LINEAR EQUATIONS

Form of linear equations If the equations y = 4x, where the variable x is an element of the set of real numbers, is graphed, the result is a linear curve (straight line). Hence the name linear equation for any equation of the form y = 4x. Linear equations can be expressed in various forms and symbols denoting their variables such as exemplified below. 1. y = 3x + 4 3. S = 20t 2. 2x 4y + 8 = 0 4. S = 60t + 40 Graphing a Linear Equation from its Table To graph a given straight line equation, do the following steps. Specify a number a points each of which is an ordered pair (x,y) by taking some arbitrary values of x and finding their corresponding values of y. Build a table with three columns for x,y, and (x,y), respectively! Plot every ordered pair (x,y) listed on the completed table as a dot on a cartesian plane! Construct a straight line which runs through those dots! Example : y = 8x + 2 Answer : Build a table which lists some values of x and the corresponding values of y based on the equation y = 8x 2 specify some values of x, e.g., x = 0, 1, and 2 x 0 1 2 8x 2 ( x, y) -2 (0,-2) 6 (1,6) 14 (2,14)

Plot the points (0,-2), (1,6), (2,14) on a cartesian plane as shown Construct a line which runs through (0,-2), (1,6), (2,14) as shown. That line is the graph of the equation That line is the graph of the equation y = 8x 2

Example : construct the line given by the equation 3x + 4y Answer : according to an axiom, only one straight line running through two points can be constructed. Therefore, graphing the equation 3x + 4y = 12 can be done by specifying the coordinates of two arbitrary points on the cartesian plane. To make things easier, let us choose x = 0 and find the corresponding value of = 0 and find the corresponding value of y, and then choose y = 0 and find the corresponding values of x. If x = 0, then 3(0) 4y = 12 4y = 12 y= 12 = -3 -4 The point (0,-3) is the intersection point of the line and the Y axis (y-intercept) If y = 0, then 3x 4(0) = 12 3x = 12 X = 12 = 4 3 Next, construct a line which runs through the points (0,-3) and (0,4) as shown above, that line is the graph of the equation 3x + 4y = 12.

Functions
Relations Understanding relations foure kids named Ria, Rian, Reni and Revi select their favourite genres of music shown to them. It turns out that, Ria and Rian favor pop, Rian and Reni favor country Rian, Reni, and Revi favor jazz If A = {ria, rian Reni, Revi} and B = {pop, country, jazz}, a relation among the elements of the set A and elements of the set B can be built. This relation can be visualized as in figure 2.1 for a clearer description.
Ria Rian Reni Revi Pop country Jazz

Figure 2.1 The relation from the set A to set B visualized in figure 2.1 is called a favor relation. Ria is paired with pop since Ria favours Pop. Rian is paired with pop, country and jazz since Rian favours those three genres. In that relation from the set A to the set B, every element of the set A may be paired with one or more elements of the set B. It is possible that one more elements of the set A have no pair with any element of the set B. This depends on the relation rule. Numerous relations are encountered in daily life. Such as the relation is the younger brother/sister of, is older than, is the capital of, is one half of, etc.

A relation from a set A to a set B is a rule for pairing the elements of the set A with The elements of the set B.

Expressing relations A relation between two sets can be expressed by means of any of the following expressions. a. Arrow diagrams b. Cartesian diagrams c. Sets of ordered pairs a. Arrow diagrams We have mentioned that a relation among the elements of two sets can be built. For example, between the set of kids: A = {Tias, Jamal, Farid, Dika}and the set of sports: B = {volleyball, basketball, tennis}, a relation likes to play can be built. Figure 2.2 shows the relation likes to play from the set A to the set B. Which element of the set A that relates to which element(s) of the set B is represented by arrows. This is where the naming arrow diagram stems from.

Tias Jamal Farid Dika Figure 2.2

volley ball basket ball tennis

Tias volleyball represents tias likes to play volleyball. Similarly, Jamal volleyball and Jamal basketball represent jamal likes to play volleyball and basketball. There may exist more than one relation between two sets as exemplified below. Note: if a set A and B are identical, then the relation from A to B is called the relation from A to A or the relation on A.

B. cartesian diagrams The relations among the elements of two sets A and B can be expressed by a Cartesian diagrams in which the elements of the set A acting as the first set lie on the horizontal axis and the elements of the set B acting as the second set lie on the vertical axis. Every pair made of an element of the first set and a element of the second set which are related is denoted by a dot (.).