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FREQSTANDARD 2.'UBE LW RCVR DIODEOsC TUNNEL GEN VAN dE GRAAFF INTERCOM WIREIESS PANET AC POWER DRY BATTERY TESTER.CHARGER MINIATURE TAPERECORDER

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GHRISTY TRADES SCHOOL, Dept.A_6tl ?211 W. Lawrence Ave., Chicago 25, lll. Gentlemen: rq"4 me.your FREE TLLIJSTRATED BOOK about Hlg?p_e.

*f{'digl"$li,}?
ADDR,ESS CITY-ZonLState_

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Complete 2-Meler Ham Sfation Standard EconomyFrequency Long Wave Receiver. Two-Tube VersatileWaveformer T u n n e lD i o d e O s c i l l a i o r . . M e l e r sa n d M u l t i m e t e r s... Kid Kaller F i n d i n gt h s H i d d e n D X . . . . High-Quality Pre-Amp MusicalAnnunciator MiniatureTape Recorder.. . . Tape RecorderPowerSupply.

....123 T h eL e a s e b r e a k e r . . P for Child's hono.......128 R a d i oT u n e r What io Listenfor on Short Wave. . . . 13I .. .. . 133 H a n d yF o o l S w i t c h . . . 134 for the Novice. Transmitter ...137 Amplificaiion TheTypacode..... Wrist Radio Antenna Relay.. Electronic .....145 CodePracticeOscillalors. PortableWireless lntercom. T A d a p i e r n i t* o C h e c k u b e s . . . . . . . . 1 4 8 U Dry Baitery Tester-Charger. ....151 G O n e - S t r i nE l e c l r i c u i t a r . g The Little Red Hot Receiver PaichPanel .'.94 Underwaterlniercom . . P o r t a b l R a d i o - P h o n o g r .a. p.h . . . . 1 5 5 e .....99 TransistorAnalyzer o C . . . . . . . . 1 0 3 Tesiing onductivity f Liquids.. . . . .159 Ph Electronic oto-Quiz

27 35 37 43 47 50 55 58 50 63 67 74 77 80 83

.....104 P A C P o w e r a n e l.. T O n e - T u b e i n C a n R e c e i v e r.. . . . . . . . 1 0 7 Van Experimental de Graaff Generator.ll0 . ... ...l16 E m i t t eF o l l o w e r r . ... ..l19 L i g h tB u l b Magic c P r o f e s s i o nEl e c t r o n i W i r i n g . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 a

L W x t r E sR a o r o o o .
Gover by Harold R. Stluka

..16l

B. G. DAVIS Publlrher

JOEL DAYIS A$iJtsnf Publirher

Curtis L. Johnson E di i o r Herb 5iegel Associale Edilor Lynell A. Johnson Ediiorial Assislant Bill Wodkins Art Director Rcy Forsberg AdvertisingManager
45O E. Ohio Chicago: Ofiicesl Advertising 527 Madison New York: St., WH 4-O33O; The Maurice hs Angeles: Ave., PL 3-93??i Beverlv Blvd., 2550 Co., Inc., A. Kimbarl The Maurice A. San Francisco: DU a-61?a; Ex 2.3365. Market st., co.,6a1 Kimball

and Published Copyrighted1960bY

(OIITPAIIY PUBLISHING AIID SCIE]ICE IIECHAI{ICS

Inc. Publications, of A Subsidiary Davis
{50 Esst Ohio Streel Chitogoll, lllinois

mosl popular electronics c T h e R a d i o - T VE x p e r i m e n i e r o n t a i n sa s e l e c t e d f e w o f l h e appeared in science o r o i e c i s a n d r a d i o a n d T V m a i n t e n a n c ea r i i c l e s l h a i h a v e ) n d M e c h a n i c sM a g a z i n e ,p l u s a n u m b e r o { p r o i e c } s a n d h e l p f u l a r i i c l e s o n i h e s a m e s u b i e c t sa p p e a r i n q f o r i h e f i r s t f i m e . Science and Mechanics Handbook Annual No. 6, l96G-No' 569

RADIO.TV EXPESIMENTER

Sensstiono, LOW COSI

SGIENCE
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LAB

S r o n d o r dB r o o d c o i ll . < . i y . r . S . . r i r i v . 1.9!n.roliv. Ci(!it ur.r r.guto. tt5 volt AC- Conpl.t. wirh H.od S.'.

RADIO RECEIVER Thr..Iub.5hoilw6y. l80M.r.4 oid

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PHOTOEIECTRIC EYE
Pfroro.l.<hic ..d El.(koni. n..d ro.o.rol qnd do oth.r C.tl, l.loy. 6oto6, Er.ir.r b.ilr, tonF _ yos ty.rtthing otdrh,,

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Eipror. ond Build 1i.., on tu^dionr olh.. El..ro.ic orh.r ol yd(u!i tublr .l..honic .oFpor.nt!. Swirch-Ahotl cL.uih.

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r The 8 instruction nonuols ore experlly ild.nA iri:,a g:.,q":.1r19ii1 t u d y o . d . h e c t i . 9 k.q!.nci.s, RpM, .:t.i writlen,- cleorly illuslrofed - exciling, RADIOSERVICE EQUIPMENT TEIESCOPE interesting. ll rh. p6dr to buitd yd. ovn r .ounr.c-iliiiiiliii rctcrcopc. a Without previous experiene you ron Iodio 5ignol I'.(.r ond o h6b. 4*i; iar4m;.: ;azlpirs!..:tbd,i$*i..: H i g h g u d l i t y g r o u n d l . h t . n o b t . . complete every project ond goin o comlight Conlineit l.il.r. &th pi..., :Y6il.bt! t;.quen<r :d!(iliald;;tl you to .romin. d.tdib ot th. o.. involuobr. in rodio r.dking. prehensive science bockground. l a r a h c ' . ; l t d . r r t ; t n . t . ! i i t . : moon! rriloc. oid dLtoil obi.dr. . ,,:,: . CHATI.EI{GING STII,IUI.ATING REWARDING ,,:,,:i;i:,?ftfOCf,AfgYlrS:' i::i:,il::i:,,::ii 5TIDE PROJECTOR .: ntCEgtCOrE::,:: ,,,:.:::'..'
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Designins and offeline this comp ire tre lta b o r a tto r y t o t h e p gb l li ic a t e e abora ory !b c such a low price is a notable service to oDr socity. ! wish I could proride och of mr Ph)si( R. M. Helm Professo. of Physics ttudlns sirh all of rour cnioyable kirr East Cnrolina Colleac jn6. You rrc doing a "o,ia*r,t C.eenville. N. C-

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GOYNE!I
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RADIOETECTRONICS ON REAI. c o Y N E E t E C T R | C A T H O O | SC
TV ReceiversBlack and White and Color AM-FM and Auto Radios Transistors Printed Circuits Test Equipment
Dept. 60-9C-New Coyne Building l50l W. Congress Pkwy.. Chicogo 7, lll, SendBIG FREE book snd detoilsof qll the trolning you offer. However, I om especiolly inlercstcd in: fl Eleclriiry I Television E BorhFi.tdr

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! Send Free Book and details on horq I can get I b-ovni Quatitv Television Home TYaining ot I Lou mst and eaw term. l i;\-ane l- Addo"" I i Clrt ------------$are I t
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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEN

I R A ] I S I S I O R I Z E D C K EIII U I PO R A D I O I I DC O I I U E R T O R A KII
Fun for the youngster or the veteran in the electronie field . . . A 3-way translstorized pocket FM radio and tuner which tunes tho^co_mpletB FM band from 88 to 108.6 megacycles plus air_ craft band from 109 to 145 megacycles. This-fairtastic,;1;;; be used in your^car, !ome, or pock-et,and needs no awenna or g'round wlres. Llompletely non-directional, this compact FM radro and tuner will play where all other radios halie failed. bt has been demonstrated under an X-ray beam and near oth.er electrical devices without any static ol aistortion. Featuring a two-stage circ.uit, this FM radio and iunu" *ltt p"oduce music of .top qyility from stations located many niiles rrom the recerver. Kit comes complete with easy_to_build instructions. KlTr |ionplele with $pecial Hi.Fi Earpiece wifh earmold,cord, and pfug, $29,95postpaid. (less Earpiece, 926.9b)

I
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TWO.STAGE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER OR PRE.AMPKIT

You.can bu-ild a powerful two-stag.e- amplifier or pre-amp which b-u-y":d as a phonogr^aph amplifier.iraimpin"-, ioi a crystat SL s e r", a n d a s a p r e - a m p f o r c r y s t a l o r m a g n e t i c p i c k _ u n . - K i t

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magni\ power glass !d f ying mounted on 3/, tweezers, Excellent tool for

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; ;; ;.. ; * pI t!' "*iiri"#; ; il;'"il#i","'i:ii",:]: "":'"1;:? #r'f switch, attractive plastic case. with t ";up ;;l-;;;,-i"a
SPECIAI SECTIONfor RADTOBEGTNNERS

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Crystct.Sef Kit 91.25 p p f l e o d p h o n e s( d o u b l e ) $ 2 . 2 5 - o o Boll Becring Tuning Condenser wifh ULflt Oiol qnd Knob $t.50 p p (Free Cryslol wilh each $10.00 order) H:^*ill:l: *! Ware K.it.TwoSrageCircuit with Transistor,Iligh rtr-e-qruency. lubq Drilled Chassis
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TUNEIN THEWORLD EXCITEMENT OF WITH THEWORLD'S FIRST THREE STAGE TRAN. SISTORIZED TWO BAND RADIOKIT FORONLY $5.00 FULLPRICE_READ CAREFUI.LY
This set tunes the broadcast band and a crick on the band switch lets vou eniov exciling police ca.lls, ship.to sho^re. Uott co--"*iui "ia"-ltii""rii, ai aft a m a l e u r p n o n e s t a t r o n s , c o d e a n d f o r e i-g n r csl t a t i. o n s - [ r o m a l l o v e r t h e w o r t d . ( I t r i the best electronic buy ever offered,) Tunes as many stalions as sets cosiinc up to 9100.0O. Kit includes the following parts: Min_Tub., Mi"_f"[" S""tE.-i p special detecL_or, rinted circuit pla1e. a Eand switch, a Latterr-i" ii.;,;i;;l;; knob. a two band coil, an (Eker.adio) eleclr.onic -unO,--iour: ;;"i;;1";";: ;;; re.sistors. tvo phone cliT,s, antenna_trimmer, four rubber'mo"i,f i,,e i".t,-i.1"[;J wire, a coil mounting clip. and a sheet of easy-ro-follow instructions. AiZZ "', a 10? transistor can be used for_the third stage (Not furnishedl. a"v rlt &"" wjll work rvith this set. Two small batteries fumish the power (Not f"""iJ.ai. This-can-be mounted on {o-u{ small-boald or small plastii box. S;"d;;it'b;,06; -.*i "tii, a self-addressed gummed label to faciritate shipping of this fantmti, ten cents in stamps to the address below. rf the ibove instructions are not---- --followed, your order may be delayed several months, so read carefutlv.

WORID'S SMAI.TEST BAND TWO RADIO

I
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. Dept. E 650 North Fair Oaks Avenue In Gallf' add state Tax-No c.o.D.

E K E R A D I O E L E C T R O N I CD E V E L O P M E N T S
o pasadena, California U. s. orders onty

NADIO-TV EXPERIIITNTER

F ro m R A D IO . TELEVISION . RADAR To GUIDED MISSILE GONTRQtr ETG'

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See the exciting 1961 line of KITS FOR KNTcHT-Krrs-available only ANY NEED from ,llr-rpo. They're lowest in Hi.Fi cost, convenience-engineered for Hobby easiest assembly, outstanding Inilrunenl for performance-the only kits Amqleut offered with Free Inspection Privilege. Send today ior the 1961,c.Lr,rno Catalog-select your KNTcHT-Krrs-and...

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AltlED RADIO, Depl. 64-l l O 0 N . W e s l e r nA v e . , C h i c o g o 8 O , l l l . E Rush FREE 1961 ALLIED Catalog.

woRtD's
BIGGEST!

Address

I I I I t t I t I I I I

Dept. 352 SCIENCE and MECHAT{|CS, 45O East Ohlo St., Chicago t 1' lllinoie Please send o!: Enclosed ls $.......... o! the llxperimenters fo! $2.50. E All FM circled for $1.00, ]lxDeriilente$ El lhe T\YO RADIO-TV

55r
D Both SCIENCE

559
Expelinentcrs lor

5c.2
$1.00.

I I I I I

B The circled issues at single-copy prices:

551
NAME lDDEEBA CITY.... ..

559

562

557

563

r
t

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STITU

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I ZO^-8.,...... T I J

RADIO.nI EXPENIMENTEE

ToNTHEsfl:

technicion, ossuresyou of more money, foster progress ond greoicr success. This procticol step-by-step troining mokes ond eosy, mokesleorningfun. everythinginferesting You don't hove lo leove home or quit your iob to leorn this simple,eosy woy. A few hoursof your spore lime eoch week soonprepqres you for eorning while leorning ond loter for o of big-poy iob or profifoble business your own in this fobulous, fost-growingnew industry. the Describe course 3 new bookscontoincompleteinformotion. ond mony opporlunitiesin this fqntostic new field' Send for your 3 free books todoy! I9 TRAINING INSTRUMENTS INCTUDED
ln a few months you learn what uscd lo take years of hard work lo marter, reach your goal toonet and are betler prepared lo maka maximum progrest. Scnd for complete informalion today! D.pt. T-3lI 32la W. Lowrence Ave. Ghlcogo 25, lll.

;; 7l.0lr,/90vert C.T.S.'s Course! (lP ^l(,.^:'"':"li':;t# :"T",T.:i,: Complete

C.T.S. training coyers eyery phase of lhis fasclnal' ing new subiecf. You gef this comprehensivelrair ing slarling wilh your first lesson.You learn Radar, Sonar, Television, Radio and Electronics in C.T,S"s Complete course. This broader knowledge and greater understanding means more iobs and higher pay lor you. Why be satis{ied with les:? You learn lasler and befter with Christy Shop'Melhod Home Training. lt giYes you all the training you need in a clear, simple, easy-lo-undersiandway. Big pay, interesling work, immediate succes:,awail lhose thoroughly lrained in all branches of elec' lronics. And the C.LS. Masler Shop-Mefhod Home Training Course is the only complete course in Radar, 5onar, Telavision, Radio and Electroniq.

I ; I
I I I I

ScHooL cHRrsrYTRADES -25. Ave..Chiccqo lll. w. oefi. fott, 3214 Lowrence

Gentlmen: me, vithout cost 0r oblication, tvo FREE- L6s0ns and Fii"ii-l6l ih:,i-ii* 'c--oi"i iiiuii""teu b0ok telli-nc all about th-ec.T.s. Master coriisi tn fraoar, sonar, Telerisim, Radio Sh-ro:-li*ii,a-x-i.ii'iiiinii'c this nev nld ofiem' iio-eiirciinnic;, inl ttre m;nv opportunitis

TRADES SOHOOL CHRISTY

It|Br'tNtD
Runabout0nly Plans $1.00 0etPlans FRET Catalog !
PARTIAI GONTENTS:

qenq u! a single dollar bill and we wtll send you Craftprlnt No. 32 (size 21 x 33',) whlch gives detailed clrawings and instructions for building Btzz. an \Ll hydroplaning runabout (usual price of plans; 91,00), PLUS our iuustrated catalog of 196 alo-it-yourseu Craftprint plans (usual price, 20C), Send your 91.00for No. 32C to: SCIENCE ond MECHANICS, Depf. 248 450 Eost Ohio St., Chicogo ll, ltlinoir

Movements, of Mechanical
with maehjnery you Inay be of any kind, ,If you uork ._allFd uDon to devise or improve some Job or notion. To do this, you cither have to rely on memory, experien.e or ingtruity. Hele in this new book-THE ENcINEERS, THESAURUS by Herben Herkimer-vou will find over qOOO TDEAS and SUCCESTTONS lor acconrplishinq any kind oI motion, force or workt It is a compilation of thi) pqrts, contrivances, details, tools, machins, devices and meanHevised and developed by coun(lebs engineers, macnrnrsls a_no 'nventors over the yeafs-to eflect any morion or ras*. rDe materlal has been painstakingly assembled anq .crassrhedt tronr many sources_research books, engL r^reerins brochurcs.-J'atenL dra$ings, caralogs, erc. Ir i\, ijy rar, rne rdrges' coll?crron ever gnlhereu in one book_and tne onry one $ni.h shoss, side hy srde, the n'any ditrerent means_ anu metnous Ior accompt'!lring any padicular rask! f,acn rLem. each devrce, ea.h merhd is illus(ra(ed_ lhere are aOOO such illuslralious-and each carrles a per. tinen( de.crin(ion of irs makcuD and lunction. 1HE ENj" qINEERS THESAURUS work. a nronumenlal tL is 5r2"r812':. JaO pages, prinred on coaled paperr eri* clotn-D')uno, lGriffin pubtishinq Co., Dept. nr-ro S-siiis ,"::"1.:l'""31 wcst 47th st., New York 36, N. y. i."'"p-ra"ii"ir131 I one may:qfltd iu.t ]nq a copy of Tsr: -eNCrxeuRs,l save You a loc ITHESAIJIIIIS hv Hr

with A B00K

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llill|:L:Ti"i ioou*"" ... i

A copybcloncq evcryrcre,enuc h ,*-J

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R^IDIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

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new 6-iolume

starteitright awayt This "l"FJl

mJ"ll"n:1"1%""**#X;[:3* lTii"Tfl;ilitl:n".i* | *-*i',?il'Tii'jtl[i":"'oilii;i: a:r.lr'-.*-:yJr::Hff:..":'+',; : ]r :::"i-,,:,'ij,:i 'i -'' Bir r'-i "' | to ',\L:lihow 'etcue' ,,,,,.r tl"f,Xj;a:"J:"iaa,*iia'*.t,6";d E d u c o t i o n tronics experts. TWO IiF.:"r;"'.lHlt.tAt$t*i:.:i: ,: 13 .,n Ageqn TROUBLESHOOTERStellexactly I A R e r c i r i n c R e c o r d( h o n c e r : - I ' i
ideas money-making antttechn'iiiri; -'!Pt-:o, "!::.s:^tT^,"Y!WI{ERE t o b ebesin. H A T t o o ltools to W H E R E to g i n , W WHAT s t o No orrier No 8Borrier

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Er tep-by-step lcture nd Jr I l3f s stip-uv--step pplcturels aand l.!

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i,"u.lr""f"Tit,n""*,?,:,f,i:di"""I?: I I * ;,1*j*:i[:"*ru,i1":* Hiii'1,fi",16"'lb'f-#t?bi1""* i::;,ll;,!i:t".ll*n;l I fl*rii$I ""*"$'u"'+l"i* sho*s lreqto.oet | 'ro'"'di',ll$'b1u I ;;; ;";;;; bi'rfiiili! I rohn Merk6'
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Frec|Vo|uobleRepohA|dr:Tv,RADto,,,",u,,4;;ffi i;di:t;!G$?-'00-.'--------' Detect-o-s(opes Yolue$f.ool(ffe"'*nqqllf" ond TRANSIST0I lTotol

J
6iiJii"r"o"riilbprrct-o-scops C h a r t s . T V a n d R A D I O S c o p e se n able vou to sDot tube troubles ln a Jifiy.-CIIiCUIT anat TRANSISTOR Scopes spot clrcuit and tra,nslstor

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i I I I

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RADIO-TV ETPENIMENTER

New Guide Gives Terms, Def in irio n s , F o r m u l o s, Ghoris ond Diogrolns. . .

A quick Gary way to put ncedod inlormation at your tingertipr. Examinq this New Practical Dlstionary of Electricity and Electronlcs FREE lor l0 days at our rlsk. THE ,WORKING VOCABUI.ARY YOU MUST HAVE. Jom-packed with both staDdard elect4c&l -t9rms. ald lhe latest developments tD the neld, wrltten clearly aud simply tor beslnner aDd veteran alike. TermB esentlal lu TV. Radar, Radlo, X-Ray, Automation and ali lDdwtrlal eDDllcations are covered. PAC|(ED WtH DESCRIPTIVE PICTURES. Scoreg ol photos, dmwlDgs, sketcheB so clear you can't gg-wrong. Ilelp make terms like "amplldyne," "khes@pe," "dyuamotor" easy tograsD. Many tables, clrarts, grapbs, most-used symbols. SEND NO MONEY. JUST 9END NAllE. Ftll ln ooupon below aud get The Pr&ctical DlctloBary ol Electrlclty end Electronics lor FREE lodet trlal exemlnatlon. Psy nothlng trow. P&y nothIng to postman on dellvery. lf You Ke.p lt

Only$$95
others Cost up to S20.00 fict|,0ts flfi0to|}x PartialConteBts: . Fotmulat Eletrical Eleclronics Inductance Capacitance . Tables Measurgmgnt Letter Symbols ColorCoding . Diagrams . GraphicalSymbols

AtEnlCtil IICHlll(Al SOCIETY, Depf.Uoz t{t t. 5Erh Sfteet-Chitogo 37, lllinois

SO gASy ,7rS SltOCKfiilG.tF

AilERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY, Dopt. Uoz 8|8 E,58lh gttoet, Chlcaso 3?, llllnols Slnd ms THE PRACTICAL DICTI0NARY ELICTRICITY 0F AND ILECTRot{tCS lor to-day FREE EXAMlNATlotl.lf I keepthe book I will send you $5.95Dtus $i0plng within l0 days,otheiliso, I will return it and owe you nothins. tilY l{AilE

TARM TETEPHO]IE CABIIIETS

Slightly used craDk style CABINETS (once used everwhere) lor Ilome Hobby Shops. Cohlrlete wil.h tlaasmitter, aeceiver, bells. crank atrd shelf (Less Generetor). Ha6 all ot the outlide part3. Make beautiful. unique Radlo Cabinets, Liquor Chests, Slrice Cabinets, Flower Plantera, etc. Immediate deliveries ssued. S7.OO, F.O.B. Chicago.

or4er or more two crqtt . . . SAYE MONEY! rr-vgu pflce or.erch prlnr. ,n"3,"tfrtf'r#js;'rt r3ldu"tj,i##i? r.egutsr Enree prtn-ts,
?sC, etc. Use handy coupon below. SaflststtoD guaranteed or money back.
I I I I T I I I I I T I I I I I I I I

SCIENCEqnd MECHANIGS,Dept. 2ae

450 Eqst Ohio S+,. Chicogo ll. Enclosedis $.--. Theseplans are 91.00each l9t 227 Theseplans are $1.50each lllinols Pleasesend me lhe circled plans.

TETEPHONES
TALK R O O M OR O O M T
to the house across the roed, you! etc. Enjoy private own telephone Eystem! R e c o n d i t i o n e dc r a d l e phones Guaranteedl

258

254

265

243 NAME

o,.? l3loo $3.0J.

We can supply lbrng you need. every-

ctTY& zoN

WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED BULLETIN BB.5

lllCROPHOllE,

Dept. BB-5,'ii%lh ?# fi,:

STATE._----fl LJ Her-e'a 2Od. -Plea3e sdd craft prlil Dlanr. me your lllustr.ted cstrtog of 196

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEN

LET R,CA TR,AIN IN ELECTRONICS

YOII

RCA Institutes,oneol the world's largestelectrontc technical schools, offersa HomeStud,yCourse . . . xn

ELECTRONICS FOR AUTOMATION

". . Now you havelour comptehensive for courses your electronic training. . . from basicelectronic theoryto the more principlesof color TV and Automation. advanced

Practical work with the very first lesson. Pay-as-you-learn. You need pay for only one study group at a time.

for Send our Home 64page Catalog Study FREE!

RSIDENT ni.ol Schol SCHOOI ond ofrerr T..hDoy lnstitute Vocolionol Courses in Electronicr.

RCA INSTITUTEST InC. Hone schoot,oept. Rx-so study

A Serviceof Rodio Corporotion of Ameriao

350 West FourlhSfreeLNew York 14, N. Y.

Without obligotion, rlermon will coll. Nonc,.. Addrc$ . ,. ,zon......Stot..,. . rend me the FREE coiolog o, Hom6 Study Courtol No

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C i r y. . . , . . . , . Vai{qnlr Entor ditchorgo dolr

ond Evcning clo3ser ston 4 timct coch y.or. Resident School Cotalo9 sent ftoe on rqu.st

CANADIANS - lolc odvqntog. of the.. .oma RCA cos,tca ot nc odditionol cort. No porrog.. no .c!lomr, no deloy. tcnd .oupcn lo: RCA Victor Company, Ltd., 5581 Royalmount Ave., Montreal 9, Quebec To roye time, posls cgupon oo potlco.d

u B E C O M EA

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

A * HOW TO BECOME RADIO A|'IA?EUR MANUAL * THE RADIO AMATEUR'SIICENSE THE RADIOTETEGRAPH * LEARNING CODE AN * OPERATING AMATEURRADIO STATION

Hffi
I

The ilogozine Thct ShowsYou How

' lf you're o mqn (or womon) inlerested in news of science . . . . lf you're s workshop or olher hobby qficionqdo... . lf you're o do-it-yourselfer (by choice orofherwise)... . lf you're oll or ony of fhese, yourll wont to subscribe now to Science snd /Vlechqnics.Alwoys o leoder in its field, 5&M (now q Dovis Publicqtion) is berfer, ond bigger lhon ever. . The S&l\{ Features sectionregularlycontains oneor more car performance reports, test new productinformationof interest everyhouseto holderor hobbyist, and entertaining, authoritative writeupsof everythingnew and exciting under the sun from space satellites talking to goif balls, radar to rat traps, jet aircraft to self-sealing rivets. The S&M How-to-Do-It sectionhas-every issue-boat-building plans,homeimprovement projects, and workshop electrical and electronic projects,and articleson hobby-craft, auto patents,and inventions.You're maintenance, told and shownhow to do it the quickest, easiest,thriftiest rvay,because S&M'show-to-do-it articles are written by craftsmenwho have done and, built the thingsthey write about. For your convenience, handy couponis ata tached.
\ r r r r l I I t I I - I I r I r r r l

o'+ir $1.50

*, AIr Four

Porrpoia Booklets

All you need to know to get your fiam licenseis conloined in these four booklets, writlen by smoleurs, f o r o m o t e u r s o n d p u b l i s h e db y l h e o m o t e u r s o w n , ' o r g o n i z o i i o nE o s y o u n d e r s l o n d ,e t t h o r o u g h t h e s e . l y , ARRL publicolions ore iruly your GATEWAY TO AMATEURRADIO.

tilERl0AtlRADIO RETAY IEAGUE, lnc.

Wetl Hqrlford 7, Conneclicut t - - r - - - r - r - - -

Nome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f .

L-----Erri

.gft:l

Elecfrosfqfic Generqfors
(Yan de craaff Type) Tlris model svallSOO,OOO VOLTS. able in kit form is ovr 3 feet tall and has a 1i" diameter spherical charge rollector. p I i l t i n c l u , i e sl i " h e m i s p h e r e s , l a s t i c r u b r , pulleys, bearings, belt. ftame. and agsebIy directions. g3 I]l -t Itl I[ Il -t -l It LsO PostDaid

This model shown 2oo'ooo VOLTS. at ]fi) is 1?" hish and has a 6%,, diam-ODerstes te! spheroidal chalge collector. o n I l 0 r o l t A C . F u l l ] a s s e m b l e d ,p o s i p a l d liit rorm $24.50. tltner S3.9..5O: models to 1,000,000 V. Vacuum Equipment, Ilech. pumps for prssule }ange I Atmosphere dowtr to 150 f,Ii-

E .rlre m ' '. . !. .: i r : !.]+ j i w ::::::.,i:.i$W. ri

sigt',?"3.2i*9'"?l'H:19fr ?li8i'fft8l;i; Jlclcoci for ranse i $25.OO.

sauges Micron to 1000 Nicrons tS | 4.OO.

ij,lii:],

ffi @i::
f f i t

ffi Wr, IwwHI::

I Scienceond Mechonics,Dept, 622 I 1450 Eost Ohio St., Chicogoll, lll. r Pleose enter my subscripiion for: i i " iTt S.|.4.OO. rtcl.md sause ald $4.fl) f 24 issues,97.00 36 issues, .$ | 6.00 $10.00 | ! 12issues, [ I ', :.ril Si'Trt'13i"'l'k-JJif'"*!,'"lJ,jlo;.l',,'"'#?f"i::; .i rhan sFo.oo (osh enrlosed bill | ! ! Plecse me I if you follow
High Vacuum Equipment
rinrir '.^ohtly lhis field was Driced out of :-''___-"' thc alerasp experimpnter's rcach. We ha\o :l;-;^-;;i"l , , , , , h p ,,,,,. pumD, mechanial S I O.OO

rlon5ln olrr booklets. Ilaking A vacuum .,,l i . r'sed Refrisemror lompresJor" $2.OO. (t'omprr'sjorr :.. , lYT9 ,f'rgnl alallable
"Experiments

: ; : - : - v

the direc-

in High Vacuum., g | qescrloes I numDer or e:periments that can be performed only ln, O O , hiqh vacuum, Included are direrlions for maklng raLliometers,'gas di"s: rof rnaKlng radlomeIeIs, gas dischorge tubes, evaporated ulms. and simole .xnerimenrs "i,.h- ;-;.simple FxperimenB "uci asiitlmathg tbe eass of the electron. Alsrlow priced Stroboscope_ ltlescopes-Components for all equipmetrt eenlioned above. jCna for Free Catalocue.

,;i;"H-l***:rr u"u, II 4N9A MgEg 5 r Etrfi}:{tii p p

-

t....._
I I clTY

I
l

'''-"'- ' ""' -ZONE-STATE--

I ,

I
I

MORRIS & LEE, 294 Elm, Buffato 3, N. y.

1 O u l s i d e U . 5 . a n d C a n a d a , a d d 9 1 . 0 0f o r e v e r y 1 2 i s s u e s l l r r r r r - r r r r r r r r r r r r l

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

l3

MPINilCES Atl rORNEPANIrc EtECTRrcT[

ffi ful0tilOBllE CIRCUIIS e,nd
As on efeclricsl nouble shooter the Model 7O:
. Will test Tooslers, lrons, Broilers, leoting Pods, Clocks, Fons, Vccuum Cleoners' Switchee,Ttermoslols' elc' Refrigerqtors, [qmps, Fluorescent3, . iirJit""i"t A.t. qnd o'C' vJtr-"s;' h.C. ona o'c' currenl, Resistqnces'Leqkqge:' etc'

TESTER@ New ModelTO UTILITY Superior's

*"ffi:iff i*l,n:*g;"ru:l''*itllililx**,*f,*T@."-n"od*i*i'*ifi i iesistqnce. commonly used in electricql opplionces, totoJ!;o"5;.,

o teokoge detecling circuit will indicote continuity from (5,000,000ohms).

to 5 megohms

As an Aulomotive fesler the Model 7O will tes]:

o Distribulors r Both 6 Volt qnd 12 Volt Storoge Botteries o Generolots o slqrlers o-Stop r ignition Coils . Regulqtors . RJloys o Circuit Breokers--oCigorelle Lighters Fuses l i g h - t s c C o n d e n s e r so D i r e c l i o n o t 3 i g n o l S y s t e m s o A l l t q m P s q n d B u l b s ^ r o ieEting Syslems o Horns o Also wiit locoie poor grounds, breoks in wiring' poor connclions, ctc.

/
\

leatn bv daing. in course electricity, o boo&-prooicolly condensed ittCtUOgO FREE fl;r 64.page
Just reod the lollowing pstrisl tist lri-l'""r"-tri, Whqt is ildcrricitv? o S i m p l i f i e dv e r s i o n o f O h m s l q w ' volloge,
leokoge

opplionces ond molors using o simplified trouble'shoofing technique'

Only ilodel 70 cc

zi,:I#f *i'f,l&#ilJ'itirrtllp,1,! ll""",l;;: ,!ii$l585 ;,Li-.1,".,1i,:.".:1j"1,"",,T

o How lo lest s . How lo test sll

c.urrenl, ..esislqnce.ond electricol

Superior's New

'8tE Model rse Atrruly do- l1-you lf rYPe

FLAT! TEST ANY TUBEIN IO SECONDS
Iserl lt lnto a Dun' brcit sockel as ileslg' natal otr our chart (over 600 tyDes lD' clualeit).

iiirUit"il-,iJirrili.

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6 o*i*i",.":}lTfnx"t
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C.O.D WTilORDER-NO N0ltt0NEY

- F F trt ctt cf lb. cbov. fct l0 lnrtaudarll drtt bcfo.. Yoe buy' r.tbflcd lf.cnDletclt rGnd down PoY. !!9! bolonco franl ond tl, .t indicbfcd cn acupon.

- - - - - -

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I Moss EtEcrRoNlc. lNc. 'J""i. t o"tt itir t"nrr a'"., NewYork34,N' Y'
iiuireiiiii,

-Nme " -"'-'--. . Zone ...tate.....-

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""."--' Add'es ilmnmt"ns":BiH,lll'dl%1-",XJ-lerxli:-Ji&ie-"T with no lnterest o, nn"t-"e "to,giitiaiii"6trieiwtse'

iri'iiiriLer ijtteitton.
iitter.a 10 d&y trtal posltivelv cancelung City........ . "'"

I
I

;ii;;r"*;;i.

ro.s, N.v.c.

Sr|'mtg!!"-:9
Cfrorg.r Add.d! to aa6!lctrlt unil rclutn c:tlco!flan

It nol nC

3alislicd ua, n$ctrery.

I I
L - - -

sil83 ';o' o,*r*'*?rtr,i;' i';frltt'iilt? iuonthlv for 3 months'

- - - - - -

E rnclude Modet 82A

s33:38 ''i';I'l'$"TI11"" t #H'ilf"**'*' I picture

Tube Adaeier at $5.5:J i - - - - -

tl

NADIO.TVEXPEBIMENTER

. . . wrillen so you cq,n understandit!

COIhPIETE SERVICT A t tI t c rR

$17 OnlY
for lhc completc 2.voluns coune

.iiil#i'iiii*

fil any or It| Radio Ever il|ade

EASIER-BEttER - FASTER I
tleory or mathematics! I'hese tamous chirardi $" g*plle!"-a gS! rlght dom p99tf to brass racks in "t"wi.i.--"o tiir*'i" randle _all types of AM, -FM and fi se;ic; N;;E t6" .o'ir-..i""a prof.alor.t metho-ds, Almost _lb0O pus.i-al.I ;i,J"" Sdd "'f"." rllurtrationa rhgw l-ro1v to handle eyery phase of troubleshooting and aewicing. Each book is co_author;d'bt A. ;. bhi"-;;i';"h;. huuals have helped-tnin more servicemei tnao "nv-ott.i [oJ[. oI couses of their kiadt methods. ",Ti:11i"1'T;Tj1?qef For the ff$,l.s.jl,"S;1"",A; ii_3:i'":1i1"'i.-?.:fr *:1";l;y_.,1:ie l""Hi,l?.i?Hl:3'#3;,J;1.*f*ii'""r'.Ts."li,iffl " i" ud"$i:"":il?i,ll*?"ll'#"lgi"tnff.6B o,.r"" i- J *l'Ji": 2-Rldio ondlelevision _. Receiver CIRCUITRY ATD OPERAIIOII .-4_9l"Dlgt -co;tieG receivers "tick" and why. Cives a ;;-J;;;i";;'i;'.i basic circuits and circuit vdiations; how to -recognize them_at'a Slece; bow to eliminate cuess\ lsel"* testias iE sew' p.:." iciog trem. {r? illus. "$"ulX,Hf

il{::iiqblil.$Tl="x11','$!f iir?l?"'ll'lr i"ili%'/"',1"r,iJ.",{ lii'i'fu i, 'f_,#1?'f i:j lim*#.f tlfr *?J,l!:#t'"'j$t#_.

