Study Guide for Bio 226 Exam 2

Format 35 multiple choice, true-false type questions (worth two points each) Remember to bring in your completed out-of-class activity on Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Diversity (worth up to 20 points). Two very short essays: choose, write answers for two questions from a panel of several choices (each worth up to five points) Opportunities for extra credit as on the first exam. Topics coveredsee below:
Remember: the

highest priority should be given to understanding the lecture notes and PowerPoints. This guide provides thought questions to assist your assigned reading comprehension; and, select
practice questions (and answers) from the end of the chapter.

Chapter 4...Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells Recommended text reading 4: pages 85-107 [Tbl 1, 2; Fig 1, 13 useful; Fig 12 FYI ]

Note: all figures are useful (ignore the chemical detail in Figure 4.12)

details of prokaryotic cellsstructures internal to the cell wall, pp 90-96 including structure/function and transport processes of the plasma membrane; structure/function of ribosomes; function of inclusions
why are prokaryotic cell membranes less rigid than their eukaryotic counterparts? describe how the cell membrane is organized according to the fluid mosaic model describe the role of the plasma membrane in selective permeability how are polymixins antibacterial in nature? which three transport processes are passive? what will happen to a bacterium placed in a hypotonic environment? what type of active transport is exclusive to prokaryotes? by what mechanism does it work? what is a chromatophore? how would you describe the shape/organization of the bacterial chromosome? how does a plasmid differ from a bacterial chromosome? what is the size of a bacterial ribosome?why is this significant? what are metachromatic granules? what are carboxysomes? what type of organisms might likely have gas vacuoles? what are the functions of magnetosomes?

details of prokaryotic cellsendosporogenesis, pp 96-98

what type of organisms produce endospores? under what conditions are endospores produced? is sporogenesis a type of cellular reproduction? what is the functional significance of dipicolinic acid? what triggers endosporogenesis?what triggers germination?

Recommended study questions: Review: 4, 6, 7; Multiple choice: 1-10; Critical Thinking: 1, 4, 5; Clinical Applications: 1-5

REVIEW: 4a. cell wall: protection from osmotic lysis (4); 4b. endospore: resting stage (6); 4c. fimbriae: attachment to surfaces (1); 4d. flagella: motility (3); 4e. glycocalyx: attachment to surfaces (1) and protection from phagocytosis (5); 4f. pili: transfer of genetic material (9); 4g. plasma membrane: selective permeability (8) and cell wall formation (2); 4h. ribosomes: protein synthesis (7) 6a. both allow materials to cross plasma membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration without the expenditure of energy; facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins; 6b. both require enzymes to move materials across the plasma membrane; in active transport, energy is expended; 6c. both move materials across membrane with an expenditure of energy; in group translocation, the substrate is changed after it crosses the membrane; 7a. diagram a is G+ because outer lipid membrane is absent; 7b. G-loses CV-I complex after the decolorizer removes the outer membrane; 7c. the outer lipid membrane prevents penicillin from entering the cell; 7d. essential molecules diffuse through G+ cell walls; porins and specific channel proteins in G- outer membrane allow passage of small watersoluble molecules; 7e. gram negative cell wall MULTIPLE CHOICE 1: E; 2: D; 3: B; 4: E; 5:D; 6: E; 7: B; 8: E; 9: A; 10: B

CRITICAL THINKING: 1: eukaryotic cells have to be larger to hold organelles; 4: large size caused mis-ID; e.m. reveals prokaryotic nature of cell; chemical analysis of cell reveals peptidoglycan cell wall; 5: water would passively leave the cell in a hypertonic medium; if a cell pumps in potassium ions, water will follow, preventing plasmolysis CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1: cell death released cell wall fragments; g- cell wall is responsible for symptoms of septic shock; 2: endospores allow survival in presence of oxygen and during heating; 3: these m/o are g-, containing Lipid A endotoxin; 4: adherence to insides of pipe as a biofilm; 5: endospores allow for survival; B thuringensis=insecticide; B subtilis= fungicide

Chapter 10...Classification of Microorganisms

understand phylogenies, domains, binomial nomenclature, classification, pages 274-278; Tables 10.1, 10.2 are useful; Figures 10.1-10.4 are useful (but dont sweat the details) what is a taxon (taxa)? why is taxonomy (binomial nomenclature) used? what is systematics (phylogeny)? what primary way was used by Woese et al to group organisms into domain hierarchies?what is more commonly used what type of organisms are included in the Eubacteria domain? what type of organisms are included in the Archaebacteria domain? what type of organisms are included in the Eukarya domain? what attributes of the Archaea are shared with Eubacteria? what attributes of the Archaea are shared with Eukarya? what is unique to Archaea? what are three major groupings of Eubacteria (according to Bergey) to what does the term protist typically refer? what is common to members of the Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Plantae? what are two hypotheses for the origin of viruses?

today?

understand basic ideas of ways to identify microorganisms. Pages 278-293especially, the sections relating to biochemical testing, serology, Western blot, DNA fingerprinting, nucleic acid hybridization; All figures [except Figure 10.19 (ignore that one)] are useful why is morphology by itself frequently not a good criterion for the identification of an organism? why is a Gram stain a useful tool in specimen identification? why is an enterotube (or, an API) test strip is useful tool in the identification of an organism?what is being measured? what is serology? what are the distinctive features of an agglutination test? what are the distinctive features of an ELISA test?what does a positive test indicate? how does the Western blot differ from an indirect ELISA test?
what is the purpose of phage typing as a specific test in the identification of an organism? what set of reactions permits the rapid amplification of DNA? how does DNA fingerprinting identify differences between clinical samples? what is nucleic acid hybridization?what principle allows this reaction to take place? what is a Southern blot?what biomolecules does it detect? what is the difference between single (gene) hybridization and chip technology?

disregard the section on dichotomous keys and cladograms! Recommended Study Questions: Multiple choice: 2-10; Critical Thinking: 2; Clinical Applications: 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE:

2: E; 3: D; 4. B; 5: E; 6: A; 7: A; 8: E; 9: A; 10: B
CRITICAL THINKING: 2: DNA probe: labelled single stranded DNA will hybridize with complementary, homologous DNA indicating identity [if the probe is known and the homologous DNA is from an unknown source] or relatedness if the two organisms are known; PCR probe: the primer used in PCR will hybridize only with a complementary, homologous DNA segment [so unrelated DNA will not be copied]; after making copies by PCR, a single stranded DNA probe can be used to locate specific DNA. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: 2: mutation in sucrose fermentation; misreading of indicator test; contamination by sucrose + [wild-type] m/o; Note: if the hospital lab had done a test for toxin, there would have been cause for a change in the treatment strategy.

Chapter 18...Practical Application of Immunology Recommended text reading 18: pp 510-519general aspects of clinical immunology [including
agglutination tests, neutralization reactions, IGNORE COMPLEMENT FIXATION [ignore p 512, bottom and Figure 18.10] , fluorescent antibody techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAFigure 18.14 is very useful), Western (Immunoblotting)] Figures useful.

Recommended Study Questions: Multiple choice: 4, 5, 7-9; Clinical Applications: 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE: 4: A; 5: A; 7. C; 8: A; 9: B CLINICAL APPLICATION: 2. No reaction because the antibodies will neutralize the toxin; this is an example of a neutralization reaction used in the diagnosis of Scarlet fever.

Chapter 11Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

For this part of the course, refer to the Lecture Notes and PowerPoint!