHHOH mHHUH nOB- Topsetch NpeKHAR 2aTa, a MPH ABIKeHHK Ha aanaa (kypcs 180—360°) a nomHo¥b nocae nepe- ceveiua 3TOH ANH OANA AaTa nponycKaerca, Vsmepenne spemenu. S10 Heo6xomiMo aaa opranusaumn cay KOM H 2KHSHH aKHTAxKa, peule- HWM HaBHrauMOHHBX 3afa% H BeLeHHs cysoBOrO xKypuiasta ¢ ToNHOCTDIO 20 1 MUH, a MPH GticTpO HSMHMOWHXCH cHTYaKHAX — 20 0,5 MMH, TO oGecnewnBaeTcA cyLOBLMH H Hapy¥HBIMH Yaca- wit, Jaa pewlenna actpowomveckHx 3atay ppe- Ma onpexeaseTen M10 XpoHomeTpy C TONHOCTHIO ao 1°, Xponomerp sapoaHTs noKeH _exeaHeRHO Om M3 NOMOMHHKOB KanHTaHa (O6HYHO Tpe- Tnit) 8 OaHO H To ake BpeMa. TlycK HOBOTO xpo- NoMeTPa OCYllleCTB.AROT B COOTBETCTAHH C pH garaemoi K Hemy uuctpykunel. Ilan nepesona erpesOK HALO OTAHNTHTH KPMUIKY, Hagen 3aR02- Holt KslOY Ha Och MHKYTHOH cTpeaKH, MOBOpauH- BaTb eFO NO XOy CTPeTOK, AOGHBasCb cortacoBa- Hit MUHYTHOR i cekyHaHoH cTpenoK. Pemout, SHCTKY Hf CMaKY XPOHOMeTPOB MeA!OT TOABKO B wapuraunonunx KaMepax, Tlonpasky xpoHomerpa u tpeGyerca onpene- WIT eKEIHEBHO, aaMe4an noKasaHia xpoHOMeT- pa Txp B MOMeHT rpHHBHNcKoro aApemenH Trp NpHHHMaeMorO paaHocHTHasta BpeMeHH: oe ie (6.79) Caexenus o nepetayax paanocurnasios Bpe- Meni nyOankyioren B GiosteTeHe 10' (5.90) (5.91) 162 AAD =0,15' cos hg; RO =16' +0,2' cosN, (5.92) Tae sce nonpaskH B MuHyTax ayru, a N—ane- IO rpaaycos, pasHoe HoMepy aua B roay. [pak- Taeck opmyaamn (5.92) MoxKHO He nOMb30- BaTbcs, mpeweOperan nonpapKol Ahy<0,15’ u npunumaa scerga R =16’, Onenxa rounoctn HsMepeHni sbicor Tounocts uamepennit aticot cBeTHa oMeHH Baeten cpealell KBalpaTHiecKoR norpeumocTbIo m (o6osHawawot TaKxKe e HG), KOTOpam xapaK- Teplisyer paccenpanve peaysisTaTos usMepenHit (cm. 7.1.3). B cpennem 68,3% ua wix nMewr aeli- CTBHTeAbHBe, HO HeUsBeCTHBIe NOrpeumocTH, He TpesuiuiaiomMe no a6comotHol BemMuAHe cpen- Wolo Keaapatuyecyw. Jaa ee onpexenenua He- O6xoaNMO H3MepHTD cepHi0 3 7—I1 BHCOT cBe- THs H MpHBCCTH HX K OAHOMY MoMeHTY, a Ha Xouly cya —H K OnHOMy MecTy (aeHHTY}. ILia npupeaenus K olHoMy MomeHTy To Haz0 Kaxkayio BbICoTy (OTCYeT ceKcTaHa) cepHH, H3- wepetiiyio B Moment Ts, nsMentity wa pemitunity Ahy = Ah}? (T)—T;), (5.93) rae Ah1®—usMenenne purcotit 3a 10° (non0%KH- TembHo 20 KYAbMUNANNH, oTpHUa- TeapHo —mocte); BHOHpaetca Ha ra6a, 17 MT—73. Hutepaaa apemenn (To—T:)!° pupaxaerca B AecsTKax cexyHa. HeoOxoaHMBli 1A BEOOPKH a3 Ta6a, 17 MT—75 asumyr A noaysaiot ne- HeHropanneM caerHaa p MOMeHT T> WJM BBIYHC- JeHieM ero Ha 9TOT MOMeHT. Maa npusedenua x odnony mecry (senury) cyava wa Moment Ty Hazo Kaxkayi BUCOTY (OT- cueT cexcTaHa) cep, WsMepeHHyio wa xoay cyatia p Moment Ty, H3MeHuTh Ha Bemuuny Ah? Ah, = Ahy (To —Ti)"s (5.94) rae Ah, —usMeHeHHe BBICOTH 3a OmHy MHHYTY Taapaniia (MOTOKHTENBHO, ecIH cBe- Tuo BnepeH Tpanepsa, OTpHUaTeMb- Ho, ec mosaaH), BHOHpaeTcA M3 ra6a. 16 MT—75, a wnteppan npe- mewn (To—T.)