Buying q lVew or Used Car?
Prolecf Yourself wifh o Checklist
l\{ake sure you know what you're getting-and what you're paying-compare deals, break down optional equipment costs, new and used car charges and financing terms with the Car Buyer's Checklist. A packet of 8 four-page, money-saving Checklists for 91.00.
AND iIECHANTCS Dept.7t4 ahtcaso tt, ilt.

TROUB]ISIIOOTIIIG RTPAIR IilD gulde

to profltable professional

l-Rndio and Television Reeiver

"'".t""1T#.*"ji"t+s dH:i.:l*p*-".iJiHr;'#l;lgiila'$f
-

.- It brcken lnb lesEons and sent E@-lwo.sreat books as a o*.","to,,"o$'id6

Speciol prire . . . lou srye $2.00 low vou'd resard

3"';i""",:i""'

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=_ := :::

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I 4"t"iu*?ir'5i,n:"?"x-rr9'";*3il" $PE r Dexs rsrpard and owe you "iu,iilit"':

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--z l - - -STUDYl0 DAYSIREE!,xc., I *g'*giliiL:+ fitlitfl'""1,*'nsroN, I .-oi; ExAMrNArroN'rn 10

a'";;;';' ;:i"H | I
O E44io _& fr Receiver TROUBLESHOOTTNG & REPATR (hice $lO.OO separately) I maio & Tv ctRcurTRy & opERATtON rhice $9.oo) I I

ror . vou *":1"3:o3!1X"#"X","t |:$tl5g"l"'h books onlt gr? oo you u;e them! Nij td;nfii-io'liirlr8il'1".,1'r33i{ i::fljTf'liltl!',.

SCIEIICE 455555O Ohlo St. E6t

r r I I I I

coMBrNArroN orr:n I WiIh l{EWPATEI{T SATES AGREEMETT fl :iTi"+S"$r.t36. I p!!e or o!!v-qri.oo%?Xot1.sf"'|c I r.,.n" ,J"1.",fi!&Ii."b'S.P"T{"'BLeo:"|,! IigyVou can sell your patent and be SUREyou ar Dm-'Ui "tie tiuiboiu-eJa-rL; id tecting your interests 100 percent. preparea I #l"Tii.lig3*.T3"f"11. i:#* or s"e monlh foi 3 monlhs II a
uur the tokl of gr?.oo nr" *""fT"P"? SAYEI Send cash wlth order and we pay postage. Sare --"'Etrn prtvttete wtth rey prompdy .iiinb.a.---'. ....'....'..... ,. ,...,...,...,. ............. I ; I I r

Dean of a leading law scho6l, this S&M'puteni"Surii 99_ltll"! will help you protect yoursetf anO-mitelu*ii

Namc " " ^ddr.r citv'.zoe _sbte

ffiHf il.*

Agreemenr.

i",#ffi i:.lsyri##"tt',f\3ifi:#1,s;*,y#,,t,,1::"i,"!;i ,f
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY SGIENCE & MECHANICS MAG'IZITE

Ohio Street. DepL 4t91 Chlcogc ll. ll[;b

gur*t-*i*ui:t3r;!"1 o,r $;g $l00 t a-

"+filt'Jo""$i3:ks^no xot e bl&nk' deta''

!fO_:g:t

BADIO-nI EXPERIMENTEB

t5

.,tt*tt ,10i,'rii
> (0sT..i (0mPLEIE...LowtR BEITIR...moRE SHOP.MEIHOD s(HOOIs NATIONAI. WITH
! HOMTTRAINING
BIITIR,,.Trainins that is prored rnd tcsted S in Rcrid-ent choolshoP' ,lnd l a b o r a t o r i e s .b 1 a S c h o o l t h a t i s the OLDEST ind LARGEST of its kind in thc sorld'

ele Pttce

NOtl/!

(OfilPltft'..You learn ALL PHASESof ffiORE ' io'Elecrronics T eletision'Rad c makesevcral t0WtR (OtT.'. Orher schools make sevcral courscs Orher schools
out of rhc mrrcrial in our ONE

I\{ASi'Ento0nSr . . . andvou I
D a v m o t e f o r l e s st r r i n i n g t h a n yoir get i,l out (outse rt ONE ***

LOW TUITION:

UillIMIilDOPPORTU}IIflES PAY... TOP CAII SICURITY BEYOURS! TITEIIME

! You are needed in the Television, Radio, and Electronics industry technicians are in grosjing demand at excelle-nt P.aY- iq i;r;e FgaSfS, including Seriicing, Manufacturing, Broadcasting and aii Communications, Automation, Radar"Government Missile Proiects
HO N A I I O T { AS ( H O O T S H O P . M E T H O D M E I I R A l t l l N G ,w i t h n e w l y a d d e d . l e s s o n s trarns )ou ln )our and equipment. spare rimi at home, Jor- these unlim' I ited oDDortunrttcS,ncludlng many techniiai iobs leading to supenisory positions. W I E Y O UT E A R IB Y E U I t D I X G Q U I P I T I E I {ITH I (lIS AND PARTS E sEt{DYoU. Your w National Schoolscourse includcs i h o r o u e h P r a c li c a l t r a i n i n g - Y O U wc scnd ;ou fEARN BY DolNCl comolete standard equipment of pro' f e s s i b n a lq u a l i t y - f o r b u i l d i n g - ' a r i o u s ixperimcnial and rcst -unirs.You aduahce sc"p by stcp, perform more thrn 100 expiririrenis, and You build a comoleic TV set from the ground uP' rhat'is vours to keep! A big' new TV oicture'tube is includcd at no cxtra iharge. We'll shoq' ]ou EARII AS You LEARN. how to earn xtra money right from the starr. Many of our srudcnrs PaY morc-$hile for rheir courie-and M I A L E ' s O N S N D I t { ' I R U ( T I O X A T E R I AA R E I P , U P . I O . D A I E ,R A C T I ( A I I I I T E R E S I { G . lveri Natibnal Schools Shop'Mcrhod b lcsson is madc er:1 ro undcr-st.tnd y numerout illu:trrtions Jnd d!.ttrdms. de' All instruction material has bcen ietoocd and restcd in our os'n Rcsi' deni School Shops, Laboratorics and Studios. . To S E t l ot O R I N F O R M A I I o N D A Y . i ( c i n m e a o t h e d i f i e r e n c eb e t * c e n S U C C E S S f a i l u r e f o r y o uo! u S e n d f o r Y o u r and "Y r Iuture tn FI{EE BOOK T e l e v i s i o n - R a d i o - E l e c t r o ni c s " a n d F R E I S a m p l e L e s s o n 'D o i t T O D A Y ' white you- arc rhinking about 1'our futrre,'It doesn't cost 1ou anlthing to investigate I

qil... Y^a
o . . . . . 19 Bis Xits-YOURS TO KEEP! a Friendly.lnstruction d Guidanc Service lob Placement unlimited Consullation by DiDloma-Recognized IndustrY fOR YOU TIEED EVERYTHIilG

succEss!

HO S H O P . M E T H O D M ET R A I N I N G OF COVERS ALL PHASES INDUSTRY 1.. Telerision,includingColor TV 2. Radio AM & FM for 3. Electronics GuidedMissiles and Hi'Fidelity 4. SoundRecording 5. FCCLicense and Computers 6. Automation 7. Radar& Micro-Waves

Gfi Tlll B:xltlls ot ouRoYER TXPERIEIICT 50 YEARS

Trtrr'

r6

NADTO-TV EXPERIMENTEN

()iIIY POWERFUL INVETITI(IN, 2' I(ING IIETT SHO(}TS IOO THRU I PAGES.THIS r B00K!
y-opr'B_B_$hof and fire against this magazine. Notice that it drives BB's through more than_t00 pigei. ttrbultiL',iir'j; Iong x l'l in diameter. this pocket-si2e-device hals amaiins power and accuracy. Use it for targets. pests and huntingi Scientifically designed for high poiler, operating ease an? saietv. -ppa.-Ivtoiiiv penser^. all for only sl.go ppd. 3 loi Ss,oo Eack -cuar!}4tee. Not sold to N. y. c. resid;;ts-;i EacE Guarantee, sotd N.-V. C. residenLs';i m];;r;. ;G;G

FREE!Sl"'iif Ff#,;;,"-HEg1.'l;'Juf J;'"f ,13_";f i:I f

GRAYS0N tNC., 8.12,210rim nJ. iii,'ii.i. PR0p., 0epr. livi.,

Effilr-.tLt:'EE
OSTATIC GENERATORS
irOW-3 Models-t50,000 yO[fS 250,000qnd 400,000
you Bulld om Laboratory Model electrostatic generab described tn Science & Mshanics. qenerators rnese have ben scien(iffcatty produ.e bsted and charEes up to l5O,OOO, 25O.OOO. or 4OO.OOO votls depending on rhe xrr. powerful More than units many itmes larger. physfor Schoots. Labora@riea, tteal lcs and ScieDce prcjects and aU experimental puposes using static electricity. Usd by many leading companies and coileges, Klt, complete and ready for easy assembly, alI pilts ma.hined and drilted. Includes base, @lumn. sphere. puneys, motor, belt and aii parts and hardware. ereclrrcat (For infomatron for circutar.l ,on-4OO.OOO vot! kir. write r5-g,9gO vglt postpaid. ktL$22.9b 250,ooo volt kir$32.95 postpald, Send U. S. postal Money ptease, Order or check. No COD.s.

THE I95O EDITION

Everyone interested in uving money on his car.s running costs wril want a copy of Car Repair Eandbooh. In it, lg easy-to-followservicing articles show you how to do it your_ selt-tune up the engine, service the distriburor, fix a balky choke. repair faulty brakes, etc. In addition, there are rit::1 rep.ortson rhe Big 3 compacts, the Italian Fiat, :,n,'T the t nglish Hillman, and the diesel Mercedes_Benz.pLUS a oetarled, tear-out blueprint for a paking_lot speed cart. ror. your_copy send 75f for Handbook No. 566 to Sri?zre and Mechailics, Dcpt. 349, 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago 11.

FOREST PRODUCTS. IIIC,

Dqf. RT4 l3l porfland Sheet

SEND TODAY FOR YOUR COPY

Gasoline! "ff i-L:ilil: H;,"1i:"#,::': ::::: .i:":i. t,o0 .:y. $

GGt U. S. Gov't tS2O,OOtWhtle ttey
I , :

Powerlul coDtlnual thrust for models: b_oats, boats, cars, planes.

-----------l-

po$liEfr fE'dThTi i dHXTo Fr.iL""E Et n

Last Onty g3,95
O.nerates Up To 1OO Votts, to qenerde Ue electricitv. to ring bells, light up lishts, a6 a mdical batterv. detiver terrrfic electric shock a3 joke. many electrial experiments,

Toys qnd Gqmes You Con Mqke

a..If the high cost oI giving is you down, get-q copy oI ?oys ond Gc-mes Eetting ?ou io;-M;i":; Dooa-conrcintngi delciled plcns cnd buildinc in_ s_Eucuons tor over 80 diflerent toys, gdmes cnd ilavthings. Idect lor gitrs ro cUitdien'_cfriiail" iiri" rwo to rwenty-lbe conslrucuon proiecls in this book wul . sqve you money while you enioy youraelt m_qarng thrl6m. 'l oys and Games you Cqi Mdke {No._556) is cvcilcble in c deluxe, i"qE.t"p""i"j hcrdbound edition lor your shop reteirince ifurcrv trom Dept. 5I2. SCIENCE AND MECHANICS, eSO --Ecst Ohio Streer. Chiccgo ll, nlinois. $tJt5.

{flatP_"AtlNID
TAP
rRom 6 rNcHEs IO tO fEEI IONG

IHE HANOIESTHING

in lomp or opplionce

sfores -

provides multiple tops from o single power source.Sqfe - conceoledconduclors-

LINE

ligh-f-posilive conlqcls - eosy to instoll in ony position. Sold by Clecrricot, Ele.rrohic ond

lfordwsre Jobbers aad Oeolets

V..A11

Top-A-line Mfg. Co.

P. O. Box 553 Pompono Beoch. tlc.

--

The Hcrndiest Thing Since Elecrricify

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTEN

MILD 20 RADIO HOME

with the PROGRESSIYE
l{ow Includes
* T2 RECEIVERS

AT CIRGUITS

'zff'
@
cenerator' u@e

I
* * *

llecessatY ol to [nowledge Radlo

Parisor ToolsNeeded llo Additional FOR BACKGROUIID TY EXCELLEIIT Soldln 19 Gounities

t SJlfl;Yt'."iEio'o" * srctral TRAcER

*

+ srcnlt lxJEcroR * coor osclLLAtoR

AMPLIFIER

Invited Inquiries * School

EXTRAS FREE

FOR4 !4!lo HUNDRE;tOF DOLTARS

VOU OON'THAVETO SPEND _.

our Krt rs des

couRsE

g j:":L Tf."il"' tn'1,::t, j" s:Ji:,

learn how to burrd. rar Yoir wrlt how to ! manneri in a trofessional "*1"-, y.ili, pullched metar .cias ::, J

rdck-bottom

Price.

i&;tktlii*ff$l*l*:ti*i::ti""'"'.x{fr*a3fi:iF{'"".":'*t"i:mr.;*:k;""'wi"".
''"9:'""'i''ii'J::l;;'tliining

i:tft"-ir:*l'iFi;i:i*i{:ii'n'ii:!::i.ti1e:l{fl:fr''.l",:ftlii"'ir.ixiir'*'+

;Hfrt

ro'.tn'-1"r'l-'-',.T^'-'h+i'-':l-iLl-'9'J.iill"cw*"

SERVICINg

#siilF.uf

tr*{**$*{:H*;

Thls

prunreo clRculrRY
revolutloErY ftw

'ftig#;
rwnnr

futl pavmentof $26'95' n send ,,Edu.Kit,, postpaid. I enclose p.staro'.-....

.:iii.'ii,iiiiiti6

i3 now b*onrns

;:;;"t-';;;;;tciat ""f,';'.i;i;;'6i."ult

trlh*:il+;irlrl,"i:t'i'inii':it'";lilii
t" ls the basisol mod' l?illtffE*"l.rv A knowlJ',i;i;;;ii;'fieetronlcs.

radio and.Tv eets' ts a speclal lnsu'

elus $26.e5 "Edu'Klt"' E iiii ,,ii"-iip b.o.o. I vill Dav doscribinc information E i.io t.-inee additional

INC. PROGRESSIYE''EDU.KITS'' n' "'*r.:J3""""fiJ:il:3fJ I 1186 Broodwov' Dept' 507NN' Hewletl' ffi I-----i i:l;""*"-: L------

t8

BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER

RADIO SERVICING
by ABRAHAM MARCUS

HOW-Get this expertSELF-TRAIIilNG in

ensational Clearance !
EACH

rl-----

--------1
;

I PRENTTCE-HALL, lrc., Dept.5Z4Z_XI Englewood Ctifts, N. J.

ff "u:r LIMITED QUANTITY 1,1*-r",ry;!;+iJf.-$il""r{il,i."#s,tifu HOW.TO-DO.ITS

Address C ri t y v u J
( )

. 95 M T r r 5 1\ COUPON{e j $ ? . 9'- _:. ITH C o i l p o N * ::":l:'::::

. . . . . S t a t e .

...
SAVE! Snd

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pry no.tog.,

_ _ _ _ _ _ J

7() WHERE FIND

jj]" i:"*eF",l1_*lfli,j""';,?,'"?'1,?*l#*loil,fl?ult*; ; *Ll.';rr**""":,.l,gi*,;,:TS:lk{{-i#d"ih3?.it*,yJf

5-2A PHOTO GRAFTSMA,{ Ho_w_ make your own photographic to .guns, boom ljght, enlarsers. Lrmef s 52O SPORTS CRAFT How to select, make. imDr( MODEL

5-:"S'" 1 Clearance Sale with a capital S for savinss! While they tasr, the fotrowins SOC rro*_t6_a-o_iilrii.?"books are beins ofiered at ju-st 3'3f "i"n- i-siiiy"'rlduction. For 92.00 you can get all seven_arii'"ave $r.Ju, a savlngs ot over 40qal So ACT NOW! s 2 6 C R A F T W O R T (V o t . 3

l-$?31: ruli:,in[lrl#"li:*J't'''?il?i:'3t'""11?iliff

-,iri ffi-"ffi "ti $"ftJlu" l[ri:]"tr*r#$ i;,ii"

541 CRAFTWORK Vol, 4

533

!i.*srutL;ig""i :ff ii# "i;1 T"ii.

CRAFT HANDBOOK

3l l""i,l ilio o8iii

i",?t$ iii#il:'J**txFr"ls*{:.i,.r".,x,""*,P"",'
543 SPORTSMAN'S HANDBOOK How to repair sports equipment, make rrs ne f r a n s t o r h u n t i n s . r .I o S s b o w C aorablabaa h, six action-tested camp craft, basic naviga_ ilon course.

";",i,X,!lEi "Bti",ffd |ii$j"*'t"i, i*,'{'"f}}J,t"?Si L"ffl

s42

H9ME

ELECTRICAL

HANDBOOK

-,st-][_[ul|_ItB:S__0|l.|_D-E_ i;g+::l trt*::l ,';,],*i l ;"':

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l:tt'*',"*,li;hlT":;H:llf,Jg$gh,"i,l"fr :ii4'#,"t!
SCIENCE and MEGHANTCS, Dept. 355 45O East Ohio St., Chicago lt, lltinois L E n c l o s e d . i s . . . . . . . p l e a s es e n d m e t h e h o w .--o _ d o . l t $ ' t --'books whose numbers I have circled: 526 s2a s2g s33 s4r s42 "n" ! Enclosea is g2,Oo. Send m6 all seven books. i ! I :

ilyJ5"Y"oI"f"Yt,*"!1:60.'T"Si3"""fl,i"&

g1ft$*fil;s$inqffisri.l'l:".'"*ill;jffi i
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N A M E. .

ADDRESS

crTY .. .
S T A T E. . .

,.......zoNE........

t- _ : : _ _ :'1"::"j

rij,Tiiii* lirii,t*\#;ti";H;r' F",,.i$"t' tpj",;d _TT _ _ _ _

_l

BADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTEA

UUtrorEY
-$
G E Ty o u r

G rantham training is the easy way to learn more q u i c k l y - t o p r e p a r e m o - r et h o r o u g h l y - r o r r ' u . ' w ' qui95 vour first class license is the ""i.-i"""ti"i..-etid to prove to your employer that you are wortn i-ast;;t more money. course is directed torryard.two This correspondence to tedch you a sreat deal about m":o"'iui!"ii"6"-(rl eleitronici, and (2) to prepare- vou to .pd'sstl] 9r--11" F. C. C. eximinations required for a tirst classcommer"iri "oli"io.'. license. We teach vou step.by step and you seno have iou practice with FCC-type tests-vr'hrcn prepare tor to tfre .ctt6ot for grading and comment'You under the watchful direc-tion i;il R C. c. u**illtiti*t 6f an instructor who is especiallyqualif,ed in this field'

.. ffi:#*ff #em;X EIECTR0]{ICS

llrst class commercial
train' you theproper in Tosetahead electronics-first, need Your ir"1-tn".n. n..Jl;pioot"of your'knowledge. firstclass u* "diploma" communlcatlons in is F.C. colmmerciai C. license a when by awarded the U.S' Government youpass electronics, by is T'his .riiiin eiilnin.tions. diploma recognizedemployers' you in specializes preparlng of School Electronics Grantham this to earn diPloma. or corclasses byin triiningis offered resident Grantham lf. details' you gives complete "*onitn.t. Ou,fiee booklet mall.me F' for in areinterestedpreparing your C'C' license' address in the 27, nurl-Hoffv"ooU California-the y' t - a n d o u i f r e eb o o k l e t i l lb em a i l e do y o up r o m p t tn o w o charge-no bligation.

LIGENSE F.C.C,o
Grantham resid'ent schools are located in four -a ii.".l ii. t - Hottvw ood, Seattl e, K-a! sas.City' and Washington, D' C' Regularly scheduled,classes in F. C. C. license preparation are ofiereo ar arr i6.iii"'t.. NL* a"v ilass"s begin .everv three begtn lourrlmes months, and new evening classes a year.'The day classesmeet 5 days-a-week anc i . t " " t " - u o u f 6 r a f i r s t c l a s s F . C ' C ' l i c e n s ei n meet 3 nights a week eve"i"g classes ii;;"k":iti; a n d p r e D a r ey o u f o r a f i r s t c l a s s l l c e n s el n z u -."ti""t., **.ifi. i"i" -dre information about the Grantham indicate in the coupon the ci,tv ;;".;a;;t o f v o u r c h o i c ea n d t h e n m a i l t h e c o u p o n . l o - t n e 3 . f i o o f * n o - e o f f i c e i n H o l l v w o o d ,C a l i f ' F r e e details will be mailed to you promptty'

N' home at ii"rt'i-iiii- tt the'scno6t's ofiice 1505 Western given coupin

F.C.C. LicensebY trainingat

This frec booklet givcr dctcill of out troining ond cxPlsins whot on F.C.C. liccnrc ccn do fol your fututr. Scnd for Your copy lodoy.

'',g*d,u
I

i@
Addrcr:-

I SCH()()T IO:GRANTHAM (lF ETECTR|}I{ICS I

l5O5 N. WesternAve., Hollywood27, Calif.

Pleqse :end mc your free booklet telling how I con-gel F. C. C. li."nt" quickty. t enderrtond thcra -r ii.."t.i"t ir no obligotion ond no sqlermqn will cqll'

siiyL

I crv----=...--.=.--.-----srqle-=---

E'oP t City I I qminterccted E Home Study, Kansas classes, in: E tlryt classes' Washington E | 6 Hotlywood classes, Seattle tl -: -sI-

20

NADIO.TV EXPERIMEI{TEB

lbultoFindaBuy

forhur Invdiltid
Manufacturers !
Are You looktne prodsci tor iet! roeas, tmproved Frocesses, Xew Invenfions? If so. writeus ror fult rnrormatton teilins Drrnd - new iDven_ t-or's suid6. yoor nrE_name wilt be iDciudedjn a suDDlemenkt trtt of hanuractulers. avaitabl. oDon requost to aI I Dutchssers of th6 curlebt edition.

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Electric I|YP}IOTIS]YI 1|lAC}|I}IE

Plug in - put this efrec' tive machine to work lor you. The 10" HyPnotic W Spiral disc reYolves at 59 i i 6 m . c a u s i n so r e m e n d o u s e y e - f i x a t i o na n d h y p n o tp c m o t i o n -t t "dee . well of r i r a t ' s e-iilulutJdb r i n g y o u r s u b j e c t s - i n t o a . ems -Professional Hvpnotists and serious b"y ii."o';. a stud-ents like, it is effective visually and creates preslige ihat is so very important. Use it for Self-Hvpnosis and t^q tripnotize others - in groups or individurllv. Has an- 8' eieitric cord, on-ofi su:itch. carrying handle and a fine quality 110V AC motor. Complete with disc and simplc instructions,

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FASCINATIIIG\ XIT WITH ECHO.CHAMBER BACKGROUND SPOIS EYE AND FREE FIXATION

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Play side one to help you hypnotize others. Record passes "the next voice you hvonotic control to vbu! Ends like this: itl,ir Jirl take compiete control of your hypnotic sleep . . ." then YOU take over! Side Two is for Self-Hypnosis. The hypnotist weaves llis comDellins sussestions tround the unique echo-chamber metrcnome beat. Gives you a suggestion for re-hypnotizing yourself at will, then awakens you. S r u d v t h i s r e c o r d , s e t v o u r o w n h y p n o t i c t e c h n i q u e .L e a r n h o w - a r e a l h y p n o t i i t s o u n d s .I m i t a t e h i s w o r d s , t i m i n g a n d sussestions. tutihe of unbreakabie vinyl, this is a quality ?8 rpm Ex' tended Play recording - complete with simple instructions and FREE Eye-Fixation spots,

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ELECTR(lNIC METR(}N{)ME
Combines 2 trance stimulating effects:Flashinglight (framed by a hypnotic disc) and a Metronome bert, CompletelY f a d i u s t a b l e- s P e e d s r o m 4 0 t o 208 beats per minute. Sound and tone from a loud click to a low hollow taP. Completely automatic - a Precision instru' ment 4Vt" wide x 57:" high.

oRlcNtrhypNoflgllr
Written in Calcutta, India with the cooperation of Sadhu Satish Kumar. . . this astonishing manuscript reveals the secret Oriental techniques for inducing ,i a hypnotic trance even in the most :ir difficult of subjects. Crammed full of easy to understand, easy to follow methods that have proven so $-] "tifi successful in India - now avail-

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HYPNOTIST MECHANICAT
A fascinatins device that folds uo and can be carried in Your oocket. There is a design Printed on the front acetate window "out and another on the rear of focus" disc. BY revolving the disc you create a Yariety of trance stimula!ing. FYe-arresti n g p a t t e r n s .C o m P l e i e w i t h a n informative book of instrue tions and revealing secrets.

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I|H.PS srzt POCKITll,|l|tl,|Ilol,|

OIt|ERS Or YO|JRSETF
IN MINUTES! ()R BACI(! W()RK M()I{EY MUST
in Hold t h e aYPNO_COIN fronl ol the H o t d the s Y P N o - c o t N i n f r o n t o f t h e pet' son you want to hynnolize. Centtv !ibrate the plastic len-\e This lr'cinal_ is hypnolic prttcrn iii!'i"ttiiting iiis'a rhiaing hyphotic pattcrn into mo(ion lhat is so Ir'cinal' in!. it .inLu,i. iira.holas vour subject's ga7e.-.Now gi!e !our h v i n o t i c . s u c g e s t i o n sC e t l h i s a m a z i n gh y n n o l i c a r d c o m p l e l e ! h q i i h a F R E E r e t e a l i n Eb o o k l e t o [ \ e c l e l s r n d r n s t r u c t r o nls c l teiilou *trar to say aid do ho* to commi,n.l rnd re-hvnnoti/e *.-i-ttt'it'esnup of i finger. how lo lhlill anLl !mi/e them with trviti..iiii si";r.. etc. cet the colN' Booklet rn,l Strnd for Self iivlnotis - only $1.00 npd. Sen! in a Pldin srrpper. Monev back if not dcli8hted! ,

HYPNOIIZE

BACK MONEY GUARANTEE! 1(lDAY

i a A l l t h e a h o v et e m s r es o l do n a n U N O o N 0 l T l o N A L You BACK GUARANTEE! mayreturnany item MoNEY t w i t h i n1 0 d a y sf o r a p r o m pa n df u l l r e f u n d .

SUPPLY Dept.XP-39' Send order HYPNoIIC-AIDS C0., to: N.Y. 1I 33BroadwaY, C.10,N.Y.
Send me the following items in a plain, unmarked package.

@ @ E @ E tr cx-1 $13,s5, CX.2 $4.s5, CX-3 $18'ss' n tr cx-4@ $1.e5, cx-5@ $l.ss,tr cx-7@ $4.00' -trFREs. @ trCX.8 $1.00, nxB-g@ $2.e5,
( ) cash' I am enclosing $----) check, ( ( ) Money Order - You PaY Postage! Sendto: Name..........,,....,..

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22

NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

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A TYPICAL SPASUR PERATION O

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2 5 0 M tL E S R E C E JE R V W H E N H J S E N E R GS T R I K E S N T Y A O B J E C TN S P A C E T T S R E F L E C T l t E D A N DR E C E I V E DYT H E B R E C E I V I NS T A T I O N S G

T H E T R A N S i , 4 I T T E R N D S U T! SE O

should have remained undetected, but didn,t. Why not? The reason is SPASUR,'a new elecbuilt by Bendix Radio for the Jlof",*yige unrred Dtates government. Such an important new system should involve some sweeping new discovery_but that doesn't happen to be the case. SPASUR makes.use of two very well known principles or radro reception, proving again that what man does rvith his discoveries is even more important than the discoveries themselves. -First part of the SPASUR system consists of a VHF transmitter fed into a non-directional antenna. VHF signals are not normallv reflected back to Earth unless they happen t"o strike a solid object. This is pretisely'what happens when the SPASUR (SpAce SUR_ veillance) transmission strikes an object in space. Once the r.eflected signal is picked up by a properly equipped receiving station. poisition and attitude are determined. Each SPASUR chain consists of a transmitter and _two receiving locations, 250 miles either side of the transmitter. Thus the chain i:. sp^rea{-out along a 500 mile strip (see Fig. 2). There are presently a pair of^chiins operating,, centered on Jordan Lake, Alabarna, and Gila River, Arizona. A satellite orbiting the Earth musi eventually pass within range of at least one of these chains. At a receiving station, the bearing is first taken and then the angle between signal and Earth is measuled. From the latter. i-t is sirn-

ply a matter of mathematics to calculate the a-ltitude. The angle of arrival is indi;;ted b; the phase difference between two parallel antennas. Again this method is nothing new, n s Deen used tor many years in short_wave research.,However, when applied to SpASUR it is much more accurate since signals arrive via.only one path while on short-irave multipath reception is common. The received data is fed into a computer and _after three sightings both "ou"r" ,r,d speed are revealed. Working with MINI_ TRACK_. another Bendix systet which keeps tabs on broadcasting satellites, SpASUR pr^o,,nearby" (near :rde:.a complete picture of .Eiarth) space activities.-C. M. SraNsuny II

R A 4 . G : - A I V E R ,R Z .

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The opproximote positions of the six stotions of the U. 5, Novy Spoce Surveillonce deiection net. The sldlions ore divided inlo fwo complexes (eostern ond weslern). eoch consisfing of o tronsmiiting sfqtion ond two receiver stulions. The stotions arJ locoted olong o greol circle trock between Forl Stewdrr, Georgio, ond fhe Novol Air Stotion, Brown Field, iust south of Son Diego, Cqliforniq.

NADIO.TV EXPL'RIMENTER

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RADIO-W EXPERIMENTEN

Mmorandunt t9L5 SubJect: Ra.dio Muslc

I N 1915, David Sarnoff was Assistant Traffic I Manager of the Mar-coni Wireless TeleI graph Company of America. In September of that year he sent to the Vice President and General Manager of the company the fotlowing memorandum: "I have in mind a plan of development which would make radio a 'household utitity' in the same sense as the piano or phonograpir. The idea is to bring muiic into the houseby wlreless. "While this has been tried in the past bv wires, it has been a failure because wir"s dL not lend themselves to this scheme. With radio, however, it would seem to be entirelv feasible. For example-a radio telephonL transmitter having a range of, say, 25-to 50 miles can be installed at a fixed point where instrumental or vocal music or both are produced. The problem of transmitting music has a_lready been solved in principle and therefore all the receivers attuned to the transmitting wave length should be capable of receiving such music. The receiver cin be designed in the form of a simple 'Radio Music Box' and arranged for several different wave lengths, which should be changeable with the throwing of a single switch oi pressing of a single button. "The 'Radio Music Box' can be supplied with amplifying tubes and a loud .p"ukine telephone, all of which can be neatly mounted in one box. The box can be placed-on a table in the parlor or living room, the switch set

The serious young iunior execufive qbove is David Scrnoff os he looked 40 yeors ogo; fodoy he is RCA's Chqirmon of rhe Board of Direoors qnd Chief Executive Offcer.

accordingly and the transmitted music received. There should be no difficulty in receiving music perfectly when transmitted within a radius of 25 to 50 miles. Within such a radius there reside hundreds of thousands of families... "The manufacture of the ,Radio Music Box' including antenna, in large quantities, would make possible their sale it a-moderate figure of perhaps $75.00 per outfit. The main r-evenue to be derived will be from the sale of 'Radio Music Boxes' . . ." Hindsight tells us Marconi Wireless should have seized opportunity by the antenna. Instead, they ignored the memo. Five vears later, after the Radio Corporation of Arnerica was organized, Sarnoff pulled his copy of the memo out of his files and revived his recommendation of 1915 in a report to Owen D. Young, Chairman of the Bloard of the new company. Four weeks later, on March 3. 1920. Sarnofi was asked for an estimate of prospective radio business. He replied: "The 'Radio Music Box' proposition . . . lequires considerable experimentation and development; but, having given the matter much thought, I feel confident in expressing the opinionlhat the problems i""ot"ui """ UE met. With reasonable speed in design and development, a commercial product can be placed on the market within i yeat or so. "Should this plan materialize it would seem reasonable to expect sales of one million (1,000,000) 'Radio Music Boxes' within a qeriod_ of three years. Roughly estimating, the selling price at $75 per set, $75,000,000 can be expected. _ This may be divided approximately as follows: First Year 100,000Radio Music Boxes. .. .$ 2,500,000 Second Year 300,000Radio Music Boxes.... 22.500.000 Third Year 600,000 Radio Music Boxes. . . . 45,000,000 RCA's actual sales of "Radio Music Boxes" during the first three years of its activities in this field. were: 1st year. ...1922. ..911",000,000 2nd year. ..1923. .. 22,500,000 3rd year. .. .7924. . . 50,000,000

Total.. .......$83.b00.000 Broadcastinghad been born.

NtrDIO.W EXPERIMENTZN

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28

BADIO.TVEXPENIMENTER

"All personnel
clear the firing area stand by for

countdown . minus 10. .

o

+
J . . 1
a

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Y(lU HANDLE MAY A SITUATI(IN THIS... LIKE

If you measure to tle Aerospace ap Team
A man in this situationrequirescool judge. ment and an aptitude for advancedtechnical training. This is the kind of man who can measureup to the qualifications the U. S. of Air Force. He is the kind of man who can build a careerin the Aerospace Age that will be meaningful and rewarding. will have the opportunity to work with the intricate equipment the Aerospace of Age-the age of air and spacetravel. You will enjoy steady advancement and solid security: And you will be superblypreparedfor the future. If you would like to learn more about the m a n y u n i q u e a d v a n t a g e st h a t g o w i t h a careerin Air Force blue. fill in and mail this coupontoday.

Are youthat man? As a trained exand perienced Force Air you technical specialist,

U.S.AIR FORCE
-;;-*il;;ffi,*;lI I I I I I I I I There's p/acefor tznxzrrlus /eaders theAerospace a on Team
Airman Information, MRT09, 7608, Dept. 4,D. Box Washington C. Please memore send information myopportunities U.S. Force. ambetween on in the Air I the ages 17-34 reside U.S.A. posses'sions, of and in or

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NADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

2t

TWO.I'IETER
Sfation Amateur
(omputl ond eosyto build,this twoportsond melerstolionusesstondord provides bolh voite tubesthroughoul, dnd code andmoduloled communi(olion operotion for portoble moy be used

You ccn build rhis lrdnsceiver for lesslhon holf of whot any similor, presently ovoilqble commerciqlrig sells for.
T

1 i , ' 1.t " i: l,l :

t*:j : iiii:::!!

'::..

i;

by (. F.R0CKEY,

w9s(tr/wgEDC

::tttt:t:;i4i.:1

i:il::i tfl..rl;iIii . . . ;! 9

to holders of all classes of ama}\PEN [ | teur license, the 144-megacycle, twoV meter amateur band offers interesting possibilities to the experimentally inclined ham. This little rig provides an excellent starting setup, or a nice little extra i'ig. Begin construction by drilling and punching the major holes in the front panel and chassis (Figs. 2 and 3). Mount the panel temporarily upon the chassis while drilling the holes for the two potentiometers and the Receive-Transmit switch. With all major holes drilled, mount the power transformer, then the rectifier tube socket and the Jones barrier terminal strip. Temporarily mount the regeneration control potentiometer upon the panel; it includes the On-Off power-line switch, which is wired-in immediately. Now complete the power supply wiring (see Fig. 7) first connecting the transformer leads to the rectifier tube socket, then wiring in the 120-o primary leads. The electrolytic capacitors are held in place by their mount"hot" leads ing brackets, as are the positive which are supported by a two-lug, insulated tie-point strip. Last of all, install and connect the filter choke. Ground one side of the 6.3-u heater winding and bring the other end out to one of the unused rectifier socket lugs, rvhich will serve as a tie-point for connection to the heater of each of the tubes (except the rectifier, oI coulse).

After you've wired and carefully checked the power supply, measure the resistance between the positive high-voltage terminal and ground. There should be more than 10,000 ohms. Less indicates a wrong connection, ot short. When the high-voltage circuit has been checked out, connect the line cord to its terminals on the terminal strip and insert the rectifiel tube in its socket. When the switch is tulned on, the rectifier tube filaments should glow dull red and a dc voltage of at least 250 o (more won't hurt) should be observed from the positive terminal of the last filter capacitor to ground. Audio Secfion. When the power supply is operational, remove the rectifier tube and line cord and fasten in the sockets for the audio frequency section, including the 12AT7, half of which is used for an AF amplifier. (The other half is the crystal oscillator, which is wired-in later.) The AF section includes one and one-half 12AT7's, and the 6V6GT. The 12AT7 sockets are mounted with 4-36 x r/a-in. rh machine-screws and nuts. Be sure to put a soldering-lug under one of the mounting screws for each socket to provide a ground point for that part of the circuit. Pin No. 9 on each 12AT7 socket, and pin No. 7 on the 6V6GT are connected to the 6.3-o heater' (ungrounded green lead) of the winding power: transfolmer. Ground pins 4 and 5 on each 12AT7 socket, as well as the metal tube

28
SOUNDHOLES FOR SPEAKER ; HoLEs ON_2 CIRCLE I TUNING YE E HOLE

RADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER
P O W E RX F M R DIfuIENSION S F R O MU N I T

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a=rl"ora.
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VERNIER IAL D FOR RECEIVERUNING T

pl ,*or, ,o*r.-.orr*o. .oro'

in the center. On the 6V6 socket, ground pins 1 and 2. Work backwards from the output transformer through the 6V6 (seeFig. 6). Ground the "common" terminal on tfre output transformer secondary; leave the other secondary terminal alone for the moment. The output transformer is mounted with 6-32 rh irachine screws and nuts. When the 6V6 has been wired, temporarilg connect the loudspeaker (between unused secondary lead and ground), insert the 6V6 and rectifier tube, plug in line cord and turn on power. Both tubes should light and, when warm, a screwdriver touched to pin No. 5 (control grid) of the 6V6 should produce a characteristic clicky bvzz in loudspeaker. With the audio output stage connected and operating, unhook external connections, remove tubes, and wire the 12AT? stage that feeds the signal to the 6V6. Use 2- and 4point insulated tie-lugs as needed to hold small parts firmly in place by their leads. After you've wired and checked this next stage, put in tubes, re-connect speaker and plug in line. When all tubes are warm, carefully touch a screwdriver to the control grid, terminal (pin No. 7) of the 72LT7. A much louder clicky buzz should be heard. To complete further AF circuit wiring, you'll have to temporarily install both the

Receive-Transmit switch and the volume control potentiometer. Figure 8 shows connections for the non-shorting type R-T switch. Continue wiring by completing the 12AT7 amplifier stage that serves the receiver (see Fig. 9). Make all ground leads short. To test this stage, set up as previously described, throw the R-T switch to "Receive." and check for the characteristic buzz at the grid. Advance the volume control, of course. Because of the relatively high amplification involved here, it should be possible to hear a faint hiss of tube noise when the volume control is fully advanced.

NADIO"TVEXPENIME}ITEN
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Finish the AF section by wiring the 12AT7, "speech-amplifier" stage. This circuit contains the SPST toggie switch that converts it into an oscillating multivibrator for modulated CW work. When the switch is open the circuit acts as a multivibrator, or tone
T H E S E R E N E C t 9 S A F /q - r A C ' i L YI F M C W P E R -J O
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generator. When closed, the stage becomes a grounded-grid amplifier for the mike. Connect external connections, as previously described for testing, and insert ail tubes involved. Connect a 220K resistor temporarily across the Mike-Key terminals on the termiTO POINT D O NR - T S W I T C H

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30

RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTEN

nal strip. When the toggle switch is in the open position, a loud, clean musical tone should emerge from the speaker. (Note that the volume control, since it is associated with the r_eceiver only, does not affect the strength of the tone.) llhrow the togggle switch into the closed position and connect a single-button carbon microphone (Type "F-1," from Telephone Engine_ering Company, Simpson, Penn., or other similar single-button carbon mike) to the microphone terminals. Now, the system should
M A T E R I A L S I S T _ 2 . M E T E RS T A T I O N L .. flo. Req'd Description L 2 x 7 x 1 0 ' a l u m i n u mc h a s s i s | 7 x 1 O , a l u n i n u mo a n e l 3 knobsfor rhtt shati I liational tvie BM dial I tuning eye assembly 6E5 tuhe (includesbracket.sockel for and bezel) PM loudspeaker, size Jensen 4,, I 2Ull3.r/t/ aluminun sheet,for detector (see text) ! 5 octal 0lastic tube sockets, Amphenol 4 9.pin miniature sockets,high freqrency plastic insulation, AmDhenol I 7-pin miniature socket.Amnhenol I 6-terminal Cinch-Jones barrier terminal strip 1 S P S Tt o s g l es w i t c h ,H & n 100K linear.taperpotentiometer switch (Mallorv) I & 5 0 0 K a u d i o . t a p ep o t e n t i o m e t e r a i l o r y ) ' r (M I pgyer transformer,Chicago.Standard Type pM.640g + r fittef choke,Chicago-Standard. Type C.I70g gltput transformer,Chicago.Standard, Type A.3B23 * z -l.0..'afd. electrolytic filter capacitors,450 working volt. Mallorv 2 200 working volt, Cornell 9.5..mfd. paper capacitors, Dubilier 3 ohnite type2.144,z-meterRF chokes 3 Nationa-l type XR-50 coil forms, with iron slugs f' four.pole, double-throw,non-shorting wafer sriitch, CentralabNo. 1409 t , d I l ! m m f v a r i a b l e u n i n g c a p a c i t o rH a m m a r l u n H F . l s r 1 5 n m f B U D v a r i a h l eu n i n gc a n a c i t otry p e M G . I B 5 0 ,w i t h t . (seetext) one 0late removed | 47 ohm, one.watt carbonresistor 6 100K one.watt carbonresistors 2 47K, one-watt carbonresistort 4 22K, one.watt carbonresistors 2 ?.2K, one-wattcarbonresistors 5 220K, one.watt carbon resistors (includes one xtra for new operation) | 220 ohm, on.watt carbon resistor I 470K, one-watt carbonresistor I IK, one.wattcarbonresisror X I mg.,one-wattcarbonresistor 600 W.V. disk.type ceramiccapacitors I lQ-qtf q $00 mmf. 600 W.V. disk-typeceramicdapacitors I !-!'!nf, 600 W.V. disk-typeceranic capaiitors ? 1000 '!rmJ.,600 W.V. disk-type ceramii capacitors I bfassshaft coupling U4n lo tt6tishaft (femaieto female) I lypg 48, 2-volt, 60-ma dial lamp butb (for tuning) I 1N34 crystal diode, Svlvanra "overtone'' I crystal approximately Texas - 35 me0acycles, Crystal Co., River Grove. tll. lf you are a General ilass operator, you may select a crystal anywherebetwen36 lo 36.975 riegacyclis, Novicel and Technicians must select one between t6,25 and 36.75 Ma. lf you wish a ceftain frequency within the 144-mega. cycle band,dividethat frequendy by-four to get your crysiil frequncy. Ask for the adapteri td adaot th-e nin diarietei to fit octal socketspins. Texas Crysial Co. will suonlv these gratis when requested ofder. in 1 line cordand plug pc plastic rod t/at, dia., 3,t long ! 1 5U4cB vacuuintuhe I 6V6GT vacuumtube 3 l2AT7 vacuumtuhe L 5A05 vacuum tuhe I 12BH 7 vacuumtube I 6E5 vacuuntube I m.icrophone. car6on. type F-I (Telephone Engineering Co., S i m p s o nP e n n a . ) , I t e l e g r a p h e y ( o p t i o n a l )J o h n s o n o d e lt l 4 - I 0 0 k M I d i r e c t i o n aa n t e n n a o r 1 4 4 . M c .a m a t e u rh a n d , ( t h e S e l e . l f m e n t " H i . G a i n , " o r s i m i l a r t y p e i s r e c o r n m d n d e d . )i t h W Go-axialtransmission line and rotator wire, rosin-cotesolder,screws,nuts, tie.points, etc.

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behave exactly like a good, low-power publicaddress amqlifier. (Do not use i crystil or a dynamic mike.) Make sure the srvitch is in l'transmit" position, before making these latter tests. The unit as so-far constructed will serve very well as a code-practice oscillator with the toggle switch open, or as a small pA amplifier, with the switch closed. If it's too loud for you, connect a 50,000-ohm variable resistor from the grid of the last 12ATT to ground (see Fig. 6). Varying this control will vary volume, but it may also have some effect rlpon the tone of the oscillation. To use the audio system so-far constructed for a code practice oscillator, connect an ordinary telegraph key, in series with a 220K. one-watt carbon resistor to tJrre Milce-KeA terminals. The frame of the key should bJ connected directly to the grounded side, the 220K resistor in series with the other side. At full outpu-t,,the signal is strong enough to serve a loomfql of ,students; the volume may be reduced by the temporary volume control desclibed above. Be sure the toggle switch is in the open position, and the R-T switch in the Transmit position, of course" Receiver Secfion. Start by connecting the

RADIO.TV EXPERIMEIITEB regeneration control, 100K potentiometer and 47K voltage-dropping resistor, along with the 100K detector plate load resistor (see Fig. 9). These parts are installed beneath'the chassis -using insulated tie-lugs where appropriate to hold the resistors firmly in place. With this under-chassis receiver wiring done. drill and assemble the receiver sub-unit (Figs. 10 and 11). Since this receiver operates at the high frequency of 144-million cycles per second, short and direct leads are of paramount importance. This applies especially to grid, plate and bypass-capacitor leads. It is important to return cathode leads and highfrequency bypass capacitors in the same stage to the same ground where possible.

3l

speaker. T'lris hiss indicates sryer-regeneration, lhe condition for high sensitivity in a receiver of this type. By varying this control, it should be possible to increase the hiss level from zero to strong. Also, a super-regenerative condition should be possible over the entire range of the tuning clpacitor. When the receiver super-regenerates properly, check the tuning range with a grid-dip meter. My receiver covers from about 140 to about 150 megacycles, with the 144-148 megacycle amateur band falling between about 60/6 and70/6 of maximum capacitance of the tuning capacitor. The exact tuning range is not critical as long as the 144-148 megacyele amateur band is conveniently included.
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The 15 mmf Bud receiver tuning capacitor is modified by removing one of its rotary plates. Grasp one of the rotary plates firmly in the jaws of a long-nosed pliers, twist and pull, and the plate will slip cleanly out of its slot. This will leave one rotor and one stator plate. The two remaining plates should not scrape against each other. You may increase the band-spread (number of dial-degrees occupied by the amateur band) by cautiously bending the two plates away from each other. Do not make this adjustment, however, until the receiver is performing properly. Wind coil L1 (see Fig. 13A) carefully and complete as much of the wiring as possible, before mounting the sub-unit upon the chassis. It is fastened in place with 6-32 rh machine screws and nuts. Next, connect heater, dc power, and signal output leads to the appropriate points under the chassis. Do. not connect the antenna coaxial lead until later. With the receiver wiring completed, insert tubes, connect loud speaker temporarily, and apply power. With the R-T switch at Receive, advance the volume control to full-on. Then slowly advance the regeneration control potentiometer. As this control is advanced. a loud. smooth hiss should be heard from the

Squeeze the turns of the coil together or spread them slightly for minor changes. If you live in or near a large city, you should now be able to hear two-meter amateurs on the air within range when a good antenna is connected between the antenna input tie point and ground. In addition, police, taxicab dispatchers, and aircraft operating adjacent to the amateur band may be heard in many areas. If yoq have not yet installed a good two-meter -antenna, a high, clear outdoor TV antenna may serve temporarily to test the receiver. (Install a knob temporarily on the capacitor shaft to aid in tuning. To use a TV antenna to test receiver, connect one of tfre lead-in line wires to the antenna input tie point, the other to chassis.) Trqnsnitfer. Start wiring with the crystal oscillator and work forward (see Fig. 11). The crystal plugs into any two alternate pins of the octal crystal socket; other unused pins may be used for tie-points for other circuits if desired. The crystal oscillator tube is the half of the 12AT7 that was nof used for the AF amplifi.er circuit. The only critical part of the circuit is the coil, and this will cause no trouble if it is wound exactly as described in Fig. 138.

. / 2

32

NADIO.TV HI(PE?IMENTEN stages is completed, insert tubes. Do not apply power yet, however. Instead, get your grid-dip meter, and carefully adjust each of the coils as closely as possible to its correct resonant frequency; 36 megacycles for the crystal oscillator, 72 megacycles for the doubler, and set the final tank to resonance at 144 megacycles. Be sure the tubes are in their proper sockets for this operation; their capacitance plays a big part in determining the resonant frequencies. If properly wound and installed, each of the coils should resonate at considerable the correct frequency, with in range available extra slug-adjustment either direction. The final tank coil may be adjusted by squeezing or spreading its turns. When all coils have been pre-tuned, plug

After carefully checking the crystal oscillator circuit, proceed to the 6AQ5 frequency doubler ptage. Again, this stage is straightforward; only the coil being critical. Wind this coil exactly as shown in Fig. 13C, being careful to get the tap in the exact center. Ground the cathode and the screen bypass capacitor to the same point on the chassis, as close to the socket as possible. The 1K resistor should be fastened to a two-point insulated tie lug mounted elose by the coil. When this doubler stage is complete, wire the final amplifier stage. Although a frequency doubler, this circuit develops practically amthe same efficiency as a straight-through plifier while at the same time avoiding the self-oscillation troubles which plague the lat-

16 GA. ALUMINUM

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ter. Its push-push feature also helps to eliminate odd harmonics which could get into TV receivers and cause interference, The ordinary distortion-type frequency doubler, often used in simple VIIF transmitter arrangements, provides none of this added spuriousharmonic suppression. Again, since the output circuit is tuned to 144 megacycles, you rnusf keep all leads as short and direct as possible. An extra quarter-inch of wire here can spell the difierence between successand failure. Wind coil L4 exactly as shown in Fig. 13A and keep the leads short! Wire the entire final amplifier circuit carefully, but do not connect the antenna coax cable yet or the plus high-voltage lead. In the final stage, return all ground connections to the same point near the tube socket. \[hen the wiring of the transmitter RF

in the crystal, and apply power. Tune the grid dipper to 36 megacycles and immediately adjust the crystal oscillator coil for maximum oscillator output. If the crystal oscillator doesn't oscillate, recheck the wiring, and try another tube. When you find oscillation, screw the slug down until you get maximum output, then screw the slug out about three turns in the interest of stability and reliability of oscillation. Then immediately adjust the doubler coil slug for maximum output' Take a No. 48, or No. 49 dial light bulb (pink head) and solder a small loop of wire between its terminals. Then couple this loop closely about the doubler coil. If the doubler is operating properly, the lamp will light noticeably. Now connect the positive high-voltage lead

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Bonds VHF The Amoteur

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L3 Today the VHF bands provide the gratest.opportunity and challenge to the experimentally minded ham. I hese frequencies above 144 megacycles seem to be th..onty pment still c o n e i l e f t w h e r e i n s i m p l e , l o w - p o w e r e d e q u i "store-boughta n compete effectively against expensive, geat. " Nobodv knows for sure the exact distance limitations on VHF communication. The first signal bounced off the moon by the U. S. Army back in 1946 was in the VHF range. On the other hand, it is the consistent, interferencef r e e - .s h o r t - h a u l c o m m u n i c a t i o n , u p t o 5 0 m i l e s o r s o , t h a t is the operaiing bread-and-butter of the VHF amateur' Occasionil long-distance sPurts are to be considered as interesting div-ersions, rather than da'ily fare. . Distance chasing, i-n itself, is not the whole of amateur radio. You'll have a" lot of fun, face some stimulating problems, and meet some nice people on the two-meter band, believe me' Those frequencies between 145 and 147 megacycles are available to both novice and technician class licenses, as well as the general-class operator. But do make sure that "Citivou have a ijcense before you do any transmitting. iens Band" license is not sufficient. You must have an Amateur license. (Write to the Federal Communications Commissionotfice in the large city nearest you for details') ln addition to the license, and to the usual hand tools owned by all radio experimenters, you should have available: "two-meter beam," a directional antenna for I ) A Sood the 144-iregacycle band. Such an antenna is not expensive or unwieldvl in'fact it is smaller than the usual outdoor TV antenna. A five-element antenna is sufficient, and can be ourchased at a reasonable price from Newark Electric Co', Altiea Radio, or any similar Amateur jobber. You should equip your beam antenna with a suitable rotatins-device. ione ol those sold for TV antenna use wilL ou d o v e r i w e l l t a n d v o u" qs h c k l d g e t i t a s h i g h a b o v e t h e ui pround as you can. A and dirty" rule is that yol. Ian reliably work one mile of range per foot of antenna height (above average ground) beyond ten feet. In other thir is your consistent communication range, in *oid., mlles. While vou can make a number of contacts, particularly in the New York, New England, and Chicago areas, with a dioole in the attic, a good beam will do more for your morale than anYthing else. 2) A grid-dip meter. Stray ca,pacitance and inductance being unpredictable in most cases, it becomes necessary to individually trim VHF tuned circuits by trial in nearly ev,ery case. The-proper tool for establishing these resonant freeuencies is the grid-diPPer. 3) A volt-ohm-milliammeter.

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to the final amplifier, apply power, and tune 144the final tank -capacitor to maximum megacycle output with the grid-dip meter. If you find plenty with the grid-dip meter, "soup-loop" tuning lamp to the iouple vour re-tune. The bulb finai coit and slightly should glow brightly if the lamp is closely coupled. If you get weak, or no output, check tte wiring again, or try another 12BH7 tube. Now temporarily shut off power and plugin the audio amplifier tubes. Connect your carbon mike to the Mike-Keg terminals. Set the toggle switch to the closed position. Reapplv power and speak clearly into the mike. U"tt around the final amplifier tank ftri should flicker markedly in step with your voice, indicating proper modulation. i The rFinishino Touches. Pull out all tubes Finishing '.rrrrrrrrt r and remove all external connections. Mount the loudspeaker, the tuning-eye assembly, and the vernier dial upon the panel. Now and Receiveve the potentiometer ootentiometer remove Transmit switch binding nuts and install the

rnel with the binding nuts and with selfLpping metal screws. Place knobs on potenti-

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34

NADIO-TV EXPEEIMENTEB
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[fl
ometer and R-T switch. Connect the receiver tuning capacitor to the vernier tuning diai wilh g piece of 7+-in. fiber or plastic ,o"d "rrd a shaft g9qniinS. A setting of-zero ,rpon th" tuning dial should correspond to mdximum capacity, lowest frequency. P-1ug thg 6E5 tuning-eye tube into its socket, and fit it into thE ciamp provided on its bracket. Bring the cable from the tunine eye,socket.through the chassis through a a/sl rn. nole wrth rubber grommet. Connect the black and blue wires of this cable to er""rra. the green wire to the 6.3-o heater rrrpp-ly, "rrd ' the red-wire to the positive high voltige. Install the 1N34 crystal diode, tf,e 5000 mmf. capacitor, and the 220K resistor in the tuning meter circuit upon a two-lug insulated tie point, being care.ful to observe the polaritv of the crystal diode. Install the diode-^resistor assembly close to the final amplifier tank coil. Connect the yellow wire from the tunins eve tube to the ungrounded end of the 220K iesistor as indicated in Fig. 14. Now is the time to connect the receiver input- and the transmitter output to the R-T switch through RG-59-U coaxial cable. Ground the outer sheath of each piece of cable firmly to the chassis at both ends of its run. The coaxial cable from the transmitter (center conductor.) is tapped one turn from the glounded end of the final tank coil. L4. as shown in Fig. 13A. The receiver cable is run flom the R-T switch to the input tie-point on the receiver sub-unit. Bring-in the "ible uo through a grommeted hole the chassii. Next, run a piece of cable from the R-T switch to the antenna terminals on the terminal strip. Connect a short piece of -wirenot over }e in. long-from the-center conductor of the coax cable (where it connects to the transmittel tank) to the tuning diode. Finally, run the wire fi,om the R-T switch

, r r , r o " r r E Rc r R c u r r

TO 6.3 V A.C. PIN+9 O FA N T I 2 A T 7

t-o 9ne side of the speaker, passing it thru a de-burred 7s-in. hole in the- chassi"s.Ground the_ other speaker voice-coil lug. Connect the power cord, ant microphone to the proper terminals on the terminaistrip. Then connect a No. 48 pilot lamp bulb across the antenna terminals. Apply- power and, when the tubes are warm-.- throw the R-T switch to Transmit. The butb should elow brightly and the tuning-eye should rnorrE toward closed position. (If it opens, reverse the connections to the IN34.) Re-tune the final amplifier tank and buffer tank for maximum glow from the bulb. Note also that the eve closes most when the output is at a maiimum. Speak into the mike ind note the variation in bulb brilliance and eye closing as you speak, indicating proper modulation. Now, remove the lamp bulb, and connect a 144-megacycl.e antenna system, preferably a good, high, beam antenna. Make sure the grounded terminal of the antenna feed coaxial cable is connected to the grounded terminal on the terminal strip. Throw the R-T switch to Receive and adjust regeneration for a smooth hiss, If there are any other twometer amateur stations operating in your vicinity, you should hear them with no difficulty. Now throw the switch to Transmit position and adjust the final tank capacitor to close the eye as completely as possible. You're tuned-up and ready to go. Novices learning the code, may r,r,ish to operate in the modulated code, MCW mode. which is legal in the 144-megacycle band. To use, throrv the toggie switch into the open (MCW) position, and substitute a telegriph key, in series rvith a 220K resistor, for the 'microphone. Otherwise operation is identicar to voice. The smooth, tbnc-modulated CW signal radiated can be lead bv other amateurs, regardless qf the r.eceiver employed,

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Frequsncy Econolny Standa

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compact frequency standard will enable I you to calibrate your receiver and check its acI curacy at will. It can also be employed as a beat frequency oscillator for receiving CW signals, and for other applications requiring a stable 400 Kc to 1200 Kc RF generator. The circuit shown in Fig. 3 is a high-C Colpitts oscillator using a parallel connected 12AU7A. Excellent frequency stability is achieved by the use of a high-Q loopstick as tank coil and a large value of tank capacity. Two NE-2 neon lamps regulate the oscillator plate voltage for added stability. With rigid construction and good shielding, the circuit has negligible drift after initial warm-up. compactness, the unit is conFor maximum (CUstructed in a 15lex21/ex23/a in. Minibox 2100). Construction details are shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The 12AU7A is mounted outside the cabcominet to avoid heating frequency-determining ponents. The output jack, J1, and tank coil, L1, are mounted beside the tube socket. Inductance L1 should be securely mounted and reinforced with a bead of Duco cement to insure against possible viFrequency stondord is powered from qn exlernol source, Designed primorily for 500 Kc, it cqn be funed from 400 Kc ro 1200 Kc.

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36

BADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEN
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lo0,ooon iw
B-8AB+ ?25 -250v

Descrintion 1000 mmf silver mica caracitor 3000 mmf silver mica canacidor ,01 mfd disc ceramic 270 mmf nica caFacitor 50 mmf mica or disc ceranie small feed-throu-gh.insulator, Jack, coax or phoneip jack t f e r r i - l o o p s t i c kn t e n n a o i l a c N E . 2 n e o nl a m p ( t w o r e o u i r e d ) 100,000 ohm, Z4 watt resistor' 1,500 ohm,% wett 3,300 ohm:l-watt Cu.2100 inibox M 1 2 A U 7 At u b e 3-conductor cable,lengthas desired c . r u gl e r m t n as t n p t 9 . p i n m i n i a t u r eu h e s o c k e t t t/sxt/a't machine screws and nuts 5/5" rubber rommet g t u h es h i e l d d e c a l se t c . , ,

this switch can be included in the Minibox. Adjustment of the slus on L1 permits the unit to be sel at any frequency from about 400 Kc to 1200 Kc. This permits a number of applications, the most obvious, of course, as a 500 Kc or 1000 Kc frequency standard. When tuned to 500 Kc, useful harmonics will appear at 500 Kc. intervals un to about 15 Mc. Above 15 Mc,^500 Kc harmonics rapidly become too weak for easy receiver calibration and it is necessary to shift the, standard's setting to 1000 Kc to I E D( L r get harmonics of useful amplitude above 35 Mc. The unit carrbe accurately adjusted to either freI8gllr_SlAq quency by zelo beating WWV at 2.5 Mc, 5 Mc or 10 Mc. bration. Jack J1 may be a small feed-throueh As a flequency standard, the unit is small insulator, miniature coax jack, or phone t]o enough to fit inside most receiver cabinets. jack. Power is furnished by an- externa^l In most cases, a short length of insulated wire source and brought into the cabinet by a connected to J1 and brought near the rethree-conductor cable. ceiver input circuit will provide sufficient coupling. - -It is important, from the standpoint of stability, that wiring be as- rigid as possible. However, you may find that with some reuonnectrons bctween socket pins 2 and T. ceivers or with less than 225-v plate voltage, and pins 1 and 6, should be made with heavv it majr be necessary to connect the standaid solid copper wire. Pins 3, 8, and 9 arl directly to the receiver antenna terminal grounded at the tube socket; other leads with a 5-30 mmf mica capacitor. should be kept short and rigid to avoid vlbraAnother useful application, for the SWL tion. Keep components away from L1 as or .amateur,- is as a BFO (beat frequency much as possible and use quality sil.ver:mica oscillator) for 455-Kc IF receivers. Th; capacitors for C1 and C2. standard can be tuned to the IF frequencv The oscillator is designed to operate with and connected to the grid or plate lead-of th-e -at plate voltages from 225 to 250 v about 15 receiver's last IF stage with a 2 to 5 mmf ma. In most cases these voltages are availcapacitor for CW reception employing an allable from the receiver with which this frewave set or an automobile receiver. quency standard will be used. Less than 2ZS Note that Fig. 2 is shown wired for a 6-v v can be used if R3 is replaced with a 500 filament supply, pin 9 of the 12AUTA groundohm, 1 watt resistor. Filament connections ed, pins 4 and 5 tied together. If you are for either 6 or 12 v ar.e shorvn in Fie. 3. The using a 12-v filament supply, pin g will have oscillator is tunred on and off by-a SpST no connection, pin 5 is grounded, and pln 4 switch in the external B-plus lead. If desired, is wired to the 12 volts (see Fig.3).

-Q.;

RADIO.TV EI(PERIMENTER

Retelver long Two-Tube Wove

beiler lhon overoge oc-dcreteiverfeoturesgoodsensitiviry, fhis rompoct tuningronge lt tonstruction. hcs on odiustoble ond seleclivity, simplified re(eption kc. qnd is eosily modifiedfor broodcost.bond of 85 ro 550
A. By JOE R0lt, K5J0K
circuit of this economical receiver (see THE I fig. +) employs two miniature high-gain I TV tubes. The 6AN8 is a legenelative detector: the pentode section of the 6AU8 is an audio amplifier: The triode of the 6AU8 serves as an ac-dc tyPe rectifier' The heart of the circuit is the detector' a retype commonly (enerative cathode-follower "Regenode." If you'r'e not famifror"tr as the liar with this hybrid circuit, here's how it works: The pentode section of the 6AN8 is a conventional grid-leak detector, with the exception of the signal grid which is- seqarated from the tuned antenna circuit by- the connected triode section of cathode-follower tte tube. This arrangement permits a degree of selectivity not possible with the detector grid connected directly to the antenna circuit, since the signal-grid loads the tuned circuit and reduces its Q, or selectivity ability. The cathode-follower isolates the detector from its input circuit and allows a great improvement in selectivity. The circuit operates smoothly, is easily adjusted, and eliminates hand-capacity effects commort to most regenerators. desirable These advantages are particularly in a LW receiver. Since hand capacity does not afiect operation, an all-wood chassis constructed with simple hand tools can be used. Chassis details are shown in Fig. 5. Large holes (for tube sockets and controls) ean be made with a coping saw; fastener holes can be made with a hot ice-pick in the absence of a drill. A

38

NADIO-TV EIPERIMENTEN

I
N

Whqf to listen To on tW
The long wcves provideup-to-the-minute reporlr on wedher ond flying condilions, codeprodire ond somegoodDX
Au The most popular are the navigational aids, or radiobeacons, heard between 200 Kc. and tK5 Kc. Some are marine beacons, others aeronautical. Both employ very slow amplitude modulated code and are easily distinguished from one another by their signals. Marine beacons usually transmit their call signs continuously in an omni-directional pattern. In some cases the call, consisting of from two to four letters or numerals, is separated by a number of dashes. Many marine beacons can be heard constantly over a considerable range, while the less powerful can be logged at great distances under favorable conditions. Aeronautical range stations transmit a combination A-N signal in a four-leaf pattern like that of Fig. L. They identify themselves every thirty seconds and employ two pairs of antennas to obtain the four-leaf radiation pattern. The transmitter is operated continuousIy and is alternately switched between the two antenna systems so that an A (dit dah) is radiated in the directions marked A in Fig. 2, and an N (dah dit) in the directions marked N. Midway between the A and N patterns, the signals merge as a steady tone which aircraft follow to or from the station. If the pilot leaves this course, he wiII hear either the A or the N. These radiobeacons ofter an unlimited

nffi*

roNE l&corurrruuous

8ffligHeh?f,i

V OU'LL be pleasantly surprised at the I number of interesting signals to be heard below the standard broadcast band, though at first they may sound like nothing but jumbled dots and dashes intermixed with weird howls and squeals. Careful listening, however, will reveal this apparent bedlam to be important communication services which make unusual listening and challenging DX. The main divisions of the 10 Kc. to 535 Kc. band are shown in Table A. It is occupied mainly by aeronautical and marine services, although 150-535Kc. is part of the standard BC band in Europe and Asia. However, without discounting the possibility of logging some of these BC stations, the marine and aeronautical stations are of prime interest to most LW listeners.

metal chassis will afford more compact construction, but a wooden panel and cabinet should be used to avoid accidental grounding of the chassis. Construction is not critical and will pose no difficulty if the general layout shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 5 is followed. Keep RF and AF leads separated and away from ac lejads. This is best accomplished by wiring the filaments and power supply first, then the AF and detector stages. Ground connections are made to solder lugs mounted to the socket and tuning capacit6r fastenerS. Components R4, R6, R9 and R10 mount on a ?-lug terminal strip at the rear underside of the chassis (see Figs. 3 and 4). The filter capacitor, C11, can be wedged between the 6AU8 socket and chassis leg, or secured with a mounting clip. Two sections

of this capacitorare usedin the powersupply

filter, the third is used as a cathode bypass for the audio stage. Other components under the chassis, except R3, C7 and C9, mount to respective tube sockets. Capacitor C9 is connected from J2 to the grounded terminal on R5. Resistors R3 and C7 connect to a machine screw and solder lug placed between L1 and C2. One lead of L2 connects to a solder lug on the same screw on the chassis top. The antenna trimmer, CI, is secured by the antenna terminal mounting screw as shown in Fig. 3. This component requires only infrequent adjustment, but it can be mounted on the front panel for easier access, if desired. Inductance L1. a standard TV replacement coil, is mounted last. Before inserting the core, as explained in the manufacturer's instruction leaflet, thread on the 7'rc-in. mount-

ing clip and remove -Vp from the slotted in,

RADIO.TV SXPESIMENTER
TABLEA-LONG WAVEALLOCATIOI,IS
(Kc.) CommunicationsService Frequency Skip Sunset 10-14 14-200 Radionavigation Fixed PublicSrvices and Coastal.llarin CW tlight DX TABLE B-STATION LISTS

39

Washington 2t TheAirman'sCuide Superintendent Documents, of D. C. 25t per copy. A bi-weklypublication listing all U. S. aeronautical radio beacons, 25, of Washington Locationldntiliers Superintendent Documents, supplement D. C. $f,50 for copy.andone-year listing of all domestic bacons. service.General Washington 25, of Broadcastingstations Superintendent Documents, ofTheWorld, Part 0.C.. $2.00. lncludes EuropanLW broadto castingstations. ll, According Frequency :Li:"1',11"-' Branch, Departmentof Transport, Air SerYice 0ttawa, 0ntario, canada. completelist of canapublished every two nonths' dian Radi0 Beacons,

28$325 325-405

MarineBadiobeacons AeronauticalBeacons and Comnunications RadioDirectionFinding Coastal and MarineCW Calling International Frequency and Distress

405-415 415-490

l , R a d i o a c i l i t y C h a r tA C I C , U S A F ,z n d & A r s e n a S t r e e t sS t . L o u i s F s -Caribbean & 16, Mo. ()ne year subscription $3.50. Listing SouthAmerica of Caribbean South Anerican beacons. & Badio Navigational HydrographicOfiice, U. S. Navy. An annual publicationlisting worldwide Aids marinebeacons. List of Coast StationsSecretaryGeneral,InternationalTelecommuni. (4.I0 Swiss Srlitzerland: Very comfrancs) cations UIioni Geneva, List of Ship Stations plet listings of worldwidestations. (12.80 Swiss francs) List of Call Signs (2L Swissfrancs)

5fF535

Misc. Badiobeacons

between 150 Kc. and 535 Kc. also usedhy foreion l{otr: Frequencies BC stations.

source of unusual DX. At first sight, these stations seem to ofier poor DX since most are relatively low powered and have a daytime range of less than 200 miles. However, their range is greatly increased at night-best times for night DX are given in Fig. 1. These hours will vary somewhat with the seasons'with the choicest DX being heard from early fall to late spring. Above 325 Kc. sunset skip is often heard for a half-hour during early darkness. Notable examples are PJG, 343 Kc. in the Netherlands Antilles; ASN, 350 Kc. on Ascension Island; and SWA, 406 Kc. from Swan Island. Since beacons identify continuously or every thirty seconds,less than a minute is required to log a station. However, in order to determine the locations of the stations you

hear, you need a reference log listing the stations you are interested in. Such listings can be purchased (see Table B). Range stations also transmit verbal weather reports. for air fields in their area 15 minutes before and 15 minutes after the hour. In addition to radiobeap,onsjmany CW stations operate on long wavds for inaritime, aeronautical, and public seryice communication. For the CW enthusiast, these are interesting to copy and the slower stations, sometimes sending as slow as eight words a minuite, provide plenty of code practice. Many good DX signals can be heard between 415 Kc. and 500 Kc., particulgrly on the 500 Kc. international calling and distress frequency. T'he frequencies below 200 Kc. are also widely used by public service and maritime CW stations.

end of the core adjustment screw' otherwise it will protrude below the chassis when the coil is mounted. Clamp the section to be removed in a vise and cut it off with a hacksaw, then cut a new screwdriver slot. Take care not to break or fracture the fragile ferrite coil. Inductance L2 consists of 35 turns of. #26 (or smaller) enameled wire scramble-wound over a %a in. ID tube which slides freely over L1. If not available, this form can be made by winding four or five layers of moist gummed tape, sticky side out, over L1. When dry, slip the tube off and trim to proper length with a razor blade. With L2 in place, secure Ll to the chassis with a bead of Duco cement. For maximum sensitivity, the position of L2 onLl should be adjusted for the individual receiver. This simple adjustment is well

worth the efiort and can be made with a long antenna, 455 Kc signal generator, or a BCB receiver with a 455 Kc intermediate frequency. If possible, use a signal geneiator or BCB receiver, since this will permit adjustment of L2 and the core of L1 at the same time. Short out L2 temporarily by connecting a short piece of wire from the R3-C7 solder lug to pin No. 7 of the 6AN8 socket. Turn the core adjustment screw full counterclockwise and connect the antenna, signal generatot, or BCB receiver to the antenna terminal. If a BCB set is used, tune to a strong BCB station and turn the setls volume down. Connect a short piece of insulated wire to your LW receiver antenna terminal and place it near'the underside of the BCB set's IF tube socket or IF transformer to hear the 455 Kc IF signal of the BCB receiver.