™ pupaxkaetca p MH- nytax ¢ JoaaMH. Tiph wenomsonanun — MuKpoxanpxyantopa opmy.i (5.93) H (5.94) oOveanamot: Mhrgs= AR! (To—T)%, (5.95) rae Ah! —cysMapiioe WaMeHeHHe BbicoTH cBeTH- via 3a 1 Mili; BHIGHCAmOT OAMH pas m0 bopmyste v Ahi = 15 cos @ sin A + -cos (A—TIY), (6.96) a 3aTeM moouepeaHo yMHoxaloT Ha wHTeppasHL (To—Ti)* B wiiyTax ¢ LOMAMH B cOOTRETCTBHH © opmyaoit (5.95).MomentoM mnpusegenua T> yao6Ho npuun- MaTb OHH H3 MOMeHTOB HaMepeHnit T; B cepe- AWHe_cepH, Tipiaesenune x onHoMy MoMeHTY H MecTy OTcueTBY ceKcTawa He BOAHe copnanaioT apyr C Apyrom H3-3a caywaiiMuix norpeuMoctel Hamepe- nuit M cayxkaT Jaq OeHKH cpeaHel KBagpaTH- NecKoit BeJMYHHE TaKHX MorpeuHocTel BEICOTHL eBeTHaa ey 2H60 no opmyste Becceas, 1H60 10 pasmaxy. @opmyaa Beccens 4 cnoco6 pasmaxa Henpu- MeHHMBI K OJHHOHLIM HSMepeHAM HAH Jas OUeHKH BOSMOKHYX sHayeHHi cHcTeMaTHYeCKOH NorpeuloctH, nosTopmiomelicn BO BCeX HaMepe- nusx cepuu, TlosTomy TownocT namepeHnit 15 onpenenenuit mecta caeayet ollenHBaTh Ha OcHO- Be O6OOUIeHHA pesyabTaTOR CHeUWaTbHX Mac- COBLX HecAeAOBAHHH M AHYHOTO onbITa — TaKHe OUeHKH HastiBaI0T anpuopNoLMu. 3HayeHHA anpi- OPHLIX cpeaHNX KBaapaTHMecKHx norpewHocTeli uaMepenuit BEICOT coeTHLA: cayyaliMnx tan Coa ua w lym en=0,57; caywahuwix ana aneaa iH naanet &,—0,8%; noBTopmioMuxen Ali Dex cDe. tna An= (11,8). Tip onpenesenun mecta no BucoTaM cpe- Tua jelicTsHe —noBTopaioutelica norpeuiHocTH, OAHHAKOBOM B AAHHHX YCHOBHAX JA BCEX BEI cor, yuHTIWBaeTca OTReTBHO OT cay¥aiHEX, KaK 06 ‘sToM ckasaHo B cleayiomel raape. TIpH Hcniomsa0BaHHH oAHOH acTpoHOMHuecKOHt JHHHH omOKeHUA TOMAR (cayyaliHan coBMecT- Ho c nosTopsomelica) cpeqHag KBaxpatiueckan NorpelllHoctb BHICOTH CBETHIa eh ha gp my V2 +o}, rae N—uueno ocpeausembix HaMepeHHi B cepi, Baecto puyueaennit no sT0A opmyse Mox- Ho OTM0KHTS en/n H Gh BAO cTOPoH MpaMoro yraa 8 omHHaKosom —maculTa6e — paccromune Mexay noay¥eHHEIMH TOHKAMH ZaeT B TOM 2%Ke Macuta6e HcKoMoe 3HayeHHe mn ®opmyaa (5.97) nokaaweaer, uro yneruye- Hie wHesa HaMepeHHit B cepHH MaqO nOBwlaeT TouHocTs cpeaHero. OaHaKo ato He osHauaeT, 4TO Halo OrpaHHyHBaTecA OAMHOUNBMA HaMepe- HHAMH: 2Ba H3MepeHHA MO3BOARIOT TOTBKO OOHa- pyxuT Tpy6yio OWHGKy (npoMax), a TpH 2ai0T BOSMOXKHOCT BHABHTS ee H HCKMOWTS Ha Laqtb- Hefiwux pacueros, (5.97) 5.8.1. Onpegenenun mecra To OAHOBPEMeHHLM HaBMOReHKAM ci THA Onnospemennsimn ycaoHo HaaupaioT ua- Gaogenns zByx 1 Goze cHeTH.t, BEINOAUReMBE B GeicTpoit nocaeaosatembHocTH. TakHe Ha6sione- HWA OOBNHE JIA cyMepeK MPH onpereneHHAX nO aBe31aM Ht (ii1H) mtaHeTaM, a m MepHoan KDad- PATYP BOSMOXKHE! OnpeReTeHHA oO O”HOBpeMeH- 6 wb Ha6stonennam Comma wv Mynt. O6uu ANA BCeX TAKHX onpexerenHi Mecta aBaReTCA TO, YTO MepememeHHe cyaHa 3a Bpema Mexay WSMepeHHAMM BLICOT yUHTIBAeTcA mpuBereHHeM Wx K ofHOMy Mecty (sennTy). Pasauaiotea Ta- KHe onpegedenus fo YNcay HaOmoqaeMBIx cBe- THA, OT Yero 3aBHCHT HaBHTOAHelulaR pasHocTs WX aaHMyTOB, BAGOP MecTa OTHOCHTeMbHO GuTy- Pk MorpeumHocteit H oueHKa TouMocTH pesyaib- TaTop. Tlopaaoxk aeiicrauit np onpenenennu mecta MO OAHOBpeMeHHBIM HaGwOJeHHAM cBeTHA: NogoOpats cBeTHsa C HaxBHrogHeAmel pas- HocTsiO asHMyTos —50—70° aa apyx cBeTHA, npumepxo no 120° aan tpex x no 90° aan uerHr” pex caerHa; H3MepHTh B GLICTPoH mocaexoBaTemBHOCTH BBICOTI CaeTHA (KeraTetbHO no 3—5 pas Kax- Aoro), 3aMevaa MoMeHTE NO xpoHoMeTpy; 3aMeTHTS cyaoBoe apema T; 4 oTcuer nara, CHATe C KapTH CHHCAMMDIe KOOpAMHaTH cyaHa Ge Whe Ha 9TOT MoMeHT, 3anucath Kype HK it ckopocts V: Onpexewitb ronpasky HHAeKca ceKcrana (MoxHO 20 HaGmogeHHi) 1, ecaH noaBommOT YeuOBHA, WIMePHTS HaKsOHEHHe ropusoHTa; ca W3MepeHHA BEINOTHAAIHCh CepHAMH, TO HaiiTH CpeaHHe H3 MOMeHTOB lO xpoHoMerpy orcuetos ceKcTaHa jan Kax20ro cBeTHAa; HafitH mpHOawkeHHoe Bpema im aaTy Ha Tpuusuve no 7. H HOMepy 4acoBoro nosca, pac- CUHTaTb TOUHBEe MOMeHTH Trp 10 xpoHOMeTpy i ero nonpapKe Aaa Kaxkaoro HaMepeHUR BCOTH aH cpeaHero 3 cepHH; onpedeauts KOOpAHHaTH cBeTAA trp HB Ha aay W MoMeHTEI Trp; PewHTS MapaqtaKTHYecKHe TpeyroabHNKK 1 nepesectu asumyt A 8 xpyronoi cuer; HCNPaBHTb BHCOTH CBETHA H NpHBECTH HX K OaHOMy MecTy (3eHHTy), KOTOpoMy cooTBeTcTBy- wot Te 4 o4; PaccwHTaTh nepeHoctd fho—he, mpozoxuTe AHHH TOTOKeHWA, HaiiTH OGcepBoBaHHoe ecto H HeasaKy; OUeHHTS To¥HOCTs noayYeRHOH obceppaunn. Bunoanenue — nepewncaenuwix — onepawnii, kpome AByXx nlocteaMUX, OMHcaHO » npeawayuINx naparpacax paazeaa, Mpoxaadka ycex anni noroxKeHHA BBnOA- useTCR OAHHaKOBO: Yepes CHHCAHMY!O TOUKY Mpo- BOART AMHMIO asHMyTa, OTMeyaR cTpeaKOH Ha- Mpapaenve Ha caeTHt0; BAOA stOH MHA OT- KaaqeBaioT nepeHoc ho—he B ctopony caeTHaa (ecm om noaoxHTemeH) HAM B MpoTHBONOAOX- yi (ecm on oTpHuaTeneH); uepes noayyeHHyIo onpexeamiomylo TOYKY NpoBOAAT nepnenaNKy.aAp- No MHHH_asHMyTa BUCOTHYIO ANKHIO MOAOKEHKA (BJIM). Tipoxaaaxy ayswe acero punoaHATs Ha kapre, Ha KoTOpoit BeayT cuHcaeHve, HB TOM >KE macuita6e, TIpH mpoksaaKe wa 6yMare npous- BOuBHY!O TOUKY MpHHHMaIOT cuHesHMOl, OT Hee OTK7aAMBAIOT TO JMHHAM a3sHMyToB MepeHocH B oaiHakosoM MacuiTaGe HB TOM 2Ke MacuiTaGe uaMepaioT pastocth umpor Ag H oTuectaHe Aw Mex:ly cHncmIMOl M OGcepponanHoll TOUKaMH, a TakxKe BeAMUHRY HeasaKkH C Mexay HHMH. Bea uuiny Aw nepeBoaat B pasnocts aoaror Ad: 163