NADIO.TV EXPER]MENTER

ffi %Hwet
Topside of lhe receiver's Mqsonite chqssis. T h e o n f e n n a c o i l , L l , i s m o u n t e d so thst its slug is odiusfed from below the chossis, M A T E R I A L S I S T _ L O N GW A V E R E C E I V E R L De s i g . D e s ci r t i o n p 9 t o 1 6 0 n m f t r i m m e rc a p a c i t o r 1 0 . 1 03 6 5 m n f v a r i a b l e a p a c i t o r ,t a n d a r d i n g l e _ g a n g F c s s TR t vp e . 0 1 m f d d i s cc e r a m i c 100 mmf mica , 0 0 1 m m f d i s cc e r a m i c 500 nrmf mica . 0 1 m f d d i s cc e f a m i c . 0 1 m f d d i s cc e r a m i c .0047 mfd disc ceranic . 0 1 m f d d i s cc e r a m i c 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0m f d , 1 5 0 . v v c a p a c i t o r , - s e c t i o n l e c t r o l y t ifc l t e r 3 e i B , - c a p a c i t 0(rC o r n e l l . D u b i l i e rB R T 4 4 4 1 5 , 0 r e q u i v a l e n t ) 6,8 K, t/2 watt resistor 7 neg, V2 walt 33 t(, t/a watt 68 K, 1 watt I m e g .t / a w a t t v o l u m e o n t r o lw i t h S P S Ts w i t c h ( M a l l o r v c _ - U - 5 3lZ \ 4 i d g e t w i t h U S - 2 6s w i t c h ,o r e q u i v a l e n t ) .1 rol 100 l(, rvatt 100 K.'J.rrtt, v o l u m e o n t r o l ( l \ I a l l o r yU - 4 1 M i d g e t r o l , c or equivalent) 82 ohn, Y2 watt 5.6 l(, I watt De s i g R10 J1 J2 LI Descrintion 2.2 lL ! watl a n t e n n ae r m i n a lp o s t , 0 r F a h n e s t o c k i p t cl j p s t a n d a r d h o n ea c k L o n g W a v e : M e r i t M W G " 9W i d t h 0 r L i n e a r i t yc 0 i l , . 3 t o 1 2 n r a . ,t a p p e d( s e et e x t ) E r o a d c a s l rF e r r i - l 0 0 p s t i c kC B a n t e n n a 0 i l ( s e et e x t ) B c L o n g W a v e : 3 5 t u t n s = 2 6 . o r s m a l l e r ,e n a m e l e d i r e w e , ' 1 5l,D x 3 s , , f o r m ( s e et e x t ) , e - s c r a m b lw o u n do n Broadcasl: 3 lutns 126, or srnaiier,enameled wiri on ad. j u s t a b l e o r n r ( s e et e x t ) f 2 . 5 _ n h . R F c h o k e( N a t i o n a lR . I 0 0 , o r e q u i v a l e n t ) on R7 filamentlransfornet, 6.3 \tt, 1.2 atrp (Stancorp.6134 or equivalent) o p t i o n a l - f o r p e a k e rs eo n l y ; 5 0 0 0 / 3 . ? h m , 3 w a t t , 4 0 s u 0 - - m a , o u t p u t t r a n s f o r m e r .( M e f i t A . 3 0 2 6 , o r e q u i v a l e n t ) 6AN8 64U8 t / 8 x 4 1 / 2 x 6 t f M a s o n i t ep a n e l ) ( t/s x 4 x 6il Masonite (chassis top) p i n es t r i p , s / a x \ t / s x 4 , / ( c h a s s is i d e s ) s t w o n i n i a t u r e9 . p i n t l b e s o c k e t s o n e7 . l u Ut e r m i n a ls t r i p p0wrc0rd, dial, kn0bs,etc. hardwate,

c1 c2 c3
LJ

c5 c8 c9 c10 ct]
RI R2 R3
r4 R5 xo

RFCl SWI

V1 v2
lpc lpc 2 pcs

R7 R8 R9

E
dc

With the volume control at maximum and the regeneration control set at haif-scale. place the tuning capac.itor about 85% open and turn L1's core clockwrse until the 455-Kc signal is heard. Adjust the regeneration control for maximum volume and mark its nositiorr, Tlijs .is the cletcctor.'s most sensitjle

point and will determine the position o{ L2. Remove the jumper ao'6s5 lf and slide the coil up or down over L1 until regeneration (signald_istortion) crurs just above the point o previously marked on the r-egeneration control. If thc dcrcctor. ftLils to lcgener.ate, rcverse the leads on L?"

or. &-

x.

t:r
bs

RADIO.TVEXPENIMENTE!
J d

{l

ft? *ffi" i

fr6
Under-chqssis view, showing

ffi4

plocemenf of componenls.

P H O N EO R S 5 0 0 0 / 3 . 5n OUTPUT T RANSFORI"IER T OS P E A K E R

M to.365 MF

c2

R2 I tvlEG

I ,
n rt
1-

t.n."^t,.

ll
TI

6AN8

6AU8'I

Rro
2,2K RE B L[L cl2 4A MF

L,\ L/\ t s 4 5 14 5 l -1
JY

ctz
40 MF

This receiver's tuning range, from 85 to 550 Kc, is covered in two adjustments o-f the co^re on L1. When set to receive 550 Kc at C2's minimum capacity, the receiver will tune down to about 200 Kc. The range from 85 to 200 Kc is tuned rvhen the slug is almost fully inserted into L1. Ovellap on both bands will

pelmit easy bandchanging once the operator is familial with the stations heard around 200 Kc. On the lower band, L2 may require slight readjustment for best reception of weak signals. bor BCB reception, a ferri-loopstick is used for L1. Inductance L2 consists of three turns

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEN
R O U N oO F F S L t c H I L PANEL * tllasoNtTE PANEL
r" ZHOLE C-2 1 w" ' 4 I r 4

SHORT L E A DT O !r-l

f- unsorurre
cHASSIS
"---l o l ilLLl DIA,I o l

CHASSIS I trC PANEL FASTENERS

$ H o r en ; z I q

EI

2 GANG10-365 MMF VARIABLE CAPACITOR TYPE TRF NOTE: DO NOT PI ANTENNA UNER T GROUND ECEIVER R

rHRU-c-r
_H

ot'o"l\-\. -e(-i-Ja
3

I i {'r,,rasor.rrreII rI a('Hevrrrrq

tl i ti .+/6AU8
Ji

:ri-?.ffiiie
STRIP

terference can be minimized by reducing the anten-nacoupling or, in severe cases, by the use of the simple Pi antenna tuner (shown in Fig. 6). The tuner can be built on a small pine block. Adjust Cl and CZ Lor minimum BCB interference. Four or five feet of hookup wire is sufficient antenna for BCB reception. The receiver will give good loudspeaker volume on the BC band and on the sttonger LW stations. Due to the low poyer used by most LW stations, however, headphones are recorrunended for serious I W listening. For speaker operation plug a 5000-3.5ohm, 3-watt, output transformer into J2. Inverled Brush Cleqns Gun's Tip o- To k-eepthe lip of your soldering gun clean of scale, woodscrew-fasten a brass-bristle suede shoe brush to one end of your workFur"Jt. Wipe the soldering-gun tip across the brush occasionally to keep it clean for efficient soldering.-J.A.C.

oPTIoNAL CHASSTS COVER

and adjustment is similar to that of LW operation. Ihe lead from C1 should be conneited to the grid end of the loopstick. 4 hlgh, long-wire antenna will give best -a all-'round LW reception, though short length of wire will give' satisfictory local rece,ption. Capacitor Cl should be adjusted for best.reception on each band and the receiver should not be grounded. In some localities, interference from strong BQB stations may be bothersome, a trouble cotrrmonly encounterd with LW receivers hdving only a single tuned circuit. Such in-

Why lnside Gun.Tip Cqre?

o To receive maximum solderinq efficiencv and long-tip life, be sure that cl-eaning and tinning -operations of your soldering gun's tip also include ltle inside surfaces of tlie tip. A gun's tip that is maintained on the ouGide. but allowed to deteriorate on the inside. is sure_to give lower_ed soldering efficiency ind it will shorten tip life.

BADIO.TV EXPERIMENTES
This smqll grey box performs the elec. fhol will converl sine lronic hocus-pocus wqves into vqried wsveforms.

O sawroort
SINE @ HALF @ souARE @ +cLtP @-ct tP NOTE: =INDICATES COMMON coNNEctoN

(onverls instrumenl This inexpensive generotor sine 60-cycleoc or oudio wovesto sowtooft,holf- sine,clipped woves holf- sine,ondsquore
By FRANKWOODS,Jr.
'fhis waveformer is inexpensive (cost: less thttt $5) and simple to construct. The I I waveforms generated by it can be used to drive sweep circuits, test amplih,ers, checK amplifier response, synchronize other equipment. and a host of other test and experimental iobs. A sine wave is applied to the input terminals, and the switch next to the input terminals is set for the desired waveform; the leveL control is set for the desired output will level. The desired voltage waveform then be present at the output terminals on the right-of the case. It's almost that simple. Conifrucfion. Lay out the front half of the metal case as shown in Fig. 2' All components mount on this half of the case; the back is merely a cover. Mark hole starter marks on the cise with an ice pick' Then, with the front and back of the case fastened together, .|DA.r"
L .u..-],"
2

3@
@

v
g,

d 'p A is rd

---1

ld-ora" .b. l1.ora l1.brn. r" l*-ora" *_'r.

t _5,, ---------i..1

9=rP

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2{-v-

\ar

I-l'

T
t

I
I

I t
L-,l

*rJ l * | l' \ib,Al

i l

arei-Lareq

drill Ya-in. holes for all positions. Separate the front and back of the case and enlarge the specified larger holes to the required dia. with a taper reamer. File the edges to remove burrs. Saw the shaft of the switch to a length of 7z in. Saw the level control shaft to a length of 3/8in. To avoid damaging switch and level controls, grip shafts in a vise when sawing. This prevents side pressure on bushings. Catch the switch or control when it is cut free from the shaft. The switch is ruggedly constructed, but it is subject to easy damage since its wafers are brittle. Mount the input and output terminal binding posts. The bottom-chassis terminals are the common terminals; they make electrical contact to the metal case. The top-chassis terminals are insulated from ground by fiber washers between the binding post and the front of the case and between the retaining nut and the rear of the case, and by centering the binding posts. Note that the holes for the top binding posts are larger than those for ttre bottom. In the original model soldering lugs were used to permit soldering of binding noit leads. A second nut on each binding post holds the soldering lug in place. But, the

RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTER

D2. BETWEEN
WAFERS
Component layout of Woveformer.
MATERIALS LIST_WAVEFORMER Desig. Descriotion RI \99f-,Yz W.carbon resistor 10% toterance B2 J]JuK .porenttometer (Lafayette VC_37) y.cramiccapacitor (Sprague cL, C2, .-I mfd, TG.plo) s ( A , B , C ,D ) 4:p:0le:50 s-position switch (CentratibiA.fOffl-' 01,D2 It'|54A diode ( RCA) penlite cell (Burqess#7) 81, 82 2-penlite. cell holder (LafayetteM5.138) porntr tnob (comes with switch) miniature nob(MS.185) k bindjng posts (H. H. Smith Z20R-redand 2208. black) Zt/ax?r/axYtnetal box (Bud GU.2104)

soldering lugs are unnecessary since the connecting wires may be fastened between the two nuts. Mount the switch and the level control on the case. Ilse retaining hex nuts on these controls behind the panel. Adjust to allow only enough of the control to protr-ude through the case to enable the hex nuts to b. fastened on the front of the panel. Retaining washers between the rear retaining nuts and the rear of the panel will prevent the controls from slipping. At this point in the construction the components which fasten to the case are mounted-except for the battery holder.

NEW WAVEFORIlI

When wiring, make connections to the switch so that they can readily be disconnected without damage. This approach will save Szougrief if you make a mistake in your wiring. Be very careful not to exert undue pressure on the switch terminals or vou mav twist them out of place or break i wafei.

T-,imit the length of time that you applv heat during soldering. The diodes in particulir are susceptible to heat damage. Use a clean soldering iron capable o{ zupplying a large amount of heat. A lot of heat app[ed for-a short time will do a better solderine iob with l".ss chance of damage than a reduce"d amount oI heat applied for a long time. Use rosin core solder onlyl Figure 3, the circuit diagram. and Fisure 4, a pictorial view, are used as a guide- for wiring. Wire the switch first. Note that its sections are designated SA, SB, SC, and SD. Section SA is the lower half of the rear wafer: SB is the upper half of the rear wafer: SC ii the lower half of the front (nearest the front panel) wafer; SD is the upper half of the front wafer. Connect the wir-es between terminals as shown and wire in components R1, Dl, and D2. Next, connect capacitors Cl and C2. Then connect the wires which run from the switch and capacitors to the terminals. level control and battery holder. Now mount the battery holder and make connections to it. The battery holder is mounted with a small hardware bracket s/sin. wide with 1-in. and s/s-in. sides. Solder-fill the battery holder eyelets which form the battery contacts to insure good connection to the batteries. Insert the batteries and fasten the knobs on the switch and level control. Fasten the back to the case. The markings for panel are made on a strip $e {o1t or paper 78 x b rn. Free-hand the waveform syrnbols which identify switch positions and fisten the strip to the front of the case with a G-in. strip of cel^-

t, I ft

NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER lophane tape. You maY have to realign the switch knob to match the wavef orm markings. Operofion. To use the waveformer connect a source of sine wave signals to the input terminals as shown in Fig. 5. The signal generator may be a 6.3-v filatransf ormer ment (supplies 60 cycles only) or an audio signal generator such as the Heathkit AG-9 (frequency 10 cycles upward). The Waveformer operates through a bioad range of frequencies; princiPal Iimitations of frequency are imposed bY the signalgenerator tor most waveforms. A sienal input level of 5 to-15 v ii desirable to achieve the best waveSimuhqneous viewing of forms. Clean saw-tooth waveforms from about iO "v"f"t to about 10,000 cycles 1t '3 v will be produced by a 10-v sine wave. Clean clipped *aves from 1.5 to several volts, with a frequency range from 20- cycles to over 20,000 rycles, can be exPected. Science Foir Denonsfrqlion. To demonstrate the performance of the Waveformer, a Heathkit AG-g Audio Generator fed a sine wave and to a Heathkit S-3 to the Waveformer Electronic Switch. The output of the Waveformer was fed to the other set of Electronic The output- of the Switch input terminals. Electronic Switch was connected to the vertical input of the oscilloscope. This arrangement pirrnitted simultaneous viewing of the Waveformet input and output waveforms. Fieure 6,{ shows the waveform output with the ftavelormer switch set for saw-tooth outout. Figure 68 shows the output with the Wavefo-rmer sw.itch set for square wave. In Fig. 6C the input and output waveforms, at'e superimposed with gains adjusted to show how the Waveformer clips the sine wave.-The "squareness' of the output waveform wiII dep"nd on the magnitude of the input sine wave ilg.rais. With larger sine wave input..signals, "squarer' waves. th-eclipping action produces Figure 6D shows the superimposed waveforms with the Waveformer switch set to one o{ tLe half-clip positions.

input

lo, ond output given in fext.

of Woveformer.

Explonotion

is

Principles of Operofion. When the Waveformer switch is set to the sawtooth-wave oosition. the basic waveforming circuit con-nections are those shown in Fig. 7A. First consider only D1 and C1. Diode D1 passes only the negative portion of the sine wave. As the sine *aue goes negative. capacitor--Cl charges rapidly in the negative direction. This produces fhe steep portion of the curve. As ihe input signal filli from the negative peak to the zero line, the charge on C1 prev,ents further passage of current through -D1 and ca-Ct pacitor t"tdt to discharge,slowly throrlSh inv load resistance connected across it. The use of D2 and C2 in the circuit improves the performance by providing additional storage and switch action. When the switch is in the half-wave position the waveforming circuit reduces to that shown in Fig. ?B with diode D2 only in the

t8

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

;''4*:q-^ 4- s Lr
pl ,rr-ur ro*.oror. *ou. o*r.,.,.. ,.rr,rn "i*yil. It passes qnly the negative half cycles. wrth the switch in the square_wave nosi^that tion, the basic waveforming circuit is shown in Fig. 8. As the inpit voltagu b"ilJ, nt lo !p from zero, current flows throuih the output. But when the voltage-becomes s_ufficiently high (greater than 1.5Iy) to cause diode Dl to conduct, the current is shorted a,nd the straight top of the wave results. As tfre,voltage decreases toward the zero line diode Dl ceases to conduct *h.;-th";;lt ;; to the anode becomes 1.5 v, and the return io zero portion of the waveform results. Diode D2 and.bias battery 82 operate on the negative half cycle in the sahe way. Onlv fr.1 Dl, and B1 or R1, D2 and 82 are "o;;;"i;a in the circuit to produce the half-clipped sine waves. ,The level control R2 is a potentiometer which permits the setting of a d-esired output signal level. It is common to all switch p6sitions. The Waveformer is useful as a teaching tooi to explain the operation of diodes, "uprEito." and pulse circuits, but it has more immediate practical applications. The sawtooth waveform may be used to provide sweeD voltage for an oscilloscope. Soine of the older inexpensive 'scopes employ sweep circuits that _are extremely non-linear and tend to bunch a sine wave applied to the vertical input. If the sawtooth wave of the Waveformer is- applied to the horizontal amplifier input of the oscilloscope, the linearity will be improved-if the amplifier has sufficient gain ano lrequency response. - The half-wave waveform may be used to drive a relay or any other dc device at a gpec_ified frequency. Of course, the device to be driven must be of sufficientlv low power to nllow_operation with the signal genlrator used and the diode in the waveforirer. The driven device cannot be operated at freouencies above those to which it can norrirallv respond. The half-clipped sine waves mav b-e used in similar fashion whele an opposite "off bias" is desired. Squore.Wove Anplifier Tesfing. Clipped sine -amplifier waves may be used to test audio frequency response. The square *.ue l, uoplied to the input terminali of the amplifier and the waveform is observed on an oicilloscope connected across the output terminals of the amplifier (see Fig. 9). A square wave contains a fundamental fregue_ncy sine wave and a large number of higher sine wave components. Figure J.0

@ U i t rF ' 4 t e
shows the fundamental frequency, the thiri harmonic, and the fifth harrnonic. and how they ,combine to produce a waveform approacnrng a square wave. As more odd har_ monics of pr.oper phase and amplitude are added, the resulting waveform more nearly approaches a square wave. Now, if a square wave is passed throueh an amplifier, amplifier defects will distorl the waveform. Discrimination against frequencv. and phase shift dependent on frequen"li 1po6" Irequency response) will produce distinct dis_ tortions. If the response of the amplifier is poor at the fundamental frequencv. the scooe connected at the amplifier output witt disptiy a_square wave with drooping midsections as shown in Fig. 11A. Phase s[ift is indicated by a waveform such as that shown in Fie. 118. Attenuation and phase shift at high fre-quencies is indicated by an output waveform like that in Fig. 11C. Overshoot and ripples in the displayed waveform, as shown in iris. 11D, are also indicative of high-frequencv-r.sodis-tortion. A pronounced high--frequlrrcl, nance in the amplifier under test wili cause the overshoot to be further accented.

ry-:rf

Mousetrop Third Hond

o Need an additional hand to hold small wires and parts while you solder them? To make certain an extra hand is alwavs available when needed, mount the spring mechamsm ot a_ mousetrap on the top of your spool of solder as shown. Screw-iasteri the mechanism to a tight-fitting cork inserted into the center of the spool.-JonN A. CorvrsTocK.

BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN

i{]i:ii:

!i.itiiii

ii!!i:!:i

Diode Tunnel Broadcas 0scillator

in The tunnetdiode-newest member the fcst-growingfomily of semi'tonductorson fhe ls givingits first Gousin, tronsistor, Here'so proie(lwhich Inferiority(omplex. whY to helps exPloin
construGtion proiect, thi3 A simple demonslrslion oscillotor employs q lunnel diode which, even in its cose (obova right), is dworfed by o vocuum tube.

HIS oscillator is one of the earliest tunnel diode construction projects designed for stration

experimenters. It is an effective .4"T9tdevice, and it will attract attention

by virtue of its simplicity and the fact -that the tunnel diode is a novelty. For the builder, it is a painless introduction to the operation and us6 of the tunnel diode. In July 1959the General Electric Research Laboratory announced progress in the-development oltunnel diodes,and offered them in Iimited quantities at $?5 per unit for labora-

torv use. Prices have been decreasing-thank that time and at the time goJdttess!-since goes to the printer are below $10itri"-utti"t" Obtain one now' and get il on the grouno floor of an exciting new electroruc ctevtce' Within a vear or two tunnel diode prices should havL dropped to a dollar or two a unit, and you will have sufficient knowledge to f"ita th" many circuits that are possible with this device. Tlie tunnel diode will be the subiect of manv science fair and engineering day displays, and it will soon be a common comp.ri."i in TV, communications, computer, and other electronic units. - -iie circuit of the tunnel diode oscillator

48
" LECTRONROLLSUP" SLOPE TO ENTER VACANT SI T E

NADIO-W EXPERIMENTER

THE DIODE e;*ei-;..wp" TUNNET

t

*tP--rE@@ o orX-$:'o @ ito @'* -r-

Unique CirtuitSimplilier

Here-in on exfremely simplified diogrom-is how the tunnel diode operotes. Drowing representso structuresimilor to q Chinese checkerboord,with onq side slighrly roised. Holes on fhe leff side (which representon n-type semiconducfor) ore filled with morbles, with c few left over ond sitting on top, Right side (representing q p-fype semiconductor) q few holes vqcont. The slope reprehos senls fhe pofenfiol bqrrier. A morble (or electron) from the ieft, con-sfter being given o push-enter o hole on the righr side by rolling.up the slope ond dropping in. Or, wirhout rhe fush, it coi miroculously "tunnel,, through rhe boord ond oppeoi in o hole. The former processis used in conventionoldiodes Lnd lronsistors. The lqfier rep.esentswhot hoppens in tunnel diodes.
THE tunnel diode was first reported by a Japanese scienI tist-Dr. Leo Esaki-in 1958. lt takes its name from the phenomenon that makes its operation possible: quantummechanicaltunneling. As with transisiors, it depends on the transfer of an electrical charge across a p-n junction, the region between a p-type semiconductor, which has ah excesl of oositive carrier or "holes" (empty electron states), and an n-type, which has an excess of free electrons The opposite sides of this junction take on a charge which resists the movement of the .,holes" and electrons across it. In the transistor, a charge carrier must be emitted into a region where its energy can be boosted by an outside voltage. lt is then collected on an outDut elec_ trode. The speed of this process is limited by the time it takes the charge carrier-having left the emitter-to traverse the control region and appear on the collector. This time limits the frequency at which the device can function and is quite long compared to, say, the time needed for a signal to travel an equivalent distance along a copper wire. The quantum-mechanical theory says thefe is another way in which the particles can pa6s the barrier: an electron has a small, but definite possibility of disappearing from one side of the potential barrier and re-appearing simul_ taneously on the other-even though it does not have enough energy to surmount the barrier, lt is as though the particles "tunnel" under the barrier, setting up almost in_ stantaneous surges of current. Thus, in the tunnel diode. the signal moves with the same speed as it would in a copper wirtsthe speed of light. The construction of a tunnel diode gives it some other

? . 3 , 4 . VOLTS TUNNEL IODE D CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTTCS

Qro PTS RESTSTANCE (9 - NEGAT|VE 9ro Pr (9ON POS|T|VE ESISTANCE R

ers

REsrsrANcE @ - posrnvE

interesting characteristics. lts p-n junction is made of materials more heavily loaded-or doped-with imourities than convenfional diodes, and made so that the barrier between p and n sections is extremely thin, less than a millionth of an inch thick. So long as no outside voltage is applied across the p_n Junction, there is no net current-since the electrons tunnel back and forth easily through the barrier in both directions, Aqqly a small voltage, however, and current appears. Add still more volta,ge, and current decreases. Add more. and current increaseSagain. In the range where an increase in voltage results in a fall-off of current, the tunnel diode is said to have.,negative" resistanc+making it suited for use as an amplifier or oscillator. This negative resistance quality, combined with speedof-light operation, makes possible a very high frequency response. Engineers confidently expect osciIation frequencies of more than 10,OOOmegacycles. Some other outstanding fearures: . It is smaller than a transistor and, because of its simplicity, ultimately will be iust a fraction of lts present . lt is affected very little by environment. The tunnel diode can operate at the near-absolute zero temperature of liquid helium or-at the other end of the thermometerat temperatures up to 6500 F, while conventional silicon diodes won't operate above 4000 F. . lt has a low noise level, only parametric amolifiers and masers competing closely with it. And of these, only the tunnel diode can operate directly from a battery.

;;; ffi ; ;;,** il; ;;ffi ;";;; ;ffi ; ;",;;;;; ffi ;;:
the voltage from the 1.5-o battery d-own to about 0.15r:, the approximatevoltage for nega.tive resislance opjration of the tunnel diode. Resistors R1 and R2 were chosen so that R2 wpuld be a fractio-n (about %th in this case) of the tunnel diode. negaliv_e r,esistance (which is about 150 ohms). Inductor L and

-m. tr6k the oscillations .f tn" i"""ui ii.J", (Several symbols for tunnel aioa"r h;;;'b;"" suggestedind are presently "r"d bv ditre.u"t ""y*Uof ma-nufacture"s. Tli. convdntional it shown in Fig. 2). - Co,rrect p-ota,iity of the voltage applied to the diode i-simpoitant-ne "areiul ijf to ""-

NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER
i l A T E R T A LL t s r - T U N N E LD I 0 D E0 s c l L L A T o R s Start these holes with a heated ice pick' L:aDescriPtion Desit. t/c watt carhonresistor.10% o."ito" C and the switch S are on the-case 27 ohn. -!,/2 R2 o'o watt carbonresistor,10 270 ohn, RI The hole for the capacitor is 7e in' [""t"ttitt". [ioiuiisi 6i'tu territe l00p antenna(Miller 6300) L (Laravette M-s.'445) from the top ef the case. The mounting hole capacitor c ;b-sriiii.-ilirriii,ie-tunins i;;;i ;i;; c;;;'ut et.*ii. ilzgrg (zlsel or 1ri2e40 for switch 3 is centered on the bottorn side TD
S B (zJ56A) contact switch (Giavhill 400I) miriia'tuiemomentarv s c L 5 v . P n l i t e e l l ( B u r g e s# 7 ) penlite cell holder (LafavetteM5'137) x I y 121r, 227"t plastic case (LafayettM5-157) ffom LafayetteRadio' for Components this proiectmay be obtained roo o{tr Avenue,New York 13' N. Y.

Four holes are required

in the plastic case'

o}-tfr" ftottt half of the case. Locate !he- b3!i"t" [o]a"" -ounting holes by using the holder. against the back half of the case, as a the tuning capacitol and n"ia"l---n"i.tee Iwitch mouniing holes to %e in. dia' with a taper reamer. Wash the case with soap ano' witer and rinse with clear water to remove after all of the holes have been d;;p;dtt made. Mount the switch S, the capacitor C ald the battery holder. Then wire the circuit' Use a soldering iron and rosin core solder ili;;];"; I,Z Minimize the danger. of TD ;;;k;;;";ectio"ns. 3 heat damage to the tunnel diode by grasping "with needle nose pliers between lit" t""at ihe tunnel diode case and the conneetion point during soldering' Wh.en wiri"g is comPlete, insert the batterY in the holder. This oscillator oPerates in the broadcast band. To demonstrate its operation. tune in a relatively weali station on a broadcast receiver. Push the switch S on the oscillator. A momentarY contact "on" onlY when switch. it is Hold the tunnel diode depressed. near the bloadcast reor"ill.tot ceiver antenna and tune C till a wtristle is heard. At this point, the tunnel diode oscillator is tuned to the frequency of the received station. The short length of wire furnished on coil L *as removed, b-ut if you have trouble Picking uP qe siinal on your receiver, simPlY cJnnect a 6- to 8-in. length of wire at point A (Fie. 2) and Provide a hole for it in tlie plastic case' This lead will act as a short antenna and provide better couPling of the sienal to the receiver. signal from ahe unmodulated this oscillator will not be audible in a receiver unless the receiver is tuned to a station. The oscillator signal bea* against the received Reqr view of oscillstor with cose open' signal. dififrcultv check the battery it. The General Electric 1N2939,1N-294-0' If vou haie verse fol a possible designatedas the ZJ-56 voltaie. and check capacitor C ""JiNig+t tfotmerlv casesand have short] Remove the battery and th.e tunnel series) are housed in TO-18 diode when checking any portion ot the crrconnections shown in Fig- 2' Note that ;h;ffi A change in the are both connected to the posi- cuit with an ohmmeter. i."a-r i and 2 ,r"tnu of R2 may be required. Pisconnect it tive electrode. "^ a 100-ohm variable reslstor' ift" "!". "iew of the tunnel diode o.scillator and substitute unit disc,onnect -operates, then. open is shown in Fig'-3' Use Figs' Adjust until *ith;;; and find value, and permanently rns-tau a leg for^guidance in assembling the unit Z ."a sistor of this value for R2.-FnaNK WooDs, JR.

1q

and wiring it.

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTEB

Naer,rer

@ rrreror_r p senrruo prvoT AND corr@ r'.rerrn

E E E
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D'Arsonvql mefer moyemenl.

MetersMuftinrete and
By FORRIST IRAIITZ, H. SR.
HE type of meter we are concerned with has an electromagnetic mechanis* kno*r, as a d'Arsonval movement. From it I,ll show you how to make voltmeters and ammeters and ohmmeters. How Melers Work. The d'Arsonval meter (Fig. 1) contains a permanent magnet. a coil that is free to rotate about its pivot axis. a needle attached to the coil and i spring that resists displacement of the coil from zeri and tends to restore the coil to zero. _ Th_e torque that eauses the coil to turn is developed when a current passes througt lh; meter coil. The amount is proportionallo the culrent passing through the meter coil. The coil and needle are supported by low friction bearings so that mechanical resistance is low. The pole pieces conduct the flux from the magnet poles and the circular iron core over which the coil rotates. This core and the curved pole piece faces assure that the maenet's flux is_always cutting the coil windinis at right angles. The most common basic d'Arsonval meter movement is the 0-to-1 milliampere dc meter. Designing Your Own Meler lnsfrurnenfs. Cs_ sume for simplicity in the examples, that all ot the work ts being done with a 0_1 ma. meter. The resistance of the meter. if not a h^rghresistance rheostat, for full scale meter deflection. Connect shuni RS "".;;;1h;-;;_ ter_ terminals, and adjust it until the meter detlection is reduced to hall scale. The resist_ ance to which RS is adjusted is the resistance of the,meter morremetrt-. The resistance;f -; RS 3r_ay be measured with an .hm;;1* Wheatstone bridee. Once you knoiv the basic movement (I-) and .the resistance (R-) of the metl", yoir can rncrease the current range with a shunt resistance (R" in Fig. 3.). The value of the shunt resistance for a new range is deter_ mined using these formulas: (a) I" : I-I-

!1ow^n,ga,nbe determinedby the circuit of Fle, ?. Adjust pot R, which is ;";;;GJ ;;

(b) R" : R_(i:)

r T

You can buy a 7/6 shunt resistor, or vou can make the shunt by winding insuiated resistance_or magnet wire on a form, such as a 'O. matchstick or a Bakelite bobbin. Vou c"" use a rheqsta,t, adjust it to the propei .u.iri_ ance,- and lock it with a cement-seall between the shaft.and bushing. Most .f,,r"t ,urirt.rr"u values will be so low, though, that it,s best to wlnd your own. In designing an extended-range meter

EXPERIMENTER BJTDIO-TV
Circuit for meosuring meler resi3lonce. With RS out of the circuit ddiust R for full-scole meter de' flectioh. Then connect R5 ocross the meler os shown cnd adiusl ir rill rhe meter reqds holf scole. The meter lesistone is equol fo lhe volue to which R is odiusred. the ronge of o currenl meter wifh shunl resislonce. o milliommeter to o vohmelet series resislonce' o

5l

Exfending

Converting

wifh o

a o

+
Im Rs

a a a a a a

<-V
example, if V is 4.5 v and I is '005 amp (5 ma.), using: v 4 5

using a basic meter movement, try -to select a tange that is a convenient multiple of- the meteiscale range. Multiples of 10 are best since you can read the meter directly, and have tb supply only the decimal point. Two and five ai. ih" next best choices for scale number multipliers, and of course' multiples of 10 can be used with these also. (Same applies to voltmeters.) The circuit for converting a milliammeter to a voltmeter is given in Figure 4. These formulas are used:

and R":900 ohms. Then R":ff, R.:-i. so This methodis cumbersome, let'sseeif we

By. connecting a switch (Fig. 5) you can make a multi-range voltmeter. These current range extensions and voltmeter conversions are solved by applying Ohm's law. In the ammeter application of Fig. 3. the meter and shunt are in parallel. Thus, the voltage across the meter equals the voltage acrosl the shunt. Therefore, the current throueh the meter times the meter resistance equalJ current through the shunt times the sliunt resistance. And the current into the combination equals shunt plus meter current' ol the second u""attg"tttent The voltmet"t problem (Fig. a) was based on the idea that ihe current thtbugh the shunt must equal the eurrent through the meter, and the sum oi th" voltage drops across the meter and the series resistor equals the voltage drop across the combination. What about measuring resistance with a meter? There are several approaches. The first (Fie. 6) utilizes an ammeter and a voltmetei tJ measure the current through, and the voltage across' an unknown resistance R" Then R'ls caiculated from Ohm's law. For

rVr (a) H:[ , I (b)R:B-R\ I m /

can get around it. If we know the voltage- E of tli'e battery, do we need to measure V? No, if R- is much greater than the resistance of the meter measuring the current I. This leads us to the circuit of Fig. 7, where a pot P is employed to adjust the voltage V to a value around which we'll design our ohmmeter. Assuming that we'll use a 1-ma, 27ohm meter movement, as before, we'll want the resistance of P to be about 500 ohms. This choice is made on the assumption that the current from the battery should be 10 or more times the current through the meter, for accurate results. The resistance across A and B is zero, if we short these terminals' Therefore the resistance of R and the meter should be 5v (the design voltage) divided by the meter current, .001 amp. Resistance R, therefore, is 5000 ohms, minus the-meter-^r^e^sistance of 27 ohms, or 4973 ohms. Since 5000 and 49?3 ohms differ by only about YzVo, you can let R equal 5000 ohms without noticeable error. The bhms scale may be calculated in terms of the I scale on the meter by assuming different values of R* using this formula: t '-R V+ RThus, R" in ohms I in ma. 1.000 0 0.909 500 0.832 1000 0.715 2000 0.625 3000 0.555 4000 0.500 5000

NADIO.TVEXPENIMENTER

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o a

voLrs. |

l<.-

9"

r\x

A simple 3-range vohmeter. Resislance volues were obtoined by the method of Fig. 4 ond rounded ofi to procticol volues,

6 7
8000 10,000 15,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 0.384 0.333 0.250 0.200 0.143 0.091 0.048 0.024

Determining resistcnce by the volt-currenr (Ohm,s low) method. A simple ohmmeter circuit, ln fhe exomple in the text, P is 500 ohms, For less criricol ,"i"-"i-_ iustment, substitute (for p) o t0O-ohm pot in series with o 400-ohm resisfor,

INjIA and the Raytheon IN66 are suitable. 'I_he shunt resistances for current meters ald the series resistances for "oft*"iu"r-of the ac variety may be determineti; th;;;;. way as _they, were determined for dc inslru_ ments, but bear in mind that the t."rs]"r. factor oJ the rectifier arrangement alters the val.-r's.1 the ac voltage requfred to"]"tt ,""i" detlection, ald that the apparent meter re_ ,You can compute additional values vour_ self. Note that the half-scale meter defleciion $ptarlce- is changed, too. Use the circuit-of is, equal to R for any meter combinatiorr r rg. .:z tor experimentation, considering the wtrich uses-this arrangement. That,s . t ""dv rectifier input terminals as the -"t"" iE"-i_ piece of information for estimates, before vou nals and an ac voltage source instead of a begin.design. The ohm readings *"v b""ob_ battery to determine Ih" "pp"r".rt;;;* ;"_ tained using a table such as that "to,r". o" sistance. The current through th" m"i"" is an ohms scale may be pasted on the meter the vol_lage across R divided 6y the "".i.il* glass. The switch S is turned on only when 9f R. Jhen, the formulas of Fig. B ;d-A-;;; the ohmmeter is being used. be applied. p may be made up Mullimelers, of a _The potentiometer T'here are many meter kits 100-ohm pot in series with a 400-ohm,^fixed availab.le at low prices. They're-calleJVOfit resistance. This arrangement makes the zero (volt-ohm-milliammeter) or multimeter kits resistance adjustment less critical. you can and. are-goo4 for measuring ac arrd dc cur_ dou.ble battery life by doubling the value o] rent and voltage, and for measuring resisi_ P (use a 200-ohm pot and an 800-ohm re_ ance. Although many factors enter lnto the sistance) with a decrease in accuracy that's cnorce ot a meter kit, the primary considera_ negligible. tron ls meter sensitivity: the number of ohms To convert a basic dc meter movement for resistance that the meter movement and the ac--measurements, rectifiers are used. Their series resistance present between the input diflerence in forward and back resistance is terminals of the meter, divided bv the cor_ so great that we generally assume a rectifier responding voltage range. This is"e*p"essld acts as a switch. The rectifier circuit of Fie. in ohms/volt. This number is a funcltion of 8A, not often used with meters, conducis meter movement current for full scale deduring only half the ac input cycte. tne futiA 1-ma meter has . ,""riti"iiy"Jf !Sg!iol. wave-half bridge of 88 passes current during 1000-ohms/volt; a 200 microamp. ."tur"tm all of the input cycle. A 2.7K resistor foi a .sensitivity of 5000 ohms/volt; and a 50 each R works well with most germanium microam_p. meter has a sensitivity of 20,00b_ diodes. The output current is ibout 0J2 ohms/volt. times the input current. The full bridse of The sensitiviy is important, because when Fig. 8C-passes current during the entire input you connect a voltmeter into a circuit to cycle also, but presents a greater output ior maKe a measurement, you're connecting a a given input current. The output cuirent is resistance across the cireuit. tf vorr-"o""-""i 0.9 times the input current. t-oo low a resistance across the "ir""it, vo"ii The rectifiers may be germanium diodes or draw enough current from the "ir";lt io ;;; copper oxide types. Germanium diodes are a wrong voltage reading. Figure 9 illustrjes -ih" more readily available and cover a broader what can happen. When you "orrr""t range of frequencies. The GE 1N64, Sylvania meter across AB, its resistance is in parallel

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NADIO-TV HXPERIMEMER

A-: Av
a a a a o

R H A L F - W A V EE c r l F l E R

with the bottom 5K resistor and the

ance of the combination is lower. With 1000-ohm/volt meter (0-1 ma movement)

to the 5 v range the resistance between A and B looks like 2500 ohms. This increases total circuit current to l-.33ma from the value of 1 ma which flowed prior to meter connection. The voltage drop between A and B is only 3.33 v now instead of,the actual 5 v that
would

nn
C rur-u-wnvEFULLBRTDGE
Meler reclifier circuits.

-a
-s

big error. However, if a 20,000ohm/volt vr5

exist under normal

circuit

condi

measurement' meter were used to make the measu the resistance paralleling R2 would be 100,000 ohms on the 5-v range' and the resistance between AB would be 4760 ohms. The total current through the circuit would be 1'023 ma. and the voltage between A and B would be 4.87 volts, very close to exactUsing o Muitineier. My young son uses his meter to check the resistance of a toy motor' If it's open, the needle reads infinite resistSometimes he checks arrce (nb deflection). his toy motors by using them as generators, switching the meter to a low dc voltage -or current iange and looking for a meter deflection as lie rotates the motdr shaft. The motor used as a generator with a meter indicating output voltage- across or current through a resistance makes a gooct rnm indicator for lathes, drills, motors and engines (including cars). The same scheme *Jv be used for a speedometer for bicycles or i child's wagon. Equipped with a propeller or vane that is outfitted to face into the wind or equipped with anemometer type cups, this sa.tt" ul""ttical arrangement may be used to measure wind speed' The hook-up of Fig. 10 may be used for any of these applic-ations. The size of the series rheostat must be deand may include- a termined experimentally series resistance in the meter if you use the dc voltage range of a VOM for the meter. A more veisatile approach is to use a dc current range. Uiually the pot adjustment can be made to calibrate the meter so the existing meter scale with a suitable fraction or multiple of 10 will provide the desired range of rpm or mph. Sometimes, though, you'll have to pro.rri-d" a paper and ink scale, and you'll have to fieure but the mechanical coupling. *multitester's ac volts range can be used A

with an audio amplifier to produce an audio a sound survey meter or an millivoltmeter, applause meter (Fig. 11A). Figure 11B shows resistance-capacitance meter coupling, and 11C shows transformer coupling to the meter. You can rig up a calibration template for the amplifier volume control so you can use it -as yorr'd ut" a range switch. You can use the meter's decibel or voltage scales. The ac voltmeter ranges may be used to measure capacitance of paper, oil or mica dielectric capacitors. Use the circuit arrang-ement of Fig: 12. Adjust the pot till the voltages at A and B are equal. Then disconnect tlie pot and measure its resistance R. For the &pacitance in microfarads, substitute the value of R in this formula:

1,000,000 377R
This circuit works best with higher ac volt-t ases. but 30 v is the top, safe limit. (The voltaees across C and R won't add up to the appliJd voltage.) Get the 60-cycle ac volta filament a lransformer-either rg" fro* or a train transformer will do. t[nsformer And, don't use this arrangement to measure capacitors, or you electrolytic low-voltage may ruin them! You can use a 6.3-v transformer in the circuit to test electrolytic capacitors rated 100 v or more, without damage. Beginners can use a meter to get a gooc Use it to find of electricity. undeistanding out: What happens when you connect batteries ih series and parallel; what happens to the battery voltage when you decrease the resistance connected to it; what happens to the voltage and current when resistors are connectedin series or parallel; how to apply

54

BADIO.TV EXPENIMENTEN
a a a a a a a a a

GENERATOR

to 3l\,'Jt+i,'J,T,

Ohm's law; the difference in the resistance of a light bulb before it's turned on and after it has been on a while. Incidentally, never use the ohms scales to measure resiitance in a circuit under power. Always disconnect the voltage from the circuit before you measure resistance. The rgrsistsn_ce ranges may be used to check ,. rrght bulbs and lamp wiring. If the ohmmeter needle deflects at all on the low ohm range, the.bulb (or lamp wiring with a good bu-lb rn the lamp and the switch on) isn,t open and if the meter needle doesn't hit zero. the bulb or lamp isn't shorted. In the case of a table or floor lamp, if you get this kind of indication, everything's good, except that you're not sure that the switch will work. When vou turn the switch off, the meter needle will return to its normal rest position if the switch !. operating properly. This is the technique for trouble-shooting radios, electrical appliances and home and car electrical wiiing. - Another example of the continuity check just outlined is locating tubes wiih open -If heaters in a radio or TV. none of the tubes in an ac-dc (tlansformerless) radio lieht uo when_ the radio is on, the pfobable "irrre oi trouble is-an,open tube heater. An open tube heater will also cause a TV set to b6 inoperative, but won't necessarily prevent all tubes from lighting up. To check tube filaments for Usingcn omplifier with on oc vohmeter sn qs ll
qudio millivoltmeter, sound survey meter or on opplouse meter (o); R- coupling mefer to dmplifier (b); ond meter-conne*ed omplifier outpul frunsformer (c).

9 -

| 0

lllustroting how o low sensitivity vohmeter up_ sets low currenl circuit operotion ond gives folse reodings (see text), t . l m o t o r u s e d o s o g e n e r q t o ri n t h i s s i m p l e t circuil hos mony proclicol uses, Delermine R experimentally.

opens, use the ohmmeter test leads across the heater pins (power disconnected). The pin numbers may be obtained from tube manuals. _- An ac voltmeter is useful in checking ac line voltages, transformers. circuit wirline oscillator- output, model trii"oud ""J dv "iii cuits and for numerous other applicaiions. The dc voltmeter is useful in checkine batteries , (check them for voltage witf, the normal load connected), checking dc power supplies, trouble-shooting in .adios and car wiring, and for numerous other applications. You should have little difficulty^in voltage measurement. Current measurements are not used as commonly in routine trouble-shooting and experimenting, but are becoming moie important with the advent of the transistor. The important thing to remember in making dc current measurements is that the meter is connected in series with source and load. That is, one of the leads connects to the source of voltage and the corresponding connecting point on the device that is receivins power. .You m_ightlook at it as simply cuttin[ one of the leads in the circuit and connectini the current meter to the lead ends that vou,vE created. The microampere range o-n the meter is also useful as a current detector in Wheatstone bridge circuits.

tr =

l(A- ro tnarusrsroR cola U 2 r f

LECTOR TUBEPLATE . 6 OR B-ro avpltrrrRGRoUND a ( o

6 TO30 VOLTS

3tlffii

RADIO-W EXPERIMENTER

Kict
I

I{aI

I (e?
*

By HOMER L. DAVIDSON
the children are out playing, ^ |HEN tttev can never be found when \A/ V V wanted. With this unit, however, simolv bv pushing in on a push-button switch you i,"" d'"ti them. And then you can hear their replv or listen in on the outdoor happenings' two-position is used to switch e- OpOt

from Talk to Listen position. A SPST switch of

the momentarYhold type ;frlts

a 0 * e 6 s s s s * *
. *

0'ul*o'
,r.*

the unit off. BY ! using this type of l, ,,: t':'.64.''

o n l y w h e n oushed. and out3id" noise will be present onlY listening. when The unit responds at once ',ihen pushed on, since there are no tubestowarmuP. Circuil DescriP. lion. This inter-

{' ' , ! |;iil,f. r*;1."fi:','1

'...%
Kid Kaller cqn be in. stolled in kirchen cqbinel, os here, for inslant communicolion outdoors. Oulside speoker con be loccted neqr bock door, on post in yord or on 9Oaoge.

t;Y'S"'f"':X m#*i*

: :

;.;:n;;

com caller is built around four transistors' The first three are 2N107-PNP low-cost tvoes. A 2N255CBS power transistor is used inihe output circuit for greater volume. From the input of the house unit a 45-ohm voice coil permanent magnet speaker is placed, in the bise circuit of the first cascadestage. This speaker, used as a microphone, is couple4 to the base circuit through a 5 mfd electrolytic capacitor. The signal is amplified, then capacitively coupled to the second transistor stag-e through a small volume control that controls the output volume. Both emitters of the first two stages are grounded. A base resistor is tied to each collector terminal

ffi-ff

56
TRI

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER
32Nroz
3 ztrto1
5\r F Cz

3j!en ou
5MFt C: I

:Y'3:[

ilj*

TR+ 2N25 5

S WT C H N G I i
M I D-45 UN ] VERSI iY

flaasr_c_

oraonar,l

ARRANGEI\,IENT

sP( /1
3"

HOLE FOR 9.PIN TUBE SOCKET

HoLE

T
I I
t

1Z

1 '

TI
2i
O---.-*O
*- H O L E ST O M O U N T 4 - P t N WAFER SOCKETS

l I

1 I (
I

ooo ooooo
O O Or\
i O -\ e o\
\ l L / . , , s"PK r{oLES : HoLES

/ o

l,'o
3iroues

/ I

I d p b p F

a!

pl ot
Amplifier t:nd its cqse (5) ond

Ci
bock view of complete

unit (5A),excepf outside for speoker, In the third audio stage the collector is tied directly to the battery, while the emitter terminal is wired directly to the base circuit of the power transistor. The base return

or tp

resistor is tied to the collector circuit of the power transistor. A 45-ohm, paging type speaker is switched into the output of the 2N255 collector circuit. As the output

NADIO.TV EXPERTMENTEN
MATEBIALS LIST-KID KALLEB Desig. Description CL,C2,C3 e 5 n f d m i n i a t u r e l e c t .c a p a c i t o r s RL I2,000-ohm, /2.watt carbonresistor RZ 120,000.0hm,/2.watt carbonresistor R3, R7 l0,000-ohn, !/2-watt carbonresistor 84 1 0 , 0 0 0 - o h m. R , C , y o l u m e o n t r o l l c R5 220,000.0hm,Z2-watt carbon resistor R6, R9 47,000-ohm,,/2-watt carbon resistor R8 270-ohm, y2-watl. carbon resistof T R l , T R z ,T R 3 2 N 1 0 7 G E t r a n s i s t o r s TR4 2N255 CBS powertransistor SWl SPST hold.typepush switch SW2 Rotary DPDT two-position switch 0peradio45.0hm 4,' PM spkf. (microphone) p a g i n g - t y ps p k r . ( o u t s i d e ) e Mid-45 University 6-volt battery, lantern type

s7

speaker outdoors so that feedback will not occur with someone talking into the microphone speaker. There are many uses for this small unit. The caller can be used as a regular intercom simply by placing a switch on the back of the volume control. Or the outside speaker can be placed on a post in the farn yard so the housewife can speak to her husband outside. Or you may be a rabid bird watcher. The outside speaker can be placed near a bird house and you can hear them while watching them.

Tope Cur-Off

impedance of the power transistor is around 48 ohms, this insures a perfect match for amplification There will be no need for an output transformer in this type of circuit. The power or voltage to be applied to the circuit is furnished by a heavy duty lantern battery. Since the batthe unit is used only intermittently, tery lasts a long time. Consfruclion. Construet the amplifier inside an ICA aluminum case (see Materials List), or make your case, as shown in Fig. 5A, from thin-gage aluminum. Mount all 2N107 transistors directly on a three-lug terminal strip; the power transistor, in a standard 9-pin miniature socket insulated from the metal chassis (see Fig. 6,4'). There is no need to construct a heat sink for the power transistor since the unit is not on long enough to get warm. Cut the front panel from hard-tempered Masonite and drill necessary holes before painting (see Fig.58). I used a white enamel spray paint so that the small unit would match the kitchen walls. The wire lead to the outside speaker can go directly through the wall through a small hole. Place colored putty around the hole so there will be no danger of weather damage. Fasten the amplifier unit to the front panel with four small bolts and nuts and secure the PM speaker to the panel also. Mount the double wafer switch directly above the amplifier chassis (see Fig. 6A). A small metal bracket was constructed from aluminum stock to hold the lantern battery to the front panel. The switching circuit is shown in Fig. 4. Operotion. When the wiring has been completed and the unit installed, except for the outside speaker (which should be wired into circuit but not secured outside), push down on the switch and-with volume half-way up -feedback should occur between outside speaker and microphone speaker, Then turn the switch to listen position and press the switch again. Again feedback should occur. If it does not, check the wiring of the double waler switctr. Now place the"oulside

. Rolls of plastic, rubber, and friction electrician's tape have no cutting blade to cut strips to length. A piece of metal cut-ofi blade removed from a wax paper box makes a good cutting edge. Simply cut ofi a length of blade that will fit loosely around the roll, overlap it on the inside and solder.-Jonw A. Coustocx.

RqzorShunls lron Heql

. T'hat discarded razor can serve a useful purpose as a heat shunt when soldering radio parts leads. Clamp the razor over the lead and it will absorb the soldering heat that might otherwise damage or change the value

of the radio part,

''''F

;"i.

58

BADIO-I-\IEXPENMENTEN

The Hidden DX
Here'ssomething in DXnew funingFfUl subtorriers By(. [tl.STAIIIURY ll
wculd produce a supersonic audio note which your audio circuits would reject, no speaker could reproduce. and of course you couldn't hear it anyway. Thus WSOM may transmit background music around (the subcarrier) 105167 and no ordinary FM set could ever receive it. But an AM receiver (detector) responds to

lhe experimenler's DX speciol for hidden DX, consisting of q Hqmmorlund HQ l2O X qnd o Grqnco 780. Almost ony combinotion of short-wove ond FM receiverswill do, bur it is beiter if the 5W set is equipped with bond spreod.

YOU own an FM receiver? Chances l\O | | are pretty good you do, or could, bel./ there are sets in the stores selling s4115s for as little as $29.95. Second question, are you a DXer? If you are, then you're missing one tremendous bet on the FM band. We're crazy? FM DX is a eross between that found on the Broadcast Band and VHF TV' channels. Ilowever, DX listeners are missing some very rare catches between 88 and 108 mc, loggings which compare with the most unusual to be found anywhere in the radio spectrum. Hidden on the band are signals which the ordinary FM receiver will never pick up, which even local listeners will probably never hear. But if you have a shortwave receiver, you can. And at a distance, Rare enough for you? Most of our readers will be familiar with one class of station in this "hidden" group, the satellites on 108 mc, but unless you have special equipment, these require a tremendous amount of patience. A much more inviting target are the subcarriers used for background music and storecasting. Believe it or not, such signals you will be able to detect (for DX purposes only), log and QSL with only a reasonable amount of effort. How's il done? By using AM detection instead of FM. An FM detector measures the deviation between the frequency transmitted and the carrier frequency, subtracts them, and the result is an audio frequency. We have taken WSOM as an example, carrier frequency 105100kc (105.1mc). If the signal deviated to L05101 (or 105099) the result would be a 1 kc or 1000cps audio note. However, should the deviation exceed 15 kc, it

variations in amplitude, and in this sense, not to frequency deviation. The subcarrier does produce amplitude variations. Thus if you could tune an AM receiver to 105167 it would pick up WSOM's subcarrier. The sounds would not be enjoyable listening but recogimportant from nizable as music, and-more a DX standpoint-loggable. But you don't have an AM receiver that will tune the FM band? You don't need one, the FM set will do it for you. Double talk? No. An FM set receives a signal from the an. tenna, passes it through one stage of RF amplification (a few have two) then feeds it into a mixer tube where it's converted to an intermediate frequency, the most common of
QSL's received-

"Dear Mr. Stanbury: "Thank you for your reporl on reception of WRRA l o c a l e d o n C o n n e c l i c u t H i l l , 9 m i l e s s o u i h w e s fo f I t h a c a ,N e w Y o r k . "The s u b c a r r i e ry o u d e t e c t e d w a s o u r 6 7 k c m u l t i p i e x { s u b c a r r i e r o r b a c k g r o u n dm u s i c "You m a y . . . b e a b l e t o d e i e c i b u r s t so f h i g h f r e q u e n c y t o n i ( t 9 k c + o 2 9 k c ) a f s f a t i o ni d e n t i f i c a t i o n t i m e a n d a l s o o u r 4 5 k c i e l e m e t e r i n gf r e q u e n c y a t o d d i n i e r v al s . " NorlheastRadio Corporaiion : & * * "Dear Mr, Slanbury: "This y w i l l a c k n o w l e d g eo u r l e l l e r o f 7 A u g u s t 1 9 5 9 , relative io recepiion of radio signals from ihe Discoverer Satellite. "Time, { r e q u e n c y a n d e m i s s i o nw o u l d c e r t a i n l y i n dicaie that the signals you received were from the Satelliie..." From a GovernmentAgency

.l

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I

RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTER

I--*rorrn

F]"."rrroo or' tne luscmnrnr or

il 5 tr It ,**,o"'o

f,y
Q51 for on FM subcorrier. The cord wos prepored by rhe curhor to expedite verificafion.

which is 10.7 mc. So far, simple. But what you may not know is that the mixer tube radiates a small portion of the signal at the IF frequency. Such radiation passes back into the antenna circuit. If a shortwave receivet is hooked up to the same antenna, there will be no difficulty picking up the FM signal at 10.7 mc (or whatever the IF is). Once you pick it up on your shortwave receiver, you will of course be using that all-important AM detection. Now that we've reached the antenna. let's consider it a moment. Subcarriers usually produce weak signals. Thus your antenna must receive signals well from that direction. Which direetion? Well, that depends upon which DX station you're after. In other words, your antenna must function in oll directions. The best solution is a rotor, the kind used for TV antennas. But if you don't already have one, this is also the most expensive. A compromise would be the old fashioned longwire. Which brings us to a second use for the hidden-DX receivers: That very tough space reception. Most American satellites use either .{1 (on/off) or F1 (frequency shift, in this case producing beep effect) modulation to identify their carriers. Both can be received much better on the narrow band set-up described here than on an ordinary broad-band FM receiver. Now that the equipment is set, you're ready to use it. The first step would be to listen to one or more of your local FM stations so you become familiar with their sound when detected via AM. If you know one of them has a subcarrier, listen to it (look for a subcarrier is other when the orthodox programming than music). Among other things you will note that mixed with the background music will be transmissions from the standard carrier. Finding q Subcarrier. The process is the same for both local and DX stations. Tune in the stations as well as possible on your FM set, then turn the volume down to nil (but not off). If your shortwave receiver is equipped

No inlernol odiustmenls ore requiredon the rig, ontennd, only o common setting and find the carrier frequency on the main dial (around 10.7 mc or whatever the FM IF is). The carrier will be at the point of peak signal, but it can be found much more accurately by waiting for a moment of dead air (even while the announcer takes a breath). It will then appear as a distinctive hum at just one frequency. (In actual practice this extremely fine tuning is accomplished by a slight adjustment of the bandspread.) Once you find the carrier, look for the subcarrier with the bandspread. Assuming the station has a strong signal, if you fail to find it after a couple tries, place the bandspread at its lowest reading, retune the carrier via the main dial and start searching for your quarry again. If you don't have bandspread, tune in the standard carrier, note the frequency reading carefully, then tune back and forth for the subcarrier. When you find it, note that dial setting also. Although these procedures sound complia little practice-becated, they will-with come simple routine and in the long run prove much easier than any haphazard approach. Except for identification, which will be obFM transmission, tained from the nornal you'll have to garner enough information from the subcarrier to authenticate reception of same. First item is frequency. If the subcarrier appears above the carrier on your shortwave receiver, it will actually be below it and vice versa. Ifowever the indicated frequency difference will be correct. Such readings should be as accurate as possible, A bandspread may be calculated via 31-meter SWBC images or more easily by using a 100 kc crystal calibrator. For space reception, pinpoint accuracy is absolutely indispensable. Other verification data might include timing between records (to the second) and possibly song titles, although many stations keep no record qf the latter, so don't depend

plaeeit at the maximum upen it. with band spread,

BADIO-W EXPESIMENTEA
A speoker connecled ro the HiQuol Pre-Amp inpul con function os o mike sensitive enough to record heqrt beots.

The Hi-Qual Pre-Amp meets the specifications outlined, and it can perform the jobs outlined, plus numerous others. In addition to the characteristics mentioned below the title of this article, it is: 1) transistorized-uses two high gain GE 2N508 transistors; 2) dc operated from 6 v-no line cords to get in your way; 3) battery economy is goodrequires less than 2 ma; 4) stabilized for variations in transistor characteristics and temperature; 5) handles inputs from zero to 3 millivolts with minimum distortion. The rbnge may be extended by connecting a volume control in the input circuit (Fig. 4); 3 millivolts input produces a 1.5 v output; 6) input impedance is greater than 10,000ohms; 7) compact eonstruction-3/s x2Tre x 3% in. including self-contained battery (Figs. 1 and 2); 8) simple construction-can be built in about an hour with minimum chances of wiring Thispreamp inexpensive, lo consfruct. hosc is eosy lt mistakes; 9) flexible-can be goinof about500flot from l0 rycles 20,000 lo cy(les. built into other equipment or as a separate lab instrument It noy be used in opporotus requiring quolitypreo and can be modified to meet varying requirements. omplifier rircuil,or os o loborolory tool Consfruclion. The top and bottom views of the comTIIE electronics and scientific experimenter pleted amplifier are shown in Figs. 1 and 2; the circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 3. Using I frequently needs a high quality preampliI fier. The preamp must have a low value these as a guide, proceed as follows: of internal noise, hum, and hiss. It should 1) Drill two Ya-in. dia. holes in the perhave a reasonably high input impedance, high forated board for the battery holder. There gain, and the gain should be relatively inde- are four small perforations left between these pendent of the power supply voltage. The two holes, and the two holes line up on the frequency response should be relatively flat second row of perforations. Mount the batover a wide range of frequencies, and distor- tery holder and connect the terminals for tion should be low. series connection of the batteries. This is An amplifier that meets these specifications accomplished by turning the battery holder may be used as a phonograph, microphone, or lugs till they eontact each other, then soldertape recorder pick-up preamplifier. It may be ing them together. Fill the inside eyelets of used with a crystal detector tuner to drive a the battery holders which will contact the power amplifier for hi-fi listening. As a lab batteries with solder. This will minimize the preamp a unit meeting the outlined specs chance of poor-contact or no-contact problems can be used to detect small ac voltages, as a later. 2) Insert the transistor, resistor, and capacmeter amplifier for a conv'entional meter, as a preamp for older, less sensitive oscillo- itor pigtails through the appropriate board perforations. Note that one pigtail of R2 and scopes,and for a host of other uses.

Hi-Ousl Pre-Amp

BADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

6t

4) Connect free end R1 and C2 (-) to collector T1. Solder and clip off extra lead length. 5) Solder RB and T1 emitter junction; clip off extra lead length. 6) Connect free end C2 (i) to junction R4 and T2 base. Solder and clip excess. 7) Connect free end R4 and C3 (-) to junction R5 and T2 collector. 8) Solder junction R6 and T2 emitter; clip excess lead. 9) Bend free R3 and R6 pigtails against board and solder. Connect a 2-in. length of wire from this junction battery holder to the (*) terminal. 10) Bend free pigtails of R2 and R5 against the board .*csr"r$rcT *{,J {*{}T* ruRrs and solder. Connect a 3-in. Top view of Pre-Amp. length of wire to this junction. Solder a Mueller Minigator clip to the other end of nur{\ \ this wire. The clip is the . t On-Off switch for the ampliS tcct',lruot*l I fier. To turn the amplifier on, fasten the clip to the (-) battery holder terminal. The clip lead switch may be replaced with a more sophisticated switch, but this isn't feasible unless the amplifier is housed in a case which has mounting space. The case may be the case which encloses another piece of equipment of which you want to make the preamp a permanent part, or the amplifier may be housed in its own case. The Lafayette MS-159 plastic case is a good fit, and there's room for a switch or control with switch. M${jNTll'jGs{ftgwS pigtails of Cl The (*) ni "high" inputand C3 are the Bollom view of Pre-Amp, output terminals of the amplifier respectively. The junction of R3 and R6 is the "low" common the collector pigtail of T1 both pass thr:ough terminal for input and output. A lead may be the same perforation. The same applies to Rl solderedatthispointforconnectionpurposes. and base T1; R3 and emitter T1. This also Minigator clips may be attached to these inoccurs for similar elements of T2 and the of the put-output leads, or other terninals counterpart resistors. Be careful to position user's choice may be provided. the capacitors with polarities as shown in A volume control or volume control with Fig. 1. g) The instructions which follow refer to switch may be connected at the input of the amplifier as shown in Fig. 4. The amplifier connections made on the bottom side of the perforated board. Connect C1 (-) to juncwill begin to distort when the input level exceeds 3 millivolts. The vohrme control divides lion R1-base T1. Solder and clip ofT the extra higher voltage levels and can be set within lead length.

,' "OuT

'\ru

62 the amplifier input limits. The Lafayette VC-28 mini(10K with ature control switch) is suitable for this application and will fit in the plastic case mentioned previously. The 0.5 mfd, 200 v capacitor shown in Fig. 4 should be used i{ the input signal contains a dc component. However, if the dc voltage involved is greater than 200, a capaeitor with a larger voltage rating must be used. The input impedance of pre-amplithis high-quality fier may be increased by connecting a 68,000-ohm resistor in series with the preamplifier's high input lead as shown in Fig. 5. This increases the unit's input impedance to approximately

RADIO.TV HXPENIMENTEN

scHEMA.c
.5MF,200V (s E ET E X T )

f--) \5
E

BOTTOM VIEW T I ,T 2

T---r--I

cl

---lF

!JRHF I
I l -

I
ADDING VOLUME CONTROL AND SWITCH

E ffi^'*

N I N C R E A S IG

MATEBIALS IST_H I.QUAL PRE.AMP L Desig. R6 R3 R2, RS R1, R4 GL CZ,C3 TI. T2 B Description L0 ohn, V2 walt, 200/6 carbon resistor 100 ohm, V2 watt, 20o/ocarbonresistor 2.7K, /2 w^lt.20ok carhonresistor 680K. t/2 watt,20ok carbonresistor 30 mfd. 15 v miniatureelectrolytic capacitor (Sprasue TE-1I56) Electric) 2N506 transistor (Gneral four I.5 v penlite clls (RCA VS0-74) battery holder (Lafayette MS-UO) oratedboard l\ 5 x 33/sttminiatureprf (LafayetteM5-304) c M i n i g a t o r l i p ( M u e l l e r3 0 )

80,000 ohms (80K), adequate for most high-impedance sources. Of course, this results in a reduction of gain to approximately Tsth of the previous 500 value. Ai happens so often as to establish itself as a general rule, conflicting objectives of high voltage gain and high input impedance in transistor amplifiers must be accepted as a fact of life. The preamp may be used as an amplifier for any reasonably sensitive low-voltage alternating-current meter or the low alternatingcurrent range of a multimeter (Fig.

oc Pre-Ampcqn be used with oc voltmelerlo meosure millivolts. with the amplifier for signal tracing or it might be used in conjunction with a crystal radio input. Another, but not quite so obvious application of the prearnp capitalizes on the distorIf a signal of 0.1 tion created by overdriving. to 0.2 v is applied to the amplifier input, the output waveform will be clipped and will approach a square wave.-Fonnnsr H. Fnenrz, Sn.

6). The Heathkit MM-1 Multimeter has a low range of 1.5 v which is ideally suited to this amplifier. Meters with low ranges greater than that of Heath's MM-1 Multimeter may be used with the amplifier by using the scale only up to 1.5 v. T'he preamp output may of course be used to driv! an earphone or a power amplifier. The earphone arrangement might be used

I
NADIO-T]TEI(PENIMENTEN
I

83

A ilusiccll Annuncieitor
With ftis devite hooked inlo yourfronr door-bell tirtuil, yousubstitute the soft, tinkling fonesof o musi(box for the iongle of bell, rosp of buzzer or rou(ous cling-dong! of rhimes By HARIIAND B; SMITH, WSVVD
An electronicollycmplified Swiss musicol movement (ot left fronr) mokes o p l e c s o n l d o o r o n n u n c i o l o r ,

I I

HE heart of this annunciator is its Swiss musical movement. Powered by a miniature 110-v, shaded-pole motor, this movement will play a 2O-second excerpt from one of your favorite melodies. (The available tunes range from Ad,este Fideles to the Third, Man Theme, so you should have little difficulty in finding a composition to suit your taste.) If this tiny music maker is to be heard throughout your home, however, some form of amplification must be employed-and the amplifier must be ready to operate the instant the front door button is pressed. For economy's sake, no power should be drawn by the unit during standby periods. Consequently, heater-type vacuum tubes cannot be used. The choice. therefore. lies between battery tubes and transistors. Despite continued transistor price reductions, the capacitors, transformers, etc. needed for transistor circuitry are still relatively expensive. In contrast, the parts requit.ed for a vacuumtube amplifier are quite reasonable and, in addition, many are likely to be found in'the average experimenter's junk box. For this reason, the unit shown in Fig. 1 utilizes filament-type tubes rather than tlansistors. An inexpensive high-output crystal lapel mike converts the sound produced by the musical n-rovement into electrical impulses. Thcsc impulses ale fed to the contlol erid of vacuum tube V1 (see Fig. 2). A dynamic tnike cannot be empioyed at this point, be-

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RADIO.TV ETPTNIMENTEN

cause it would be sensitive to the hum resulting from the magnetic field that surrounds the motor. A vibration pickup mike, as used for electric guitars and similar musical instruments is also impractical, because of its sensitivity to the mechanical noises generated as the motor and its associated gearing operates. Because of this mechanically generated noise, a relatively shockproof bracket (see Fig. 6) must be used to mount the mike. This bracket makes use of a small section of plastic spongeto deaden vibrations which would otherwise travel up the mount and excite the mike. In most respects, the four-tube fop-chossis amplifier is of conventional design. Since the power capability of a single 3Q5GT is rather limited, two of these tubes are operated in parallel. The extra 3Q5GT provides a very useful increase in power output, Parallel, instead of push-pull operation was chosen because no phase inverter tube is needed and an inexpensive output transformer can be employed. Preliminary tests of the completed amplfier showed that its overall gain was so high that there was a tendency toward self-oscillation when the volume control was well advsnced, but the addition of resistor R9 (see Fig. 2) provided sufficient inverse feedback to lower the gain and completely eliminate the oscillation problem. The use of inverse feedback also improved the frequency response and minimized distortion in the output stage. When the annunciator is first plugged into the line, no power can be drawn because relay RL2 is open. However, as soon as the pushbutton is pressed current from the 9-v battery will flow through the coils of RL1, RL2, and RL3. Relay RL2 closes and applies 110 volts to the primary of T2, to the heater of delay relay (RL4), and to the motor of the musical movement. Relay RL1 closes and applies filament power to the tubes. The amplifier becomes operative at once and the tones of the musical movement are heard via loudspeakers placed in convenient spots tbroughout the home. Relay RL3 also closes at the instant the button is pressed. The contacts of RL3-as long as RL4 or 51 remain closed-act as a short across the pushbutton. Thus, current continues to be supplied to the coils of RL1, RL2 and RL3 via the contacts of RL3, even

(obove) ond bottom-chossis (below) views of qnnunciofor circuitry.

after the visitor stops pressing the button. As the unit operates, the heater in RL4 warms up. After a period of approximately 10 seconds, it becomes so hot that the bimetal arm in RL4 bends far enough to open the normally closed contacts of this relay. At the moment, this action has no effect on the operation of the musical movement or amplifier because the points of RL4 are paralleled by those of 51, the miniature snap action switch operated by the cam on the shaft of the musical movement. As soon as the 20second tune has been completed, the cam opens 51, breaking the current path from the 9-v battery to the coils of RL1-,RL2 and RL3. The relays open and the entire unit shuts down until such time as it is reactivated by the push-button. The cam on the music box is constructed from a short length of volume control shaft and a 6-32 machine screw (see Fig. 5). This

RADIO-TV EIPERIMENTER

65

PARTSLAYOUT

cam must be so positioned that it actuates the lever of S1 when the tune on the barrel has been completed. The power transformer T2 in Fig. 3A happens to be a surplus unit designed to provide 125 v at 25 ma and 6.3 v at 1 amp. A suitable substitute would be a Knight OiGOO8which furnishes 125 volts each side of center-tap,
SHAFT XTENSION E ON DRUI\,,l IIUSIC OF / N,4OVEMENT ACTUATING LEAFSPRING OF SWITCH S U P P O RB K T T /

plus 6.3 v. Only half of the high-voltage seeondary on the 62G008 should be employed with the center-tap going to R12 and one end of the high-voltage winding going to R10. Since the other end of the secondary and the 6.3-v leads are not required, clip them short and insulate with electrical tape. The two small batteries 81 and B2 are subjected to so little use in this particular device that they can be expected to have almost shelf life. Consequently, the battery cost per month will be insignificant. Constructed on a 1r/z x 5r/z x 9-in. aluminum chassis, the amplifier is easy to wire since there is plenty of room between the components for the tip of a soldering iron. The armatures of the three small relays are directly connected to the frames. Therefore, RL2 and RL3 should be insulated from the chassis. Figure 38 shows how these relays are mounted on a thin sheet of Bakelite. Any easily worked plastic can be substituted for the Bakelite. No knob is needed on the shaft of R4. Once the volume has been set to the desired level, no further adjustment is necessary. Battery 81 is kept in place with a home-made baltgry holder (or uie a commercially built holder, such as a Keystone type 1?5). Two L-shaped brackets bent from small pieces of aluminum clamp battery 82 in position. Since the No. 5

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MICROPHONE B A N DO F S C O T C H E L E C ,T A P E H MOUNTING OLE S H O C KP R O O FM O U N T O FOR MICROPH NE

M A T E R I A L SL I S T * M U S I C A L A NN U N C I A T O R De s c rn t i o n i De s i q . , RI, R6,R8 2 . 2 m e q o h n lrz r r v a t t ( A l l i e d I M M 0 0 0 ) R2 I r n e u o h m " w a t t ( A l t i e dt M M 0 0 0 ) f. ot R3, R7 Z Z O . O O Or m lt , w a t t ( A l l i e dl M M 0 0 0 ) R9 3 3 0 , 0 0 0o h n , t ; w a t t ( A l l i e d l l V l l v l 0 0 0 ) R10 7 5 o h n t , c t Z a t f ( A l l i e dI M M 0 0 0 ) l- w watt (Allied1MM000) Rll 560 ohm, R12 3 3 0 o h m . r . l w a t t ( A l l i e df M M 0 0 0 ) c R4 5 0 0 , 0 0 0c h f r v o l u m e o n t r o l( A l l i e d 2 9 M 7 7 3 ) 3 3 . 0 0 0o h r n .I w a t t ( A l l i e d 1 M M 0 2 0 ) R5 s cL, c2,83, C4 . 0 1 m f d . r l i s cc e r a i l i cc a p a c i t o r ( A l l i d1 1 L 4 3 7 ) r c 1 2 m f . , 1 5 0 - ve l e c t r o l y t ic a p a c i t o( A l l i e d1 5 1 1 9 4 ) c5 r c 2 0 - 2 0 m f . , 1 5 0 v e l e c t r o l y t ic a p a c i t o ( A l l i e d1 5 L 2 4 7 ) c6 r m f . . 1 5 v . e l e c t r o l y t ic a p a c i t o ( A l l i e d 1 6 1 2 3 6 ) 100 R L I , R L 2 , R L 3 s i o m a 1 I F - I 0 0 0 G - s l L S P D T R e l a v( A l l i e d 7 5 P 0 6 8 ) d A m p e r i t e I 5 C 1 0 T m i n i a t u r e e l a yr e l a y ( A l l i e d / t P P 2 9 6 \ I RL4 o S t a i r c oA - 3 8 2 24 w e t t u n i v e r s a lu t p u tt r a n s f o r m e(rA l l i e d6 4 G 0 0 5 ) r TI 125-0-125 v, 25 ma; 6.3 v' I amp (Allied Knight powertransformer 62G00E) lttc v sizeD A battery (Allied 80J903) BI 9 ' v - b a t t e r y S - 3 0 5 ( A l l i e d8 0 J 8 3 8 ) V 82 Federal10024, 65 ma. rectifier (Allied 4A606) SRI e S U n i m a xU S l t d L P D T S u b m i n i a t u rl a f s w i t c h ( A l l i e d 3 4 B 8 z E ) SI t 2 s c r e w e r m i n a ls t r i 0 ( A l l i e d 4 I H 5 0 5 ) TS1, TS2 (LafayettePA-9) Crystal lapel Mike Mac Battery Holder for I size D cell (LafayetteMS-I75) 3AG lz anp (Allied 528232) Fuse lU5 tube vI, v2 305GT tube v3, v4 shaft. From Noveltieg Reuge ELR 1.18 lto v, 60 cps with extended Musical of Distinction, I31 West 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y., or direct movement Ste. Croix, Ruge S.A., 26, Rue des Rasses, from the manufacturer, Switzerland. ( t w o o c t a lt u b e s o c k e t s A l l i e d 4 0 H 0 5 6 ) s f o n e 9 . p r o n gm i n i a t u r e o c k e t o r R L 4 ( A l l i e d 4 1 H 5 3 4 ) t w o 7 - p r o n 0 u b e s o c k e t w i t h s h i e l d( A l l i e d 4 0 H L 9 4 ) t s two l3l4r, tube shields(Allied 40H196) (Allied80P440) c 7 o p e n . e n dh a s s i s / z x S V z x 9 f u s ec l i p ( A l l i e d 5 2 8 2 9 2 ) t h r e et e r m i n a lt i e - p o i n ts t r i p ( A l l i e d4 1 H 5 0 1 ) v 5 " l o u d s p e a k e r.,2 - o h m o i c ec o i l ( A l l i e d8 1 D 6 1 7 ) 3 w a l l b a f f l eo r 5 ' s D e a k e r f power plug, assorted4-36 and 6-32 screwsand nuts wire, f A 8 a C o m p o n e n t sv a i l a b l er o m A l l i e d R a d i oC o r p . , 1 0 0 N . W e s t e r n v e . , C h i c a g o 0 , lllinois, and Lafayette Radio, 165-08 Liberty Avenue,Jamaica33, New York.

66

R.E DIO.TV EXPERIMENTER to8tl""u volume in any one part of the house need not be high, since additional speakers can be placed in those areas where the sound of the main speaker does not penetrate adequately. These extra speakers can be wired in parallel with the main speaker as shown in Fig. 2. Since the desired volume level at remote locations will normallv be Iess than that of the main speaker. inteicom replacement unils with 45--ohm voice coils will work elTectively in these spots. Each intercom speakel will give adequate acoustical output to cover a room or two, but because of the relatively high impedances involved, even when several are connected in parallel. they will not seriously shunt the i.2-ohm main speaker. The electronically amplified music box, as a replacement for an ordinary door bell or chime has a number of important features, in addition to its basic one of providing pleasant music. Unlike the ordinary bell or solenoidoperated chime, it plays for a period of 20 seconds, whether or not the pushbutton is held down. The sound of a doorbell is usually of rather short duration and is often masked by noises around the house. On the other hand, the continued output from the music box tends to get through such distractions as children's voices, loud hi-fi's, clacking typewriters, pounding hammers, etc.

pin on a 1U5 and the No. 1 and 6 pins of a 3Q5GT are not connected to elemenis within the tubes, those terminals on the sockets can be used as convenient tie points to support resistors and capacitors. Grid bias for the 3Q5GT's is obtained from the voltage drop across R12. Capacitor C7, the bias filter capacitor, must be wired with its positive terminal grounded Locate the amplifier where output from the speakers cannot get back into the microphone to produce acoustical feedback-put it in the basement or. if you have no basement, in a utility room. Wherever you put the amplifier, make certain that it is out of reach ol vour youngsters. With the exception of the termi nals on the motor of the musical movement. which ought to be insulated with electrical tape, all high voltages appear only on the under side of the chassis. A fuse has been included as a protection against overheating which might result from a shorted component. Once it has been permanently installed, plug the amplifier into the power line and run a pair of wires from TS2 to a pushbutton near the front door. Run a second pair of wires from TS1 to the main speaker which may be a 4-in. or 5-in. unit with an impedance of 3.2 ohms. Mounted in a wooden baffle, this speaker can be placed at a convenient point in the most lived-in section of vour

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER TAKEUP TAPEGUTDES

67

UPPER DRIVE

FEtT
PRESSURE PAD

CRASE COIL

PRESSURE ROttER

Stqndord f,oshlighr bofieries or fhe new, D-size, rechargeoble storoge boiteries moy be used in this instcnt-reody recorder. tls mofor-driven fost rewind ond erose feqfures moke ir possible lo use the some tdpe over qnd over. Depending on where you buy, ond whqi you hove on hond, drive ports should cosi between $40 qnd $60. High precision is nof required,

Minioture
ByJAMTS PUGH E.
center notch slightly shallow, since it must be deepened later. Locate the holes in the plastic case with a machinist square and scriber as in Fig. 7, and back up the plastic with a wooden block For the to prevent chipping when drilling. holes for the two tape spindles, use the metal bracket that goes inside the case as a template to assure matching center-to-center spacing. Countersink each hole requiring a Nyliner bushing inside the case and enlarge them with a tapered hand reamer just enough to obtain a free-turning fit with the shaft when bushing is installed. Each shaft must spin freely in its bushing for smooth tape motion, but it cannot be so loose that it wobbles. Nyliner bushings are split at one side to facilitate this kind of adjustment. Insert them by pressing the lower pointed end, of the bushing inward and spiraling clockwise into the hole with your fingers, working from the outside of the case. so the broad flange will be on top. Next, make up the tape drive parts shown in Fig. 8. The three idler wheels must turn freely on their shafts. Mount the forward and rewind idler lever as in Fig. 9. Tighten the screw on the threaded shaft until the compression washer holds the shaft firm1y, but not locked in place. Then, holding the first lock nut with a thin wrench to keen the shaft from turning, tighten the second lock nut. It should now be possible to slide the idler along the length of its slot without rocking.

Tope Rerorde

the_mike switch and this battery_ I-LICK porvered, 4Jb.. midget stalts recording irirI I mediately._ There's no waiting lor lube warm-up and no searching for an electrical outlet. And since playback ipeed is the standatd 33/4-ips used on home recorders, vou can -volume play your tapes with loudspeaker thro_ugh a radio or hi-fi unitf instead of the combination mike-speaker; or-if more volume is required on- playback-you can play tnem on any standard home-type recorder that has 33/s ips speed. A built-in jack plug input also perrnits you to record voice oi music directly from your radio or TV. The switch on the mike case starts and stops the record motor. For dictation, you can wire in a 4-prong plug and foot switch for the convenience of a typist. If you need loud-speaker volume, feed the output into an amplifier, or use the input jacks on suitable

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Conslruclion starts with the metal parts detailed in Fig. 6. First scribe lines oi the desired points for cuts and saw and then clamp in a vise along the line, using a square to make sure that the metal is vertical to the vise jaws. Next, lay out the hole locations with scriber and center punch and, with the part held firmly in a drill press vise, start the holes with a lzlo-in center drill chucked in a &ill press. Use oil and finish the holes to size with sharp drills. File the three notches in the forrvard-reverse idler lever. but leave the

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68
| T E N s r o N- 3 ' spn nc 6"i-.
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LOWER DRIVE WHEEL DRIVE SHAFI

Speed of lhe tqpe drive motor is reduced through c rubber rim idler wheel. A spring holds the mofor shoft in contoct. B A K E L I T E L A I V 1 P RH E A D C FO

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25Aox 5Tzzx 613/t6tt hlack plastic casewith nanel 86P287,86P289 2 / / 0 . D . t a k e r pi d l e rw h e e l( W a l s c o 4 3 3 ) 1 43N388 2 " 0 . D . r e w i n d h e e l( W a l s c o 4 3 3 ) w 1 2'r 0. D. lowerdrivewheel(Walsc0 1483) I S P E CA L 1 " 0 . D . r w i n d d l e rw h e e l( W a l s c o 4 5 0 ) i 1 SPECIAL 3/4" 0.D. pressure roller (Walsco1458) IA L SPEC /s't dia. x 6/' brassfor hubs,wheelsand tape guides t/t^tt rJia. xL2t, drill rod for reel,driveand idler shafts and /a" dia. x 3,, drill rod for pfessure function lever s h a f t sf u n c t i o ne v e r u b , l h n f 1 L + x t / z x 1 8 , ,p r e c i s i og r o u n d l a t s t o c kf o r h a n g e r s and levers sDifal ension ashers t w /a't dia. x aa,' 6-32 threadedbushings 3 / t 6 x . D . 3 L L - F Ff l a n g e N y l i n e f s T h o m s o I n d u s . l ( n d t r i e s .l n c . ) 3 / t 6 nL D . 3 L 2 . F F f l a n g e N y l i n e r s T h o m s o n ) ( d t/ax l.D. 4LI.FF flanged Nyliners(Thomson) Nyliners(Thomson) /4n l.O. 4L2-FF llanqed J / 6 ' t d i a . x q e ' , t e n s i o n p r i n g ( G e n e r aC e m e n t l s H 4 2 0 - Fa s s o r t m e n t ) SPECIAL t/stt dia. x 78,, tensionspring (GenetalCement H420-F) t/2tt dia. rubber feet (GeneralCementH052.F as. sortment) SPECIAL Amplifier B l b a t t e r yp a c kc o n s i s t i n g f 4 S o n o t o n r e c h a r g e . 0 e a b l e n i c k e l . c a d r n i u yn e S - 1 0 3 Db a t t e r i e s tr p Eveready Type D99 leakproof flashlightcells 80J903 M1-6.volt rewind motor (Wils0n's of Cleyeland, N l o d e6 - 1 0 0 ) l an M 2 - 6 . v o l t D C r e c o r d o t o r( B a r b e r - C o l e mB Y Q M m

I Tope guides gudrqnfee precise trocking of the tope qcross lhe recording heod. Adjusr felt-covered pressure pod so it lightly presses tqpe ogoinsf the heod. or4 I I 1

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D1-3.9-volt voltageregulator Zener Di0de (Texas Instrument 748A) lN 6E808 VL, V2, U4-2N217 PNP Transistor(RCA) 5E877 V 3 - 2 N 6 4 7 N P N T r a n s i s t o( R C A ) r 5E986 1 1 , L 2 - R e c o r d - P B - E r a s e a d( S h u r e t 5 H ) he 8 65R584 M a g n e t i c i c r o p h o n e1 0 0 0 o h m ( S h u r eM C I I J ) n , SPECIAL SI-SPST slide switch 348422 S2-5.pole, 3-positionwafer switch (Ceniralab PA-201s) 348928 Caoacitors C l , C 2 , C 3 , C 5 , G G - 2 u f , 8 - v u l t r a - m i n i a t u re l e c e (BarcoPT6.2) tr0lytic capacitors 10L660 Ca-)?ttl: 75-v ceramiccapacitor (Lafayette Radio C7, Cg-tOOuf, 25.v ultra-miniature electrolyticcapacltors I3L626 C8-I50uf, 20-v ultra.miniature elctfolytic capacitor 18L504 Resistors RI, R4, Rf3.3K, V2-watl, 10% carbonresistorsIMM000 R2, R5, R10-721(, t/z-watt, 10% carbonresistorslMM000 R3-4.71<, Vz-watt, I0% carbonresistor 1MM000 R 7 - 5 K m i n i a t u r et r l m m e r p o t e n t i o m e t e(rB o u r n s W i r e w o u nT r i n i t 2 7 1 ) d 3tMM397 R8-I0K, t/2-wall, L0o/6carbonresistor LMM000 R9-3.3K, /2-watt, I0o/o carbonresistor 1MM000 811-150 ohm, t/2-wall, l0% carbonresistor R12-1.6K, t/2-watt, I0o/o carbonresistor TapeCartridge t/c x y{ 6.32 threadedbushinqs(Newark Electric G o) . 23/a x 6s/s x 3/32,t lhick Bakelite sheet .020 dia. Diano wire 3tt reel ol 0f long play I mil tape 96R237 3'l emptyreel Hardware J l , J 2 - p h o n o p i n j a c k s( R C A ) J3, J4-sub.min phonejacks (Switchcraft42A) battery clips for 1 type.D cell (l(eystone175) battery clip for 2 type.D cell (Keystone176)

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After all tape drive parts are made and rotating parts operating smoothly, carefully remove the Nyliner bushings and clean all parts thoroughly. Then replace the bushings and coat the inner and flange surfaces with light machine oil. Adiustment. Put the various shafts and wheels in place (Fig. 9) and tighten the wheel set screws allowing .001-.002in. clearance between wheel and bushing flange. Oil the idler shafts and adjust, making sure that no oil gets on the rubber wheels or on the metal friction surfaces,

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NADIO.IV EXPERIMENTER
M A T E R T A L SL t S T ( c o n t ' d ) I 3/a x L3/s x 23/a,t plaslic box for mike and St 1 3 ft. length,4.conductor cabte (Belden8444) 47't37L 2I turret terminalsUSEC01350C L 2 x 2t3/to x %2,, Bakelitesheet 12 4-40x/2tt lh screws with nuts 4 4-40 x3/eil /t screws with nuts 5 4-40 x3/e,t f/r screwswith nuts 12 6-32x3/st, ff screws with nurs I 6-32x5/gt, rh sctewwith nuts L 6-32xLt/4,, th stew with nuts 4 6-32xt/2t, r/r screws with nuts L 6-32x/zt, lh sctewwith nuts 2 8-32xIV4r th sctews with nuts (for cams) 2 fi6 xbrt dia. washers 2 carrying strap brackets I shoulder strap (camera stores, Misc. fockwasherc,t/at, plasticspray (Krylon), rosin decals. coresolder Allied Radio, 100 N. WesternAve., Chicago80, ilt. pilersate: other sup-

69

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6-32 THDSPACER Detoils of tope corriidge.

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LafayetteRadio,165.08 Liherty Ave., Jamaica 33, N. y. '28DR|LLL e .il" Newarl Electric Eo., 223 W. Madison St., Chicago llt. 6, sonot0necorp.,E|msford,NewYort(batteriesstockedbVmoste|ec.' t r o n i c s u p p l yh o u s e ss u c ha s A l l i e d . L a f a y e t t eN e w a i k , t c . ) , TA P Ec A R TR t o c_ j-.-,. ei ll 'lp lrl r cr __ u l r e 2 A p Ec A r R cE ] s s t c E , e F _ ulre z

With all of the-tape transport parts in place, put the lower function lever in the notch GeneralCementC0., 400 S. WymanSt., Rockford,lll. (G.C oarts nearest the drive shaft. Press the rubber stockedby almost everyactiveelectronic supply house.) pressure roller firmly against the upper drive W a l s c o l e c t r o n i cC o r p . , 6 0 2 C r e n s h a B l v d . ,L o sA n o e l e s . a l i f o r . E s 3 w C n i a . ( P a r t ss t o c k e d t A l l i e d R a d i o n d o t h e re l e c t r o n is u p p l i e r s . ) wheel and tighten the set screw. Neit. adiust a a c the spiral washer at the notch nearest the drive shaft until the takeup hub rotates when the drive shaft is turned. but when a light pressure is applied to the takeup hub the idler wheel slips. This allows the takeup reel to HANGEF LOVIER wind up all slack tape, STFIF-F6F-3!Fpr-y - 36 DRILL AND TAKEUP SHAFTS but prevents it from pull6-32 TAP $'orL .o*..]io, *ru,"-rrs . 2 R E o ' D ; x Z s r R A P ing tape through the drive mechanism. Now "+J ontLL connect the motors with u o r o n t n t e e aC a4 ,/ 4 - 4 O T A P * , r " a D r *+-+o-rae temporary leads to the L-.l1iI LOWER BEARING - Li; p*-l fx{'sr"ar-uare r { l^ r l battery for testing. +_tg IEEL HAI{GER FOR r]...fuJ E T PINS The rewind idler is adI DRIVE SHAFT t" :F Y justed by setting the SELECTOR ARM F T4r : *xt srRAP R E T A IN ER - 8 R A S S 4'vi--------l------\ r = - w _ - . f function lever to the out5,, \i____f__-_ll+ MAKE I TIAKE I er position and adjusting -z--;!,,,-[s'l L]r" roR .go"o D to to the outer spiral washer 3LI-FF NYLINER U P P E R E L E C T OA R M S R until the rewind motor o 2 A L Lx o L E s " 3 s n t L L , 6 - 5 T H D turns the rewind shaft at 4-40 TAP just below its highest t ' . 3 " speed. At this point the r 1 6 B R A S SU B I N G I JI -I MOUNT T"X' A ll slippage should be very lif wlTH 4-40 X 3" t a' small, but the pressure i RHs STRIP !' _{ should not be great enMETAL o! 64 6.32 TAP r36 DRILL PARTS ough to retard the motor J'^r".tt 0r,.. r"- , $'o* I ;' 2 f 1 i H R f ' \ t speed excessively. I Now "x'-d'xoue F o R4 L r - F F I ----{roqrT O) set the function lever to 'O NYLTNER-- FILE UNDER. ." l..-FYtrc" the Neutral (center) poSIDE OF STRAP FOR iF+|+l+-l I TIGHT FIT AGAINST 7 3' sition and file the center E N Y L I N E RF L A N G E S to {n notch in the forward-reF O R W A R D - R E V E RIS E E R E V E R I'EIIe!l!!!!Iq OL L !o !!!l! wind idler lever until uaxe $xf"srnae- uaxer fixt'srnre- r both idler wheels are free
W i l s o n ' so f C l e v e l a n d , 6 5 0 2 6 t h S t r e e t N . W . . F 0 r t L a u d e r d a l e . 1 F l o r i d a . ( M o t o r ss o l d i n m o s t m o d e la n d h o b b ys t o r e s , )

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more tape is wound on the takeup reel. Wiring. The amplifier is wired as in Figs. 10 and 11. It is best to solder in resistors first, capacitors next, then diodes and transistors. Some of the wire in the four-conductor microphone cable is excellent for wiring as it is smill and color coded. Also, short seitions of the insulation can be removed from this wire for making color-coded spaghetti. After the amplifier is completed, wire the upper section of switch 52 (Fig. 11). Mount it in the case and wire in the tape head, motors, and jacks cutting all wires that connect to the amplifier to the approximate length needed. Mount the amplifier in place and finish the wiring. The microphone-speaker is housed in a small plastic box (Fig. 12). Throw the function switch (S,2) to PIagbaclc (PB) and listen for a weak motor noise in the earphone. Also check to see that both motors rotate in the correct direction. (If not, reverse the motor leads.) Then adjust the tape pressure pad to hold tape lightly against thL tape head. Now you can make a recording. Set the potentiometer R7 about two turns above the full counterclockwise (minimum) position, and the function switch, func,tion lever, and microphone switch to Record,.

from the other wheels and both takeup and rewind shafts turn freely. Cover the idler' wheels and clean this part carefully each time it is filed to prevent fiIings from getting on the wheels and inside the case. To set the record motor tension, fasten the 3/s-in. above lower drive wheel surface about hanger. Adjust the motor the lower bearing spring tension lever until the drive wheel can be roitated but a noticeable drag from the motor is felt. Too light a tension will allow slippage between motor and tape drive shafts, rnd too heavy a tension will cause pres,sur-e marks in the-rubber rim of the drive wheel' The record motor speed is adjusted with a small screw through a hole in the motor case, clockwise for more spee4, W-h-en the turning -drive wheel rotates at 120 RPM, the upper tape wiII move at 33/4 ips. hfter these adjustments have been made, run the mechanism both forward and in reverse for several minutes. Then put the tape reels on and check to see that the tape feeds throush the drive smoothly and is not pulled too ti[htly by the takeup. If a slig!'t loop is left in the portion of tape between takeup reel and drive wheel it should hold the loop smoothly, gradually becoming smaller as

RADIO.TV HI(PENIMENTER

fl

Hold the microphone about 8 in. from-your mouth and speak in a normal voice. Play the recording back and adjust the tape pressure LOWER TAKEUE ]{HEEL pad for maximum volume ERASS'MAKE I but be sure that it is not 3" 19" tight enough to drag on 64 ,t6 the tape. Now make ani I S dii-oi.t other recording and, if .458ir 't t' 4-4OTHO, it's weak, turn the volFORSET SCREW T f i-i ume control up Yz turn (clockwise) and 32 try L- rf *l TAPE RIVWHEELS O E again. Repeat until the SUPPLY AND B R A S SH A K E . 2 recording is of a suitable R E C O R O I N H E A DC L A M P G .TAKEUP SHAFTS volume but not distorted r "oo-uaxe z i $" er-rsrrc-naxe fi'o^u-rfrom over-driving. Minor T-I{ adjustments can now be ,24o / \ +q3 DRTLL ., made in the tape transR E A M O R g |S H A F T F 6 n" ' - "p t-r- t 5E 7 4 - q f A P port mechanism f or r \ r" {SHoRTEN THIs EI'ID} HU8 smoothest recordings, Fdh bn-le (waLsco t45ol REwTND rDLER i f$/l' |;ll-r-r and the recorder is ready 1_;irr -f6,* E1Tl: to use. n 2: 8 d* How il Works. The tape 4t 0 HoLE PRESS wtfl{ SHAFT Flr i l z " ia feeds from the supply - *i2 . 7 " (left) reel across the first LOIA'ER BEARING .ra'\-en-$o H A N G E RF O R tape guide. From here it L#i FUNCTION SELECT * r', passes across the erase a" tl T-tcl]llr+ s FUNCTION SELECTOR rHD :ZD ;r:-F6-32 coil (on the right side of , 321;; il RoD!.stzfDRILL -iTt g^ the head). The erase coil + PRESSURE HEEL W Fl6" thus wipes off any preANO TAKEUP SHAFJ- MAKEI SUPPLY HUBS SRASS:MAKE 2 vious recording before it reaches the record coil, EXTENDS J: FRoMLowEREND 2 T'he pressure pad holds JZ O FD R I V E U B H the tape in contact with / e " the head. fr-21i---1 r---i--.---------.1 TAPEGUID-8RASSAfter the tape leaves TAKEUP IDLER (WALSCO MAKE 2 14331 onruesrrrr - J'oRrLLRoohead it the recording ro MAKE I passes between the upper 2 LAYERS drive wheel and pressure r%0 roller and from here to -,/ DRTLL. f",^. *2 g X)y'rB-rt" the takeup reel. On play( u7 nu senr*os(g+sexof back the erase coil is dis-ll r" r NOTCH' )S +Fr connected by switch (S2) and the recorded signal 4pllgruE!rcall ltlh rt RECORDERHEAO SHIM snape I'wasnEn 1 L" __r on the tape energizes the *_14 j,o.o z xaI" record-playback coil + H A R DR U B B E R - M A X E t BRASS TUBE . which is now connected PRESSURE BRACKET PAD ' (SPRING BRASS) the amplifier input. to The amplified signal is fed to the magnetic microphone-now used as an earpnone. REWINO REW I NO A simple three-stage common-emitter amIOLER \ MOTOR plifier is used. The first two transistors are the PNP and the last the NPN type to allow the mike and record coil return leads to conMqIOR nect directly to common, on both record and .IOLER playback, without using decoupling filters. ---l High-frequency pre-emphasis is used on ReFECbRD cord with flat response being used on PLayr,rorpR I boclc providing better quality with minimum I FORWARD.REVERSE t IOLERLEVER REWIN O distortion. I WHEEL LowERTAXEUPi Motor noise is removed from the amplifier VTHEEL .l l_ _ dc power source with V4, which acts as stable
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72

BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN voltage regulator. The voltage across the zener diode (D1) is constant at 3.9 as long as the input voltage does not fall below this value. Because this diode is in the base circuit. it determines the voltage output level at the emitter of V4. Since the base voltage is constant, the output voltage will thus be constant regardless of variations at the input (at V4 collector); therefore, variations due to motor noise will be filtered out. Boftery Notes. You can use either rechargeable Sonotone nickel-cadmium, or flashlight cells. The nickel-cadmium cells provide nearly constant output voltage throughout their char.ge,whereas the flashlight cells drop off as they are used. Constant voltage is an advantage in maintaining motor speed; however, the 5-volt level approiches the lower limit for best governor operation. The nickel - cadmium cells are slightly shorter than flashlight cells and a short 4-40 rh screw is threaded into the positive terminal of each battery clip to compensate for the difference (Fig. ).
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_ If y9q use,flashlight cells, select Eveready Tyqe D99, a Ieakproof type, to avoid damagl to the recorder. Jacks are provided to allow recording an external signai; to feed the amplifier output to an external power amplifier; to connect an external power source such as a 6-volt automobile battery or an auxiliary ac p_ower supply; and to connect the charger to the batteries. When the external power supply is connected, internal batteries are disconrrected; when the charger is connected, amplifier and motors are disconnected. Accessories.The tape cartridge (Fig. 5), allows the lecorder to be carried as a r:ortable unit in any position. Plans for a separate power supply appeal. overleaf this handbook.

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74

RADIO.W EXPEBIMENTER
Flip the toggle swirch. chonge the plug, ond the power supply becomes o bottery charger. lt will restore fhe sforoge botlery pock in the recorder cose lo full srrengrh overnighl.

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ESIGNED as an accessory for the portl\ | | able tape recorder, this combination l/ power supply will either recharge the recorder storage batteries, or permit you to operate the recorder without batteries on house current. The unit can double as an exoerimenter's power supply, and to charge miniature storage batteries used in other types of equipment, provided that the charging current (225 ma.) and the charging voltage (5,1, or 6.2-volt) are the same. While the four Sonofone rechargeable batteries used in the portable tape recorder 5volt power pack will operate continuously for many hours, they must be eventually recharged. This a-c power supply unit guarantees that you'll be able to use the tape recorder for continuous dictation or desk use. even though the batteries may be exhausted.

RADIO-TVEXPERMENTER Begin construction by drilling all of the holes (Fig. 2) in the aluminum box. Wire the switches and other parts according to Figs. speaker cable is suitable for the a-c bower cord and the connecting cord since the wattage of this unit is very row. The power supply regulator, transistor Vl, is mounted on tou of the aluminum boi to plovide suitable heat dissipation. Drilthe mounting holes in the box first, and then scribe the outline of the transistor case. Scrape away all paint within this outline to allow better thermal contact with the box; sand the surf ace smooth, and remove all burrs from the insulator holes to prevent puncturing the mounting insulator. Make a thin mica mounting washer bv scr-ibing the transistoi case outline on a piece of thin mica. Driil the two mounting holes, cut along the outline rvith sharp scissors, and then split the mica into thin layers about .002, or .003-in. thick. Coat both sides of the wasner with light oil, washer wlrn trgnt ort,
ancl mount the tl'anstsE

75

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* A B O UU TO O O Nn . O ROI|O D EEU R R EE N T S T O rOM A .. o u r , P U TF R O MV . I E M I T T E R * A B O T r O O O .F O R O D C U R R N T F I r I OM A O U T I F O C O OF

nuts. Use an ohmmeter to make sure that the insulation between the aluminum box, and the transistor case is good. Clip off the ends of one of the unused mica mounting washers, and use it as an insulator on the underside of the box. Make the emitter and base contactors from the contacts of a miniature 7 pin wa{er tube socket. When soldering to the transistor contacts, remove the transistor to avoid heat damage. Mark the letters B and E near the base and emitter pins to identify them. Tlansformer T1 steps the line voltage down to 13.4 volts a-c after which it is chaneed to d-c by the full wave reetifier consisting of

Rect. 1, and Rect. 2. Transistor V1 and Zener diode D1 form a voltage regulator that filters and maintains the output voltage at the desired level. The same kind of cilcuit was used in the motor noise filter of the recorder amplifier circuit. The power supply output voltage should correspond closely to that of the batteries used so as to maintain more consistent motor speed. For example, with four 1.25-volt nickel cadmium cells, use a 5.1-volt Zener diode (IN751A). On the other hand, if you use four flashlight dly cells, 6 volts will result; therefore use a 6.2-volt zener diode (IN753A) for D1.

76

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER
L MATERIALS IST P T A P E R E C O R D E R O W E RS U P P L Y

Size and Description N o .R e q ' d D1-5,1 or 6.2-volt voltage requlator Zener Diode (Texas 1 InstrumentlN751A 0r lN753A, see text) ampere fuse, type 3AG; fuse holder (Littelfuse FI*/+ L 35r0011) P1-a"c power Plug I P2-sub-min phoneplug (Switchcraft750) I Rect. 1, Rect. 2-1N535 silicon rectiliers ( RCA) 2 S1-SPDT to0sle switch S2-SPST toggle switch T1-26.8 v., 1A. filamenttransformet (Triad F'40X) VI-2N301 ttansistor ( RcA) P L I - N E - 5 1 n e o nl a m p CaPacitors G1-250uf, 50-v. electrolyticcapacitor (Mallorv TC'50025) I Lz-'t. ultra-miniature electrolvtic capacitor G2-50uf, (BarcoP12-50) Resistors 1 B1-120 K, V2 \., I\ok carbonresistor R2{bout ]-K: t/" watt, I0% carbonresistor (see Fi0. 4) I 27E) R}-about 75 ohfr, 5 w., resistor (Sprague I Hardware g r e y h a m m e r t o na l u m i n u mb o x ( B u d G U ' e 2/sx3x5/4tt I 2106A) 0n.off tooole switch plate 8 r Y r 7 tt. t e n u t h2 - i 6 n d u c t o c h r o m e i n v ls p e a k ec a h l e( B e l d e n 7 8 2 ) t i n s u l a t di e p o i n t nriniature7-pin wafer tube socket t pilot light socket, miniatrre bayonet (Dialco 720) I V.il sitot tioht iewet, white (Diatco 10006.435) I s , misc l u i b e r g r o m n r e t s .c r e w s n u t s ' s 0 l d e rl u 0 s , m i c a , i n s u l a t e d ' extruded washers,decals, plastic spray or lacquer' wlre resin core s6lder Parts availablefrom Allied Radio, 100 N' Western Ave'' 8 Chicago 0, lllinois

225 ma. is required for proper charging. About 16 hours are required for a full charge at this rate, though the batteries may be left connected on charge for much longer time without harm. The pilot light, indicating that the power supply or charger is ready for use, is lit whenever plug P1 is in the 115-volt socket, since the on-off switch does not control this oart of the circuit. ^ When you connect the accessory unit (Fi,g. 1) to the recolder, always be sure that toggle switch 51 in Fig. 3 is thrown to the position " corresponding to the jack to which the plug P2 is connected. When plug P2 is connected to the auxiliary power supply jack on the' recorder, the internal battery pack is automatically disconnected. Be sure that 52 is at Of when connecting and removing plug P2. Also remove the plug from the charger jack when not charging to prevent the batteries from draining back into the charger circuit.

Polish "Locks" TY Adiustment r When you've just finished making a critical adjustment on the service control of a "lock" TV set, the screw firmly against mechanical shocks by coating its threads with fingernail polish. If the control ever needs a drop or two of fingernail readjustment, polish remover will unlock it in a matter of seconds.-JonN A. Connsrocx.

When charging the Sonotone batteries, resistor R3 bypasses the regulator circuit to provide a constant current. Between 200and

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NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

The Typacode
With +he Typacode you can sendMorsecode as fasf as vou cdn type-whether you Lnow the code or nof. Thus,even a person whodoesnot knowMorse code can test you on vour knowledge it of
A /lTH the Typacode.you press a VV v button.indicating tfre teiter-o? ' your choice and this letter is

,, By BERNARD DICKMAN

automatically translated into the cor_ rectllorse code pulses. The number of *9fdl per. minute you can send out wrrn typacode depends upon the soeed I ol the motor you use to turn the s[ort_ | tng.r'otaly slvitch, the ,,br.ain" of the I devrce. Assuming five letters to the L. average word, a 100-rpnr motor will permit you to send 20 words per min_ ute.; a 60-rpm motor, 12 wordi per minute, and so on. - But motors aren't usually built to run that fJoylv, and a gear train is"needea t" ,"a"". therr speed (and increase their torque). J used a worm gear with an g0-tooth gear to get an 80:1 gear ratio and r.educe tt"e O,OOO rpms of the motor I used to 7S rei-- Wiii my Typqg_o{e I can send about 15 ;o;ds ;;; minute. With speed reduced g0 times, t*";; rs rncreased 80-fold. from 1.5 oz._in. to i20 oz.-Ln. 'I'he motor I used consumes seven watts. The motor you use should t """ tl"ru approximate specifications in order to be able to.turn the rota-ry switch. Most sewing ma_ cntne or small lan motors are adequate. or try such a motor as the Hurst 60 rprn (p"SM_ 60). Allied Radio catalog No. ?6pb62

The number of words the device is capable o-f sending per minute may also'be _ varied by the introduction of a vaiiable voltage transformer to control the speed of the motor. This will help in adjusting word outStondo_rd rotqly sw;tch is shown in A; stop to be twisied off or bent down. beorings to be rimoved. In B is shown q minioture rotory swilch, lts stop must be twisted ofi or bent down, or plote token ofr; beoring to be removed. tn C is shown on ollered (os described in texr) slide swirch for slide-swirch version of Typocode.
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78 put to the sender's tYPing abilitY ind the auditor's understanding. Consfruction. First remove the bearings which cause the rotarY click when turned (see switchlo Fig. 3). Pry them out with a sciewdriver.- Also, remove all of "stops" which the Prevent the switch from turning continuouslY in one direction. There are two basic versions of the device. One uses Push-button, and the other uses sPringreturn slide switches. The springslide switch version is return somewhat cheaPer, but a bit more difficult to operate' Choose the version you want to build (Figs' 1 and 2 show the Push-button version), buy materials, and in either gang the shorting case. wire switch first (Fig. 5 for Push-button unit, Fig. 6 for slide-switch unit). ' If the gang switch is to be turned clockwise bY the motor, Fig. 5 (and Fig. 6) is shown as on-e looks at the front of the switch. If, on the other hand, the switch shaft is to be turned counterclockwise' reverse the connections. That is, assume that the diagram shows the gang switch as iou would look at it from the iear, and wire accordinglY. (Rethat gears sometimes member

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTEB
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L MATERIALS IST_TYPACODE Version Push-Button DescriPtion No.Req'd for letters B, C, F, G, H' J' K' L' 0' P' Q' U' ie Disf notmally open push button switches V, W, X, Y, Z and Ptriod (Allied 34 B 997) R, S, T (Allied348994\ f Z S p i i n 6 t * i r r y o p e n p u s hb u t t o ns w i t i h e s o r l e t t e r sD , l , M , N , n 1 S P D T p u s h - b u t t o s w i t c hf o r l e t t e r A ( A l l i e d 3 4 8 9 9 6 ) rotlry sit;h..(only ten positionsare needed poliiions per piid, sit'oriin's i- i,iui'pi|;,'ij 34 lett-9rs,(Allied B 906) for ioi "irinti; two extra need'ed spacinsbetween t ( A l l i e r l 8 0 p x q e + 1 . o n l v 7 x 8 " i s n e e d e do r p u s h b u t t o n k e v b o a r d ' t ixixi'i'chassis is'estimatedwith ample tesi of the spaceneeded but since size of the motor *iti rur,, itre for variations. allmance * in motor of the type specified article and gear assembly f L Lr/z v. flashlishibattery (Allied 52 E 475) I indlcator li0ht assembly b I miniature ulb (Allied 52E33O) I two-pole,3 positionsper Pole,shorting rotary switch (Allied 34 B 303) I SPST normallyopenmicro switch (Allied 35 B 028) * Gears for either push.buttonor slide switch versionare availablefrom the Boston Geaf throughoutthe Works with its mjin ofiiceat 14 HaywardSt., Quincy7I, Mass' and oJfices are as follows: country. Gear conbinations for a i00-l gear ratio, a 100'tooth worm gear (Boston Gear G1023; hole dia Vatt) ard a T G w o r m ( B o s t o n e a rH L S H ; h o l e d i a . 3 / r o) a r e n e e d e d . tAtt) and a For an 80.1 Uearratio, an 80'tooth worm gear (Boston Gear G1022; hole dia ( B o s t o n e a rH L S H ; h o l d i a . % 6 " ) a t e n e e d e d . G worm For a 60-l gear ratio, a 60.tooth worm gear (Boston Gear G1024; hole dia. vatt) and a w o r m ( B o s t o n e a rH L S H ; h o l e d i a . 3 / r r ' l ) a r e n e e d e d . G 1 couplin0 betwenmotor and switch or gear assembly

change the direction of of the switch rotation shaft.) For convenience, label the wires with tabs numbered as shown in the diagram. Allow aPproximately 5 in. of wire for connecting the rotarY switch to the push-button or slide switches. Now drill the holes in the chassis. Arrangement of the keyboard is left to the builder, but it will be found convenient to imitate that of the standard tvrrewriter as closelY as noisibie. Centers of holes ior the Allied push-button switches are 3/4-in. apart in rows; the rows aie spaced 2 in. If you are using sPringretuin slide switches, adjust the sliding mechanism as shown in Fig. 3. Next, install the switches. There is a ground lug

I i t
I

it p ir r(

TowlRE+gB f------------t

F C E X A M P L E S F W I R I N G R O M H A R TF l G . 4 O NP U S HB U T T O - I L V E R S I O NTO O WrRE-t5 -

1ro wrnrFr

'or pl

*eA wrRE i \--ti roR ro swrrcx "nl'rHE rxcEprror rnEcxanr: oltv

5**rl*,$I,l

'' H FOR B" A TYPICALLY

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER,

,-: _.o::
,"..-; ---_.-,,,orjii'i _T__ .'"1 5r s. 6*--rll ^ 8 :Jt *_ F il ,i st+ i 'i t ii,f1-'t-," II trl -

j :

7g

!:--

-- -------6,8,ro for slide switches. The first "ol"L" in the :-c--------------s,ro,'1 charts refers to th" s*ii"h, the second-to i , the D-____________6,ro labeled wire or wires whi"h-ilh;;r;; ,o E___________-_r connectionsto switches. Use' The micro switch is thrown F------------e,rs.r+ when you want to indicate the end of a word: n ,=________ . _.^ word; e-------------s'zro otherwise rr the retter "{-u-.rrort prrlru.ii ' -------------s' z rs automati;"iiv *"i.r l . rrt"ir' 't'iiJ"s a simplifyy scr r.nls e I stmplrtv_ r'2 ,, T , l------------r, 3 ing. factor in wiring, since all t"tt"rrlt."r.t '"vitha.pulse. o J--------____rr,16,17 -automatic Jhis pulse is ulongateJio, a ,,e,, and beginning dash. Tie K ____________ro,, M_-____-____.,;"
:-----------5,

: l::

then glued to the surface of the button. ffi...&t[. t%lRr"Irro wiring, ]rsingthe chart Fig. __-_____4, y^-.-Tfl:,r",the ;_:__:____]ill,:.,u 4 for. : , push_button-.tii"il;;,"i"i.TFrej"i

.-ll]l ^:i|P
,

I
_u.J

" Vr| ",,:=-l]

' il:--:---:::J'o"#;"J,:ifhT,:U;de;*',"1t.
,, to,ts connect to the power source for the motor

mlcro-swjtch "tnninat;;-;^"th"-rp'i.'g ar9 r----------- *:;,., return slide switch unit, the micro suritcf,

li . . ' l l '-fi--

lll',1J.
-a' ,

i | TERMNA'

:: zE-1-rBA r 3 A ^7F1

R-----------.,,t'" :th",.wise connectedto tt*-r""ai"g k"t ;; the buzzer,code pr,acticeoscillator, etc. urs uu4zur. uuue pl'actrlce OSCrIIalOr., etc. S___________u_,, S--_________s, tS

l---------::i:;; fi:il*':JT*'i:*l*l*tfl'T*
.':, rurn the two-pole, three-position switch

El

H yslpFkfE,lpu",.i,^n,u*,*,,." rq ,."19i"1:I=_* U-*---------rs,

],___________ t" ;il;";;;d !

ontheAllied,push-button switches. Solder two different poles of each tw'pole switch, and one pole oJeachone-pole switch to these lugs. This saveson wiring since n o w the poles on each switch ar-e interconnected through the metal chassis. Otherwise (on slide switches)
interconnect interconnected

V------------s, to the third p?riUorr. w----------.-1,17 Fach time the motor makes",""otritiorrlie X-------__-_e,ro,rz bulb will 1ight, and shortly after a short y__________;,,.," l:fs wgflbe sent (only on..thepush-button unit)._ Depress the mitro "spacing', "*it"h 7__________. ^'o 4E--_-------s'ro'r8A (93 th.epush-button unit only);"ttte lufl pERroD------,3.4 will still light. but no pulse wiil'be sent. -liulb lights press the 3P'i^,5i.]--;."1t0'-iit"lt Directly after the "didah'iwill'1" letter "a". A distinct rr"""a. "a" and press "b" when the bulb -llArR.T^Fqtyllllc Release [lSiBit'i]iiiTt*t'onr lights again._Continue throughout tfre af- phabet, checking against a stlandard table showing code equivalents for letters.
N^" Tl^{ ..

ib";tt ;'-r,:;":;"o"b[":i"SJiiiir*;.r?11 r:,rs Next turn the switch

;;j;."

rhe motor on,but is

poles each on switch. rhe

poles are

the different

,#il.:*ilh.r!i;]-.;,llfi,?R["
Descrintion

3B:l ;:llil i, ,, K,M, s, ::Tr"d to as.i'ground" 'i ;;:i"l:"fr:iil :Biiii :lii::y,l*.:l,:.i.1.,,,,,fi,!,ol R, r, u,w and are connected to ,,C,, -- andperiod,i
qr the terminal strip. Now install the motor, rotary. switche-s, micro "

t[ifil
the

(l],'i;l:"f,it,n:'\
For t]

open sprins return switches tetters c, F, G, slide for B, irl"r',oijtol'?1'toln[:*'r:oi!'", sprins. stide switch tetrer + for Z 1 ll,r^rr"*lirl,1:lLle*throw, retu/n pole, shortins switch rotarv (Allied B 303) 34 i iil.t'"iJtlfithiHii:i; o"

bulb socket. "rd

SWitcheS.

t"tt?l

push-button swit"hus tf,!

letters were typed on a

iillli'liloliltl,assemblv 'r'.'"i,[ tJiil"rulf"",i . il!lul,:"1i" ;lilf f,i,','#,iiilf l'i,yi,i,fl,,:T,1,,,',,1liJ'i,#!.J :ffi"#i

E X A M P L E SO F W I R I N G R O MC H A R T I G , 7 O N S L I D E F F S W I I C HV E R S I O N

"- rirs-ioa)t li'di:1;,tT,,:itl'^;;:f$ri'lll{l;;-;;i;'.*'[ii-;;'<"irri,u ' (Allied

s2E47s)

ii.-Jl'i ;iihJ''pu,,neeuer iseiiimafei-wiitl-nipr; i;i',;: - r:li:Jiff:t eL,z l:i,jii,tT;iit'i,iv' r our_po

n o s i t i o n s - , p p o l e , . s h o r t i nr o t a r y s w i t c h ( ( ) n l y t e n p o s i t i o n s er g a r e n e e d e do r f

i ii'i!',',n;?,1:,;llll;l itll14i.iii-i'iill*yis neded swirch r0r s,id keyb'ard.

TowtRr*6
? '
a

wlREro

l[l

swrrcn "zl'rxEoNr-y ron ercrprror,r rur +ranr ro

80

RADIO.TV EI(PERIMENTER

Antenna Electronlc RelaY An

,ti:

tor the onoleur who srill swil(h, throwson onlenno eleclronic this inexpensive do fte iob ouloreloywill on motitolly onybonduPto fwo nefers, ond it will in' o ( r e o s e h es e n s i t i v i t Y f t moslle(eivers By JOEA. ROLF' K5JOK
fIE one-tube relaY shown in Fie. 1 will handle uP to 100 watls CW, or 85 watts

#i ii

the cobinef The completed electronicqntennd reloy' or T'R 5-wilch'-with with fl-1. piJ* (obove).This unit will permir instont breok-in operolion qlso be used wilh iw iionr.itt"ts of up to 100 wqtts input' lt cqn cobinet ohone rronsmittersrunning uP to 85 wolis' Interior of the reloy q .t"ttttction qnJ layout (below)' The 5C4 is mounted on ii.*i"" between .-ott oiu.lnr. brocket (see iig' a) rh"r olso servesos o shield is t h e i n p u t q n d o u t P u t. o . p o n " i t . . T h e p l o t e l e o d o n t h e t u b e s o c k e f L r o u g l t r t h r i u g h r h e b r o c k e tw i t h o f e e d ' t h r o u g hi n s u l o f o r ' :.:,,,.., ' , , , : : . 1 1 1:,.1 11 t : , '. l.ir l ' ' . ' , ;, ..' : r . , . , . ; r , i , , , . L : i , , i , ',i , q4 0 1 . : , r C 2R:i l ' :

nhone. It is designed for use amateur antenna hav*ith.ttv ins an impedance of 25 to 300 ohins, and it Permits instant and greatlY CW break-in simplifies AM transmitter control. It also acts as a low-gain RF amPlifier to imProve receiver performance. Fieuie 2 shows the circuit, -3 the connections to transFie. miit"", teceiver, and antenna' switch is inserted i-n ifrl across the antenna feedline, in parallel with the transmitter' With the transmitter inoPera-

. . :!

tive. the relaY acts as a amplifier, -allowing signals ;;;;d"d;'tdIrom the antenna to pass through to tne rehow;;;;;r:- wh"n the transmitter is keved' 6C4 is blocked and eflectivelv ;;;;;til";;I'y's isolalesthe receiver from the antenna' 'ih" t;;;" biasing resistor R1 permits the OC+t. ".ia"ct ver:y weak RF signals to the *ttile the strong- signal from, the r"""i*itransmitter createsa cut-oft bias on tne tuoe th"i pt".t"ttts conduction to the receiver' V""" iittt" power is taken {rom the antenna ;;F i t-"tt amount ot RF is lequired ;il to block the 6C4. --ThL entire relay is built inside a 7s/ax?Ya x +-itt-. lnittiUo*' For compactness and simrrli"itu. the unit is powered by the station re^ceivei'or transmitter. A Cinch-Joneschassrs a miniature tiug t"""ines the power cable;

ffi

" THRU R F C l r : C 5 , l , C o ?

coax antenna jack mounted beside it connects the unit to the antenna terminals of the re;;1";;. A standard coax jack at the other end of the Minibox connects the unit to the anand drilling ienna feedline. Construction details are shown in tr'ig. 4. The author used a six-prong power plug (Cinch-Jones P-306-AB) on his unit to match an existing cable from his receiver' A three',f deor four-prong power plug can be used phono lacKs sired. Also, if the builder prefers, can be substituted for the coax antenna jacks --though coax jacks are recommended for hieh-frequency use to avoid losses and to insuie adequate shielding. The 6C4 is mounted on a srnall alumlnum bracket (see Fig. 4) fastened to the botto:n is set at an anlle "i tft" fvri*U.x. the'bracket

NADIO-W EXPERIMENTEN

EVERYONE wl.o uses vacuum tubes NEEDS tbis new 1960 Expanded Editlon TUBE CUIDE. Contalns over 2?00 substitutes for over 1500 tubes, lncludlng radlo & TV receiving tubes, tubes used in Hl-Fi & Stereo, foreign tubes and TV ptcture tubes, All tubes suggested for substltution have charto a c t e r l s t i c ss l m l l a r those they are to replace. FIT INTO SAME SOCKET & NEED NO WIEING CHANGE. Two chapters cover complete listing of TV Pix tube replacements in cluding newest 1l0o tubes. glven tor Substitutes over 225 foreign tubes. Last chaDter lists tranThe sistor substitutes.
aU r,e,celv-i4g featuring GUIDE comDlete onlv CHANGsocKET WITHoUT irt"e suusfitutlons ThiS VAIUAbIE OR REWIRING. ING MONEY book will save You TIIIIE & n of your set even Of and Dermit operation tubes are unobtalntnou-Sn orisinal n::| MoneyBack in 5 Daysif Not Satisfled Guarantood

---

1 rI
)

a fI !-1' r6

{;t"'a
I I

DETAILS CONSTRUCTION

I r t

H, G. ClStN, Consulting N. Y. Amaqansett, Rush ffnd $1. mcrosed

Engineer9ept. TUBE

SM-25 GUIDE.

REPLACEMENT

....'......... Name. 1 I ' Aoo."g I arrr. . . . 2 o 1 e , . . . , s r a t e . . . , . . . ,I . . - r - r r r r r r r r r E r r r r l l

Fanta.ticRarsain Pa(kedcatalos -t-bw, bi3cjil-nh-olo'S S Fantastic n"igq'!- Il'.\ld lslglgF bll;oir-Tioto lorv. !(HoLESALE PRlcEs Ilii"rl"*J"i Tools,HiChingers,-Tubc' Sfeakers, o" ii"nJN"-. Amps, Tuners and other Bargains' Fi'r. S....o

Fill in coupon for a FREE Ore Year Subscription.to

ADDRESS.E--sTATE=__ctTY=----zol{ sendhis in If vou havea friend intere"ted elecronics also' for ""ritl and address a fREE subscription

t03 3. Forge 51.' Aklon 8, Ohio

relay as shown in Fig. 3. The receiver should not be connected during initial tests. Apply power to the T-R Switch and reload the transmitter to the antenna. If the relay is working properly, the transmitter should require only slight readjustment, if any. The neon buib NE-2 is a salety device to indicate any dangerous amount of RF across the output terminals of the relay. If this bulb glows when the transmitter is keyed, it is an indication that the relay is not working oroperlv. Check for a bad tube or wire-up. ^ If ttr6 unit is carefully constructed, only enough RF will reach the receiver to provide comfortable monitoring. If the receiver overloads while transmitting, it is probable that RF is entering the receiver through ventilation louvers or an exposed antenna connection (if the receiver has a terminal strip antenna post). But a coax antenna jack and coPPer window screen taped over ventilation openings in the receiver cabinet will generally cure this. In some cases, shielding the transmitter cabinet will help. Another remedy for overloading on CW, or feedback on phone, is to reduce the receiver gain control when transmitting. The cost of this simple electronic antenna relay is only slightly more than that of a qood antenna relay, but this unit has the advantage of permitting srvitchless CW operation with a single antenna system' To transmit, just start keying and the receiver is automatically disconnected frorn the antenna. On phone, only one switch is needed to put the transmitter on the air.

NADIO.TII EXPERTMENTEN

"

APortahle lntercoln Wireless

By F0RRESTFRANTZ, H. Sr.

't

ili .,iLi

A neot, compqci, lwo-trqnsislor device, lhis portoble iniercom qlso functions as o broqdcost bond receiver.

mokes on excellenl Ihis lrqnsceiver (onsfruction proiect. does week-end lt nof require litense! o

c4

0d\

GREEN S2C

aI-

S2D

*u.,,*n *'lnsjilEi
TI TRANSISTOR BASEcoNNEcroNS h1

'3 t:5, "'isJlgt'" 3.":8 I S T H E R E C E I V EA N D g IS THE SEND

PoslnoN

SCHEMATICWIRE

no need to be stuck with THERE'S I intercom stations at fixed locations r in your home. This portable wireless intercom can be carried wherever you wish to use it. It operates in the broadcast band under FCC limited radiation rules, and therefore does ./t, not require a license (limit communication distance to 75 ft.), and the receiver can be used for BCB reception. Components will cost between $10 and $15. For two-way communications, of course, you need two units. But with one unit you can indulge in oneSPKRI way communication by using a broadcast receiv9 l I er as the second station. Trouble.Free ConslrucI ) fion. The leads connecting to the Send-Receive switch, and those in the RF portion of the unit should be kept short and direct. When construc-

ll-qil

8l

RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER tion is completed, you may have to redress them to eliminate oscillation. First, remove antenna coil L1 from its Masonite mounting strip. Then cut shaft of volume control R4 to a length of 7/4 in. Then turn connection of battery holder lugs over with pliers to form series connections and solder (see Fig. 3). Fill contact eyelets with solder. Jumble-wind coupling coil L2 from 25 ft. of. 7/41 litz wire 3/a-in. length of Ya-in. dia. on ferrite core. Leave 7r/z in. connecting leads. Apply a coat of Duco cement to hold the windings in place. Clean and tin the ends of the leads. Drilling ond Cuf.Ouls. The circuit board as purchased is cut to correct size. Holes must be drilled in it as shorvn in Fig. 4. The front panel as purchased is cut to correct size and contains the four corner holes reouired to fasten it in the "ase. The other hole and switch cut-out locations are shown in Fie. 5. The cut-out for the SendIReceive switch is made bv drilling a series of adjacen[ holes, finished with a kevhole saw and a file. The hole in the case for mounting the antenna is %z in. dia. placed 1in. from the front and 1 in. from the riehthand side on the top of the case. Fronl Ponel Conponeni Mounf. ing. Mount Cl and C2. The dials are removed by loosening the knurled decorative head screws. These capacitors, because of their compact construction, sometimes develop shorts. Connect an ohmmeter across each of them in turn and rotate the shafts. If either of the capacitors is shorted, send it back to the supplier for replacement. Don't attempt a repair. Mount the volume control (R4), the Talk-Listen switch (52) and the loudspeaker (SPKR). Place the knob on R4 and the handle on 52. Fasten the 1-in. machine scr.ews (which hold the circuit board in the final assembly) to the front panel. Circuit Boord Wiring. Mount transformers L3 and L4, and mount the antenna coil Ll.

Circuit boord wiring.

52 {LTTTERSSHOW

swlTcHSEC'|ON L$cAnoN$)

cl

c'0

Psrts coll-out in cqse.

RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER Fasten the coil with insulated hook-up wire or cord passed through the circuit board and tied around the coil. A few drops of Duco cement will hold it in place. Using Figs. 1, 2, and 3 for guidance, wire the circuit board. Mount the components as required in the progress of the wiring. Note that most of the component pigtails pass through the circuit board. The pigtails are bent over and soldered together to form the circuit wiring. This produces a neat job, permits you to make short connections, and makes the compact size of the unit possible. The leads which are to be connected between the cireuit board and the panel wiring of the circuit board should be connected during the wiring of the circuit board. Leave these leads about 6 in. long and cut to length later when the wiring board and panel assemblies are integrated. Use wires of different colors and keep a record of the code to make integration of the circuit board and front panel easier. Front Pqnel Wiring. Wire R4-S, C1, C2 and the portion of the S-2 connections that do not tie into the circuit board wiring. The gimmick C3 is simply a piece of hook-up wire connected to S2 and twisted loosely around the lead from 52 to C2. Wire insulation acts as the dielectric. In making connections to 52, be careful to avoid bending or exerting undue pressure on the switch contacts and lugs. Also be cautious about exerting pressure on the switch wafer. Mount the circuit board on the 1-in. machine screws provided on the front panel for this purpose. The nuts near the ends of these screws (Fig. 2) should be adjusted for correct spacing of the mounting board from the panel. Be sure that there aren't any shorts between the switch 51 and the circuit board. The lugs of 51 may have to be bent slightiy to the side. between the Make the interconnections front panel and the circuit board. The secondary of L4 connects to SPKR and several leads from the circuit board connect to R4-S1 and 52. Mount the battery holder on the speaker magnet frame by passing a loop of wire around the holder and frame on each side of the magnet. Twist the ends together on the bottom side. A drop of Duco between the speaker and the battery holder will tend to make the mounting more solid. Connect the battery holder into the circuit. Insert the batteries in the holder, observing correct polarity. Then provide a lead from S2A to the antenna and place the assembly in the case. But don't fasten the four panel holding screws yet. Tesling Operolion. Turn switch 51 on and volume. turn R4 clockwise for maximum Tune C1 to a local broadcast station. If you can't pick up a station, extend the antenna. If you still can't pick up a station (assuming

tl fr'o'4. j'oro.
o o o o o o o o

+
32"'-.

I I

JI IT

CIRCUIT OARD, RONT IEW B V F

FOUR CORNER H O L E SI N P A N E LA S

3: 8

P A N E L ,F R O N TV I E W

you're within 5 miles of a 250-watt station or within 10 miles of a 5 KW or more powerful station), recheck the wiring. Incorrect positioning of the S2C and S2D leads may cause audio feedback. To cure consistent squealing and whistling, redress these leads. When you have broadcast reception, remove the set from the case and move the position of the lead on the antenna end of L1 relative to C4 for maximum gain at the highfrequency end of the broadcast band. Then decrease the volume control setting to about half of full setting. If the set squeals, decrease the coupling between the L1 lead and C4 till squealing quits. Turn a broadcast receiver on and tune to a frequency at which you don't receive a broadcast station. Then, from a position near the receiver. with the intercom on and the antenna pushed down, push 52 to the send position. Adjust C2 tiU the intercom carrier The comes in on the broadcast receiver.

86

RADIO.TV EXPENIMENTEN

eitr,ttulCr
Side view of front-ponel mountings.

coupling of gimmick C3 rnay have to be increased to attain a signal or decreased to minimize squealing and distortion at the receiver. Audio feedback due to coupling between intercom and receiver causes soueals also-but occurs only when r.eceiver and intercom are within audible "hearing" distance.
M A T E R I A L SL I S T _ W I R E L E S SI N T E R C O M D e s c r i po n it 270 ohm,/2 watt carion resistor,10lo 331(, /2 watt carbonresistor, I0o/o L00K, t/2 watt carbonresistor,10!/o 270K, t/2 watt, carbon resistor,10!l 1 0 1 (m i n i a t u r e o l u m e 0 n t r o l i t h s w i t c h( L a f a v e t t e v c w vc.28) g i m m i c k s e et e x t ) ( c3 c4 1 0 0 m m f . ,1 0 0 0v . c e r a m i c a p a c i t o( S p r a 0 u5 G A - T l ) e r c 6 , c 6 , c t r . 0 I m f d . ,5 0 v . c e r a m i c a p a c i t 0 ( S p r a g u T G - S I 0 ) e r c5, c7, c9 2 5 m f d . , 6 v . m i n i a t u r e l e c t r o l y t i c a p a c i t o r e ( S p r a g uT E - 1 0 9 1 ) c10,clz 1 0 0 m f d . ,5 v . m i n i a t u r e l e c t r o l y t ic a p a c i t o r c (Sprasue E-1102) T cI, c2 365 mmf. miniaturevariablecapacit0r(Lafayette MS-445) ( l TI 2 N 1 6 8 4 t r a n s i s t o r G e n e r aE l e c t r i c ) T2 2N407 transistor (Sylvania) D 1 N 5 6 d i o d e( R a y t h e o n ) s2 4P2T spring relurn lever action switch (Ceiltralab 1457) L1 f e r r i l ea n t e n n ao o pc o i l ( M i l l e r 2 0 0 4 ) l L2 25' 7 /4L litz wire wound on 7atl lenqth, tAtt dia. feftile (Lafayelte MS"33I is a 7/2tt length ol leftite core. c o r ea n d B e l d e n 8 1 7 i s a 1 0 0 , l e n q t h f t h e w i r e ) 8 o L3 10K to 2K miniaturedrivertransformer(Lafayette TR-96) L4 2l( to t0 ohm miniatureoutput transformer(Lafayette TR-93) (LafayetteSK.55) SPKB L0 ohm,2/2r loudspeaker ( A m i n i a t u r ee l e s c o p i ra g t e n n a L a f a y e t t e . 3 4 3 ) t rn F B B f o u r L 5 v . p e n l i t e e l l s ,s e r i e s o n n e c t e(d u r g e s s c c No.7) battery holder (LafayetteNlS.170) miniatureknob (LafayetteNIS-185) 27/t x 33/at,miniatureperf oratedcircuit board h (LafayeiteMS-304) 2 x 334 x 6t/4tt Bakelilecase( LafayetteMS-216) f r o n t p a n e lf o r c a s e( L a f a y e t t e S - 2 1 7 ) M for Components this project may be obtainedfr0m LafayetteRadio, 100 6th Avenue. NewYork 13. N. Y. Desiq. R2, R6 R3 R5 RI R4.S

The antenna may be extended to increase range, but don't open it far enough to permit reception beyond 75 ft. The intercom will function best for communication when held upright with the antenna vertical. It rvill function best as a broadcast receiver when the antenna loop is horizontal. It is extremely directional and selective in this plane. OpercfinE Principles. The remote wireless intercom is an intercom that oermits talkand-listen operation with another unit without requiring connecting wires. The speaker functions as mike and speaker. Separate talk and listen tuning contlols permit tuning to any desired flequency with easy srvitching flom talk to listen without havins to retune. To leceive, Ct must be set .[or the flequency that C2 of a second intercom is tuned to in order to receive it. It is best to tune the two intercoms and then lock the capacitors. Don't depend on dial calibration to do the job. The wireless intercom employs only two transistors and one diode. In the listen function T1 acts as an RF amplifier. and diode Dl recl.ifies the signal to provide an audio voltage signai. This signal is fed back through T1 which amplifies the signal again. Then the signal progresses to output stage T2 and the loudspeaker. The receiving circuit achieves considerable gain and selectivity with minimum equipment through the use of good components and the exercise of design innovations. On the talk function, the coupling from the collector of T1 to the antenna and base of T1 is increased by C2 to produce broadcast frequency oscillation. The input and output connections to T2 are changed by 52 to make the speaker function as a mike and to make 'I2 function as a modulator for T1,

I \ i
I

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tr

t( u lc lc p' la fr

F R

P(

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER

Dry Battery Tester-Charger

flcshA single unit to test cnd chorge radioond olher smoll light,tronsistor bofieries By W. F. GEPHART
or boosting small dry batnECHARGING ftf teries can be worthwhile if you have sev| \ eral flashlights, battery radios or other equipment. Properly used, battery-powered a charger can triple or quadruple the lift of batteries, making the investment in a charger The unit shown in Fig. 1 also worthwhile. "recharging" includes a tester to show when is desirable. (Since dry batteries are essentially primary cells in which a chemical reaction takes place, true recharging is not possible. However, rejuvenation, which will extend the life of the cells, is possible. We'll call this recharging.) Recharging must be done before the battery is completely exhausted. New batteries usually read about 1.5 o per cell (without load) on the average meter. Under normal load (about 25 ma for a battery made up of penlight cells, and about 150 ma for the larger flashlight batteries) the voltage of a fresh cell should not drop more than 10/p. "D" flashlight battery in top Ttrus, a type condition ought to test at 1.5 .u or better without load, and not less than 1.35 o with a 150

,r=

Overoll view of chorger. Bolfery clip arrongemenl moy be voried to meet individucl needs,

ill
SI ("CHARGING VOLTAGE") Pos I - LOW POS.2. MEOIUIV LOW POS.3- MEDIUM HIGI' POS.4- HIGH
I I E J I POS. - 15 VOLT J 2 -1 P O S3 - l 5 0 l v l A . . ^..^-^tt^no' Pos.4- 15MA. J

\e_/3-\

.ll_J"

if'^'

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'.i
'l
s2 ("FUNcloN") Pos.l - t.5 voLT'l r-^a2 a3

\l

I l \ l \.1 l.

maload. When it drops below these levels, it should be recharged. Recharging is not too effective when the voltage (with or without load) is below twothirds of the new-condition voltage. Bear in mind. too. that the battery must be placed in service promptly after recharging. The shelf life of recharged batteries is short (probably due to the limited chemical actionthattakes

,3

i'

7
83 NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTEN
M A T E R I A L SL I S T _ B A T T E R Y C H A R G E R Description Desiq. Rx 56K, /2watt (requiredonly if not includedin PL) RI 20 ohm, I watt (r R? 2 0 0 o h m ,4 w a t t p o t e n t i o m e t e M a l l o r yM 2 0 0 P K ) R3 1500 ohm l% precision(see txt) R4 151( 1% precision(seetext) R5 I0 ohm, l,/2 watt R6 330 ohn, t/2 watt .66 ohm 1% precision(seetext) R7 ( Rg 7 . I 4 o h m 1 % p r e c i s i o n s e et e x t ) SI two-pofe,4.positionrotary switch (Mallory 3226J) 52 SPST push button, normallyopen 53 five.pole, 4.position rotary switch (Mallofy 13351) TI 6.3v CT 1 amp filamenttransformer(lvlerit P-2944) t/2 amp filament transformer(Nlerit P-2964) T2 6.3u R e c t . b r i d g e - c o n n e c ts e l e n i u m e c t i f i e f :a - c i n p u t - 1 5 y m a x i . ed r l m u m ,a t 2 0 0 n a ( F e d e r a 1 0 1 6 ) p i l o t l i g h t h o l d e rf o r N E . 5 1 l a m p ( D i a l c o S e r i e s 5 4 0 6 X PL 9 and 942208 havebuilt.in resistorRx) M 0.1 milliammeter S t e e lc a b i n e t 6 / 2 x 7 / a x 9 f l ( B u d C - 1 5 8 5 ) , N E - 5 1 l a m p , , 3 k n o b s , 2 b i n d i n gp o s t s ,b a t t e f y h o l d e r s s d e s i r d l,i n e a c o r d ,n l s c e l l a n e o u s t d w a r e ha

lnside view of unir, All ports ore mounted on back

of fronf ponel,

place). Even so, the drop in voltage after charging is the greatest in the first 24 hours. No one seems ouite sure what actuallv happens in dry batfery recharging, and soml experimenters claim the best results with ac charging voltages, some with dc, and some with a combination. This unit uses unfiltered, fluctuating dc, which seems to give the best results in the shortest time. Filtered dc (secured by placing a large capacitor across rectifier output) seems to give about the same results, but requires a charging time of 12-20 n0urs. Here are some results with unfiltered dc and an hour's charging time:
Type Battery Befofe lmmediately & Service Charge After Charge "D" Two 1^s2Y Cells No Load l.:st ( Flashliqht) Load 1.20v 1.37| T h r e e" 0 " C e l l s N o L o a d L3t | L.40 v (Strobeli0ht) Load 1.15v I.33 | Two "C" Cells No Load 1.35v 1.50v (Flashlisht) Load l.I5 Y 1.50 v 9 v Transistor# No Load 7 . 5v 8 . 7v (Radio) Load 2 . 0v 7.?v * shelf life time; not in service #charged at 9 ma; all others chargedat 100 ma 2-5 Days Later*

battery, with terminal polarity reversed. The proper charging voltage and current is selected by switch Sr and rheostat R:. Two filament transformers, with their secondaries wired in series through Sr, provide oc input voltqges to the rectifier of 3.15, 6.3, 9.45, and 12.6, which are sufficient for all batteries up to 9 volts. Resistor Rr is a limiting resistor to prevent the current from reaching excessive levels. All parts (except battery holders and terminals) are mounted on the front panel of a small sloping-front cabinet, as shown in

r4o v I.35 v 1.35 v 1.30Y 1.45v 1 . 3 5v 8 . 0v 6 . 0Y

'.r-.^'--{-- G-

; - - : " : . , ':- - ^
\\ ] / sta-t

We see that particularly in the case of the transistor battery, recharging is not too effective when the battery nears exhaustion. The charging rate must be fairly low, with a range of 5-30 ma recommended for batteries made up of penlight cells, and a range of "C", 50-200 ma for the larger cells, such as "D", and "A" cells. Schematic Fig. 2 shows that switch 53 controls the function of the unit. On Positions 1 and 2, used for testing, proper meter multipliers are switched into the circuit for reading the battery voltages, and load resistors are cut in by pressing switch S:. When switch Sa, is on Positions 3 and 4, oc power is on, and the dc output is fed through the meter (with proper current shunts) to the

Figs. 4 and 5. The layout for the panel is shown in Fig. 3, except for the meter mounting screw holes, which should be drilled to fit the meter being used. The values shown for resistors Rg, R+, Ri and Rs are applicable only to a 0-1 ma meter with an internal resistance of 100 ohms. This is a standard 1000 ohms/volt movement, but values for other meter movements can be calculated with the formulas top of opposite page for the ranges shown on Fig. 2:

co: vi< be tht

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTER
( METER-

REAR WAFER R6

(-} BATTERY

[4IDDLE WAFER

sza{

r :Rgf l 4 L_g

s3c

(+) BATTER./ FRONT AFER W

o a -

6
s swtTcH 3
WIRING DEIAILS

T E R MS T R I P . TI T2 PR]. PRI. PL

15- (ImxRm) R4: Im Im XRm R7:

.014

15 Im ImXRm R8:
.150

Im is the full scale deflection of meter 1n amperes, Rm is the internal resistance o f meter in ohms. Wire the primaries of the transformers and pilot light first. Then check polarity of the

secondary leads of the transformers so that series wiring will give 72.6 u. If the polarity is incorrect, the two secondaries will buck each other, and give no output voltage when wired in series. Complete the wiring. The selection of the number and types of battery holders mounted on the cabinet will depend on individual needs. Two binding posts, wired in parallel with the battery hclders, are also provided. Several sets of leads, using the most often needed battery plugs can then be used with the binding posts for those batteries that do not fit in the holders. To use the unit, plug it in, turn Sr to "Lo'w", Rz to full counterclockwise position, and Ss to "15V Test." Put the batteries in the proper holder (or attach to leads), and switch Sr to the appropriate scale and read the no-Ioad voltage. Then press Sz to read the voltage under load. Resistor Rr provides a I50 ma load with 1.5 t-r, and Re provides a load of about 14 ma at 4.5 o,78 ma at 6 o, and 27 ma at 9 o. Next, switch S, to the desired charging current range, and set the charging rate by adjusting Sr and Rs. Generally, charging for an hour or two at the rates mentioned above will be effective. The rate may be increased, but under no conditions should the battery be permitted to get warm. Longer charging times can be used, with varying effectiveness, depending on the charging rate and battery condition, but the unit should be watched. Sometimes excessive charging, either in current rate or time, seems to break the cell down, and the current rises, increasing the damage.

Aascrewiag lnscrutable the

ThoseDqrn Decibels!
Few terms are as frequently misused or widely misunderstood in electronics as is the decLbel The decibel system merely conr,pores signal power levels. Properly used, it makes possible a great simplification of arithmetic. Decibels can be used to compare any two signal power levels of the same kind, in either an ecoustical or electrical system. Or, one may
pare the power of a given viously agreed-upon standard. being considered is compared signal, thetical, one-milliwatt " of the signal concerned, signal witJr a preWhen the signal to a similar, hypowe speak of the in DBM. Further,

by OI'Rock

neers call a Logarithmic scale. This is perhaps the Twice as most confusing point to the uninitiated. many decibels do not mean twice as strong a signal, for instance. Here's how a decibel scale works:
DB Greater Ratio of Signal Power 0 DB Signal powersequal First signaltwice as strong,0r one-half + 3 DB as strong as the other + 6 DB First four tims as strong or weak +10 DB Fifst ten times strongeror weaker +20 DB First I00 times greateror less +30 DB First 1000 times greater0r less +60 DB First one million times greater or less DB Less ODB - 3DB _ 6 DB -10 DB -20 DB _30 DB -60 DB

may compare, in decibels, the strength of a signal to that of the noise power in the me system-the "signal to noise ratio." Let's get straight on the basic facts: First, the bel measures rati.os, that is, how many times ter or less-powerful is the signal concerned,
compared ibels are to the reference signal. Second, not measured upon an ordinary

scale, but rather upon what engi-

Any good electrical engineering reference book will show you how to obtain decibel values or power ratios for the intermediate corresponding values. such as -36 DB, *57 DB, etc. A convenient feature of the decibel system is that amplifier gains and circuit losses, when each is expressed in DB, may be added and subtracted by simple arithmetic directly, to evaluate simply of an entire communieation the performance system.

7
90 RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEB
A set thqt's smqll but one fhor will scoop up rock 'n' roll from locol broodcost. ers, commerciols snd oll.

littleRed The Hot

qftrodiyereflexreceiver Thiscompocl, is sosmollit fils eosily pocket purse into or By FORRESTFRANTZ, H. Sr.

L
B

t-

I D

lL

ELUE L4

GREEN

+T \ I=

O get plenty of gain I in the Little Red I Hot transistor T1 (see Fig. 2) amplifies the signal twice, once while it is still RF and then again when it is AF after detection bv diode D. The audi-o output of T1 is introduced to the base of transistor T2 throueh the audio driver transformer L4. The impedance match between T1 and T2 provided by L4 affords considerably more gain than you could expect from resistancecapacitance coupling. Though not apparent from the circuit, and though not enough to make the set oscillate, there is positive feedback in the RF stage, resulting from the relative placement of the components in the case. This feedback feature and the hieh Q of the antenna coil (L1) make the set quite selective in spite of the fact that it has only one tuned circuit. Cost of the eomponents for the Liltle Red Hot will be a little over $15. Construction time will vary with the builder's experience, but the compact construction makes this project a delightful experience in miniaturization. Conslruction. The construction of this receiver may be accomplished most efficiently by pursuing the task in these phases: f

tl

1 )
I

1) Adapt parts. 2) Make the circuit board.

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEB

9l

R7-g

' i .M *

ruft
I

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I l
i

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i AACK*F BOARCI
Bock view before ossembly.

3) Mount parts. +i Wi"" thi circuit board. 5) Complete wiring and assemble. 6) Test, adjust and debug. Begin by cutting the volume control shaft to a length of 3/8in. Place the portion of the shaft to be eliminated in a vise and cut with a hacksaw. Now remove antenna coil L1 from its Masonite mounting board. Replace the paper tape around the coil ends to hold and protect the windings. Make coils L2 and L3 using the data shown in the Materials List. Coat these coils with Duco cement to prevent unwinding of the turns. The number of turns is not too critical, so if you slip a bit in counting them, don't worry about it. Next, place two layers of cellophane -tape about 3/s in. wide around the edges of the speaker frame on the back of the speaker to prvent the speaker frame from shorting sorie of the receiver wiring which it would otherwise touch. The circuit board is cut from a miniature perforated board according to the layout iho*n in Fig. 4. Speaker and tuning capacitor cut-outs are made by using the hacksaw blade removed from the saw frame. Starter holes can be made with drill and taper ream(L4 and er. The slots for the transformers L5) are also made with the hacksaw blade. Drill a Ys-in. starter hole for the volume

control shaft and ream to size, or simply drill using a a/s-in bit. When cutting and drilling is completed, dress the edges of the board and the cutouts with a file. Use Fig. 3 as a guide for mounting parts' Mount volume control-switch R7-S and transformers L4 and L5 first. The transformers are mounted by bending their mounting lugs down 90o so they can be inserted in the circuit board slits. With the transformer mounting lugs inserted jn the circuit board, slits, press the transformer against the board, and bend the lugs over on the front of the circuit board. Duco cement placed between the base S L I T SF O RM O U N T I N G TRANSFORMER
l"

DIA.

VIEW BOARD LAYOUT-BACK CIRCUIT

,.

I 'r.

92
I , ,,ii:,1,:::ii::::

NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER The circuit board is wired by inserting component pigtails through the perforations and making connections on the front of the board. Where several component pigtails form a common junction, the pigtails may be inserted in a common perforation. The connection routes on the front of the board are short enough in most cases to permit direct connection with component pigtails. Solder the conruluer', solder.

Fronl view of circuit board.

of the transformers and the circuit board will stabilize the mounting- and may bail you out if you break a transformer lug in ihe mounting process. Mount L2 and L3 by fastening with Duco cement, but go easy o-n the cem"entt;.;;; you may have to loosen and re-orient these coils. The remaining componentsare mounted in the processof wiring the circuit board.
M A T E R I A L SL I S T _ L I T T L E R E D H O T Description yz watl carbon resistors, l0fl, tolerance R5 lfi) ohms BZ 470 ohms R5 Z.7K Rl lOK R4, R8 l5K 83 47K R7-S 10K miniatureyolumecontrol with switch (LafayetteVC.28) C6 100 mmf. Mini Kap ceramiccapacitor (LafayetteDM.I0t) C2, C4, C8 .01 mfd. 75v. subminiature capacitor (LafayetteC-612) C9 I nfd., 6v. subminiature electrolyticcapacitor (LafayetteP6.l) C3,C7 30 mJd.,6v. miniatureelectrolyticcapacitor (LafayetteCF.I04) C5 100 mfd., 15v. niniature electr0lyticcapacitor (LafayetteCF-126) Cl 365 mmf. miniaturetuning capacitor(LafayetteMS-2145, i n c l u d e su n i n g d i a l ) t LI flat ferrite antennaloop coil (Miller 2004) L4 10,000 ohm to 2,000 ohm subminiature transformer (LafayetteTR-98) L5 2,000 ohm to 10 ohm miniatureoutput transformer (LafayetteTR.93) L2,L3 Coils L2 and L3 are jumble-wound with Beldeng617 litz wire on t/4tt dia. ferrite cores (saw 0r break off of Lafayette M5.331). Wind 25, of wire 0n a ya,, lenqthof core for L2. and 15, on t/2't of core for L3' T1 21i412 transistor(RCA) 12 2N321 transistor(cE) D 1 N 6 0 d i o d e( R a y t h e o n ) (Lafayette SPKR ll,/2" PM loudspeaker SK-61) B 9r. transistorradio battery (Mallory TR-146R) volumecontrol knob (LafayetteMS_IES) miniatureperforated hoard (LafayetteMS-305) case(LafayetteMS-424 ivory or MS.427 maroon) All components this project are availablefrom LafavetteRadio. for Dept. SM, 165-08 Liherty Ayenue, Jamaica33, New yotk. Desig,

along.use a hot ctean #fit':ffi ;:"f""ij:

JolQ.er Solder

quickly. qurcr<ry.

nents, particularly

Ivlrnlature Miniature

compo_

Tav_ !e dama-ged by soldering iron heat apT3y, b"e damaged by soldering iron heat applied for too long a time. Be cautious aboi.t electrolytic capacitor and battery polarities in making connections. Mount T2 first and then wire C3. CT. R5. R6, R4, and C5 into the circuit. Then wire R3, Rl and C2. The connection of C4. L2 and L3 follows. Don't cut L2 and L3 leads too short; you may have to reverse connections later. Next, mount diode D and connect C6. R?. R8 and C9 into the circuit. Mount T1 and complete connections to L2. Mount and connect R2 and C3. Now recheck the wiring for correctness and examine the circuit boird for poor connections and shorts. Then attach leads for C1 and for battery connections. Solder battery connection lugs on the battery leads. connect C1, and connect the L5 secondarv leads to the loudspeaker voice coil lugs. Connect L1 into the circuit. Whether it is best to place the Little Red Hot in the case or leave it out for test, adjustment and debugging is a tossup. If you don't place it in the case, care must be exercised to prevent shorting of components, and the tuning capacitor (C1) is difficult to adjust. If yoq placg the receiver in the case, you'll probably have to pull it out if there are difficulties. To test, adjust, and debug, connect the battery to the set (if it's available, use another less expensive 9-v battery-six series-connected penlite or flashlight cells are fine-for first tests), turn the volume on, and tune for a station. If the set is insensitive over the entire broadcast band, interchange the A and D

transistors and diodes.

t. b n
fl

tl (r cl ol in

Ct in
I

be in sIi ve rel tio

RADIO.TVEXPEBIMENTEB lead connections of L2-L3. Sensitivity should increase as L1 is moved toward the position approaching the "incase" mounting relationship of L1 and

93

L2-L3. If the set is insensitive at one end of the band only, interchange L2's AB connections or L3's CD connections. Try the possible combinations till you arrive at the best results. Next mount the set in the case and try it again. Slide L1 back and forth the case till best sensitivity. It may be possible to reach a point where the set will oscillate (squeal). Simply change the position of L1 till the squealing stops. The position of C6 relative to L1 influences sensitivity. The sensitivity of the set may also be increased by tilting L2 and L3 slightly from their vertical orientation relative to the circuit board if oscillations did not occur during the previous adjustment of the
position of L1. Ex-

;t""c lh"..;e"' .i 6l you get

Bock view of enfire ossemby without (A) ond wirh (B) bottery.

periment with tiltini to right and left with the set in the case. W"hen oplimum position is found, fasten L2L3 in piace perinanently with cement, and fasten L1 against the side of the case with cellophane tipe. --The circuit^board assembly is held in the case with two machine s"""*s. Pressure between the circuit board and the case holds tir" ip"rk"r in place. Position the speaker so that maximum cone area is visible through the cabinet speaker openings. Fasten C1 directly to the case with the two small machine provided with the capacitor for this s"..*r pu"por". Install the dial provid"d with the itor and fasten the ,roiu-e control knob.

can be snapped on.- Insulate the battery lugs and any p-oition of the battery outer metal shell that might touch connections with cellophane tape' The Little Red Hot will give -you- rea-sonable performance up to 10 or 15-miles frorn a broldcast station. It's extremely directive. A short (1 to 3 ft.) antenna lead connected to the junction 9f th-9 C1 stator and the top of L1 will reduce this directivity. Removing Enqmel Wire Insulqtion . Tq remove enamel insulation on magnet and hook-up wire quickly and cleanly, wrap a piece of sandpaper around the wire and give

the battery so the back of the case

a twisting, rotary motion.-E. L. BunNna.

F
9l NADIO-W EKPERIMENTEB

Underwgiter

Inlercom
This unusualiniercom provides constan+con+acf between boat and diver,amplifying your voice througha loudspeaker By C. L. HENRY
for rough boat service or fi\ESIGNED I J dockside operation, the amplifier of this v intercom is transistorized for batterv economy. Its simple circuitry and reliabll operation make it ideal for Scuba divers. or even "hard hat" professionals. The diver weats a throat mike and earphone (Figs. 1, 3). When he talks, his voice is amplified to speaker volume and can be heard by anyone within earshot on the boat or dock above. Unlike an ordinary telephone s_et,there is no push button or ringer, and the diver's hands are always free. Also, o special sidetone circuit enables him to hear his voice in the earphone and know that the surface is also hearins him. "upstairst end (Fig. 2) operation is -At the ultra-simple, with a push-to-taik switch and loudsp_eaker volume control as the only live controls. A separate volume control, R12. (Fig. 58) is equipped with a Millen shaft Iock so that the vol-ime fed to the diver's earphone cannot be changed accidentally. Also, an auxiliary audio output jack enables you to connect in a remote speaker. One diver r,eported that this interphone, which uses less than $20 worth of parts, paid for itself quickly in helping to salvage'Ibst articles. Itb fine I'or treasure hunting or coaching Scuba students and since the ihroat mike riould enable it to work well in very noisy locations, it might have many uses on dry land as well. Power for the microphone circuit is supplied by two D-size flaihlight cells mount6d inside the case. T}re 300-rna. amnlifier requires an outside battery. You &n use a lantern size dry cell, which will give you up to 15 hours of continuous operation, equal t-o many days of diving. Or, using the 6-12 volt selector switch, you can tap any convenient storage battery. Consiruclion. Begin by marking, drilling and punching all of the holes in the case, the lront and back covers, Fig. 4 and in the internal chassis box (Fig. 6). Even though the case itself will be sealed later by rubber gaskets, it is necessary for salt water operation especially, to protect all metal surfaces against accidental wetting. Coat the inside of the case and the surfaces of parts that you can't reach later riith several iayers of acrylic or silicone resin spray, which both insulates and p r o v i d e sc o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e . Completely waterproof the speaker with 4 to 6 heavy coats of the plastic spray.
Wecring o woterproof eorphone ond throot mike, the diver is olwoys in inslqni contqct wirh rhe surfoce. The phone must be worn loosely to ovoid unequolized eor pressure which could rupture the ebrdrum.

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al

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th in s'l Pl fu. (s ta1 tio

cel

NADIO.TVEXPEBIMENTEN

95 How lt Works. In the amplifier, two transistors are used to obtain a full 2-watt output with a carbon mike input. Mike power is supplied by two flashlight cells mounted inside the amplifier case. They will provide months of use. Tl:e diver's carbon mike is connected through a transformer. T1. and volume control R4 to the input o{ the first transistor, TR1, a Sylvania type 2N35. An NPN type, this transistor is operated in a common emitter type of circuit. Resistors R5 and R6 determine the bias or operating point of the transistor, and it requires about 4 ma collector eurrent. The collector or output lead of the 2N35 is connected to the trans-

The diver's voice, ot loudspeoker volume con be cleorly heard on boct or dock. Mon on surfoce presses push-to-tolk bullon on top of cmplifier cose.

Next mount all the parts as shown in Figs. 5A, 58, using lock washers or lock nuts. The transistors are located on the cover of a small 4 x 2 x 23/+-in.chassis box (Fig. 6) which in turn is mounted on the inside of the back panel of the amplifier case. Bolt the 2N155 transistor directly to the box, after scraping the box paint off to provide tight contact and effective heat dissipation. Transformer T1 is mounted inside the chassis box along with the resistors and capacitors in the transistor circuitry. Positioning of parts is not critical, but keep the input and output circuits as far apart as possible, since feedback or whistling may occur if they are close enough to couple. Wire the transistor circuit (Fig. 5C) and then complete the rest of the amplifier, using color coded hookup wire. Now check your wiring carefully against the schematic. If the transistors are wired they will be ruined instantly incorrectly, when power is applied to the circuit. Complete construction by lacing the wiring carefully, and then coat the entire assembly (switch contacts protected temporarily with sprays mentape) with the waterproofing tioned earlier. Cut strips of rubber and cement them to the case to make a watertight gasket for the front and back panels.

former T2. The winding of T2 is bypassed with C5 to correct the high frequency response of the amplifier, The secondary of T2 connects to the second transistor, fR2, a CBS type 2N155. Output of TR2 feeds to transformer T3 where the collector current
W-E HA-I OREQU]V 50 oHM

CANNON CANNON I!1S3IO6BIOSL.3S NO NO.r!1531068r25-3P r\4S3057-44 WITFi W]TH MS3O57-4A CABLE CLAIIIP

TI-jROATMIKE ARI\,4Y AIR OR FORCESURP:US

FT 3 COND. AMPHENOL OPTIoNAL IOO CABLE NO 90- MC3l\4 CABLE BELDEN CoNNECTOR N0,8453 lNOr SHOWN r NF r G . ) |

LOW IMPEOANCE EARPHONE WITH HEAOBAND ( WATERPROOFO ) W I R E SC A N B E C L A M P E D TO SHOULOERSTRAE SO STRAIN WILL NOT 8E

THROAT MIKE

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7
96 is about 350 ma. The 2N155 output circuit is unusual: in effect, it is a common emitter-type amplifier, with two feedback windinss on T3 canceling each othe"r to aliow the 2N155 collector to be connected directly to chassis in older to provide an effective heat sink. The T3 secondary is connected to the push-to-talk switch, and in normal position, through this switch to the loudspeaker mounted in the case. When the push-to-talk switch is pressed, the output of the amplifier output connects through the remote volume control, R12, to the diver's earphone. Capacitor C8 supplies a sidetone circuit which allows the diver to hear himself talk. When he can't hear himself. it warns him that there is no communication to the surface. If you want more sidetone, increase the size of this capacitor. Wqler ProofinE Mike ond Phone. The amplifiel serves either the scuba or skin diver, or the hard-hat suit diving rig. RADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER
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mouthpiece, speech in the ordinary manner would be impossible; hence a surplus throat
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RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTER

91

Tronsistors cre mounled on the top of the smoll cirtuif gcskets for both front box cover. Moke woterprooffng ond bock covers of Vz-in, rubber strip.
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mike is used. Sound is picked up via throat contact and while the results are not hi-fi, a little pracJI R12 J3 FUSE R U B B E RS E A L tice makes simple words R I z SHAFT LOCK JI J3 understandable. Seal the edge of the throat mike rvith Scotchkote (or equivalent) Electrical Coating. REAR Select an earphone of low impedance for VI EW greatest volume. Remove the diaphragm, spray it and the wiring, and then seal the entire assembly with plastic electrical tape covered with Scotchkote. For extreme depths, you may want to do some experimenting with the alternate RI4 R 6 ' c6 R2 j00 MFl6V method cf drilling 47AA c3 220-t ,42 MF holes in the earphone / zAa\ 8MF case, and allowing water SV - + to enter and equalize pl'essure. Underwater, the earphone is almost as clear sounding as on dry R8 land, since the short dist2a O F F -2 tance to the ear is not the 6V tzv enough to muffie sound. You ean use an earphone clip, or attach both throat mike and earphone to an elastic headRro I et 22a ) L;)tMF board. One important When in the caution: TRI u)ater, d,o not fit the head2 N3 5 -!a 4 | 2 ^ phone ttghtly ouer the ear rt s-l tr; '\7t1. sinc e pr essur e o ariations Ril\ t-T[ St \ z--.1 T" 'Sf nusuo- I A L K . - - . i,n descent can rupture U , WIRING BATTERY' coNNECTro$ts 60R t2V aour eardrum. 4" LOUDSPEAKER, 0 .c , ..n."or,. Fig. 9 details the infl WATER PROOF. SEETEXT
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98

RADIO-TVEXPERIMEI'ITEA
M A T E R I A L SL I S T _ U N D E R W A T E R E L E P H O N E T N o .R e q ' d S i z ea n d D e s c f i n t i o n AMPLIFIER R1-4.7K. 1 watt, 10o,/,carh0nresistof A R2. .R3, Rto, 811-220 0hm, I watt, Iojl carbon tesistors I R4-51(, 2 watt, variableresistor (volumecontrol) ohmitetype AB Rs-lK, V2 tratt, 10% cafbon resistor R6-561(, 0 watt, 10% carbon resrstor B7-22 shm, 2 wall, !\oL carbon fesistor R8-120 ohn, 2 watt, Llo/. carbon resistcr R9-270 ohrn, 2 watl, IOo/o carbon resistor R 1 2 - 6 0 o h n , 4 w a t t , v a r i a b l er e s i s t o r ( r e n t o t ev o l u m e control)IRC type60 Rl3-47 ohm, 2 watt, !0o/o carbon resistor RI4-4.7K, I watt, I0% carbon resistor C1, C2, C5, C7, C8-0.1 mfd., 200.vott paper capacitors I C3-0.02 mfd., 200.volt paper caparitor G4-8 mfd., 50-volt electrolytic capacitor r C6-100 mfd., 6.volt caDacitof I SI-Telever type 160061,push.to.talk witch (Alternate s SwitchcraftII006) I S 2 - A r r o w - H a f t a n d H e g e m a n a t h a n d l et o g g t e ,t y p e b 82024-D TI-transforner, Argonne AR.l23 t I T 2 - t r a n s f o r m e r ,A r g o n n e R . I O 5 A I T3 transformer.Motorola type 25C53676! onty (auto ra. d i 0 r e p l a c e m e n ta v a i l a b l e V l o t o r o lp a r t s d i s t r i b u t o r s ) I a I TRl-Sylvania type 2N35 transistor, pN N TR2-CBS type 2N155 transistor, Np P I M l - c a r b 0 n m i c r o p h o n e , e s t e r n l e c t r i ct y p e F . L o r W E e q u i v . ' r( S u r p l u si t e m a v a i l a b l e o l u m b i a l e c t r o n i c s :2 5 1 C E 2 W . W a s h i n g t o B l v d . , L 0 s A n g e l e sC a l i f . ) n , s p e a k e r4 i n . P M t y p e , c o n es p e a k e r , I HARDWARE I J l - c o n n e c t o r , 3 c o n d u c t o rA m p h e n otly p e 9 l . p C 3 F , I J 2 - t e l e p h 0 n ej a c k , M a l l o r y t y p e X p 4 B J3-connector, 2 conductor,Amphenoltype 80-pC2F I 9 x 6 l . 5 " s t e e l c a r r y i n gc a s e ,B u d # C C . 1 0 9 5 , b l a c k w r i n k l ef i n i s h ,w i t h h a n d l e 4 x 2 x 2 3 t ' t t b o x c h a s s i sL M B M o d e lI 0 2 I , fuse retainer, Buss type 34200I 1 shaft lock for R12, Mallory type 1241496 gocket,transistof t I battefy holder, Keystonetype p l a s t i cs p r a y ,r u b b e rf e e t , m 0 u n t i n q c r e w sn u t s , Mi s c . s , l o c k w a s h e rd e c a l s s, t l n l e s si n d i c a t e d t h e r w i s ea l l p a r t s a r e a v a i l a b l er o m L a . o , f fayett Electronics, 165.58 Liberty Ave., Jamaica33, N.y. P A R T SF O R S C U B AO R 5 I ( I N D I V E R m i c r c p h o n e h r o a t t y p e , A r m y o r A i r F o r c es u r p l u s , v a i l . t, I a a b l e f r o m R o s c o e a r d B a r q a i nB a z a a r , 8 3 1 H i x s o np i k e . W 3 Chattanooga Tenn. 5, h e a d p h o n e ,I o h m , l o w i m p e d a n cte p e , W e s t e r nE l e c t r i c 1 I y HAI or qual Pl-Cannon MS3L06Bl2S-3P,with CannonMS3057-4A I c a b l ec l a n r p ( o p t i o n a l ) I P2-Cannon lvl53106BI05L-35,with M53057.44 cabte clamp (optional) I P}-Anphenol 91-MC3M 100 ft 3.conductorcable, rubher coveredBelden 8453 with snool. o r w i n d u pr e e l P A R T SF O R S U I T D I V E R ' SF A C E M A S K E r n i c r o p h o n e - W e s t e r nl e c t r i ct y p e N t , s i n g l e b u t t o n c a r . bon'50 ohm* headphone, J. WesternElectric type HAl, or eoual I J1-Amphenol MS3I02A10SL.3P I Pl-Amphenol M53106810SL-3S, with Cann0ntvt53057.44 cable clarnp P z - A m F h e n o l9 I - M C 3 M I I00 ft 3.conductorcable, rubber.covered Belden8453 x' Telephoneparts are also available from TelephoneRepair and S u p p l yC o m p a n y1 7 6 0 L u n t A v e n u eC h i c a g o 6 , l l l . , , 2 I

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This type of foce mosk connecls to qn qir hose, Sinca the diver hos no mouthpiece, ihe microphone csn be insrolled neqr the boitom of the plostic foceplofe.

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stallation of a single button type microphone in the faceplate of the hard-ha.t diving rig. Waterproof the microphone, and install the earphone, also waterproofed, in the head covering of the suit. Both mike and phones are connected to the 3-wire eable with a surplus AN waterproof connector. Tape the cable directly to the air hose. Connect the cable to the skin diver's mike and earphone directly-taping and covering the wire joint with Scotchkote. For extensive Scuba diving and exploration, a wire reel and about 150-feet of the 3-wire cable can be arranged for easy operation. Lines to several divers can be connected to the amplifier, simply by wiring in parallel. If the Scuba diver needs complete freedom of movernent, he can shed his phone, mike and cable, and tie it to an underwater marker

anchored in position. Brightly colored, it will be easy to find for use at any time. Such a completed underwater intercom will add an immense safety lactor for novice divers,

RADIO-TV EXPENIMEMER

It's fun to build gcdgers. bui the serious experimenler soon reqlizes thot lhis is but o preliminary lo reol electronic undelstonding. To moster ony bronch of science. one musi leorn to toke, grqph, ond onolyze guonfifo. five dqto. With rhis convenieni tronsistor chorocferistics onolyzer you do iust rhor,

By C. F. ROCKEY
LOCK diagram (Fig. 2) and schematic (Fig. 3) show how this transistor analyzer works. A relatively low-voltage dc source "signal" provides a which may be applied in either polarity to either the base or emitter circuit of the transistor under test. Likewise, a variable supply dc source may be connected curat will to any electrode. Appropriate rent-measuring instruments are associated with each source, and either positive or negative terminals of either source may be made the common point by grounding switches. points of the circuit are All significant brought out to terminal screws for convenient reading of all important circuit potenrelationships in tials. Thus voltage/current semiconductor any parts of a three-terminal element may be conveniently adjusted and measured. Two-terminal crystal diodes may also be studied by connecting to the two appropriate terminals. You can build this device easily in a couple of evenings. Total cost to build will be approximately $50 (including batteries and at least one experimenter's transistor for dem-

onstration). You will also need a volt-ohmmilliammeter of the ordinary radio-servicing sort. Conslructing the Unif. Begin by drilling the major chassis holes (see Fig. 4). Any lineartaper, radio-replacement potentiometers of the right value may be used. They need not be equipped with switches. Multi-element function switches were used, even though so few positions were utilized, because these switches cost no more than those rvith fewer positions, and the manufacturer provides an adjustable stop so that the user may readily select as many positions as he needs; also, the additional switch positions provide for expansion as the transistor art advances. You may use appropriate switches you have on hand, but make sure that they are of the nonshortzng type. After drilling the major holes, drill ehassis and mount the Cinch-Jones terminql strips using 6-32 steel machine screws and nuts. Then fasten into place each of the potentiometers and switches. Solder each connection carefully with rosin-core solder, avoiding short-circuits between lugs or to the chassis. The exact order of the wiring is not critical; just be sure you

100

RADIO.TVEXPENIMNNTEA tery connections. Be sure to observe corlect polar:ity. I recommend a 6-u "lantern l.attery," avaiiable at rnost large hardware stores, for the supply battery. Provide connections to it by soldering wires to the spring temrinals usually used. Make sure the battery switch is in of position. Next, connect the Ieads of the transistor you wish to examine to the terminals provided. Be sure to first ascertain whether it is a PNP or an NPN unit; incorrect infor' mation here wiil cause confusion in the measurements, and may re-

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follow an orderly procedure, and check each step carefully. Finally, install and connect the meters. Be sure to observe the little plus-sign, and polarize these correctly. When the meters have been installed, and the wiring checked, clean off the top of the chassis with carbon tetrachloride, or other grease solvent and mark the terminals and switch positions with a steel pen, using draftsman's ink. When the markings are complete and dry, give the chassis a coat of clear, water-white spray lacquer. Using the Tronsistor Anolyzer. Prepare the instrument for use by connecting a single 1.5-r-r flashlight battery to Signal Battery terminals, a 4.5- to 6-o battery to Supply BatS TRANS]TOR UNDER TEST

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sult in transistor or meter damage. Perhaps the most significant first determination that can be made is that of the ERC grounded-emitter current transfer characteristic. This property ERE clearly illustrates the control impedance property of the transistor, and thus its ability to amplify. In this measurement we hold the emitter-collector voltage constant, and vary the base curlent. The corresponding variations in collector current are then observed and tabulated. Before turning-on SUPPLY BATTERY the battery switch, set

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENIER
MATERIALS LIST_TRANSISTOR ANALYZER l{o. Req'd L I + I 2 3 z 5 Size and Description

aluminumchassis x 10 x 17,, 4 0 to 100 nicroammeter, Triplett Model327 g 1 9 3 m i l l i a m m e t e T,r i p t e t t M o d e t 2 7 r 3 DPST tossle switch SPDT toggleswitches 10K.,_ wire-wound linear taper potentiometers, Mallory rwK., ltn-ear tapef potenti0meters, Mallory non-shorting singledeckrotary switches, [iallory, Number 31I.L 1 I 3 terminal,Cinch.Jones terminalstrip I 4 terminal,Cinch.Jones terminalstri'p 3 2 terminal,Cinch-Jones terminalstrii 5 27e dial plates,Croname 6 bar frnobs I Fahnestock clio &32 nachine-screws,t/2t, long,steelhex nuts, steelfor aboye. prasttcInsutated hookup wite, rosin cote solder Also needed measurements, not alreadyon hand: for if I 1.5 v flashlightcell I 6vlanternbatterv yolt.oim.milliammetrr,or vacuum-tube I volt.ohmmeter r expeflmentet juncti0ntfansistor s

VTVM from the collector to ground. Connection to the collector may be ieached directly at the upper terminal of-the pair marked End, an{ ground connection may- be made to the Fahnestock clip. Turn.on the-battery switch and adjust the sup-pLA battery potentiometer to 1.5 o from collector to ground. This may cause the Isig microammeter to read backwirds. If it doesl slowly advance the Signal battery potentio-i eter untrl tt reads at zero. (This ,,back cur_ rent" is due to normal interaction within-{he transistor.) After this change has been made you will probably have to reset the Supplv battery_pot to the correct voltage. (The in_ put and output circuits of a tiansiitor are interrelated, unlike those of a vacuum-tube at low frequencies which are isolated.) . With the collector voltage at 1.5 o Jnd the base current (Isig) at zer6, obse"v" ."a t"l:

up the other controls as follows: c HOLESFoR POT, METERHOLESACCORDING ; For an NPN transistor (grounded TO MANUFACTURER TEMPLATE emitter connection) : Base selector switch, * sig; Emitter selector switch, - sup; Collector selector -> switch, * sup; Signal battery t grounding switch, - ground; supply bat grounding switch, -ground. For a PNP transistor: Base selector switch, - sig; Emitter selector switch, * sup; Collector selector switch, - sup; Sig bat .o* +''r&., grounding switch, * ground; Sup " SELEcToR swtTcHEs bat grounding switch, * ground. r,, A cHASStS t- HoLIS FOR In either case, the potentiomTOGGLE WITCH S L AYOU T T Y P I C A LC O R N E R eters in series with each element of the transistor should be set to zero resist- glate the collector current, which will be read ance position. Set both of the.battery poten- from-Isup,__the milliam-"t"r. i.ir*,-t ""p0-3 tiometers to zero voltage position.ing the Collector voltage at 1.5 u. b.y ;aj;;Now, using the 10-o (or similarly-scaled) ment of the Supply 6"tt"r, "poienti";;;;;; ,"t""iio]ill.r" range, connect a radio-serviceman's voM or advance the Signil batterv

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stii.to"*peres. Jockey the two battery pots aS necessary to achieve this condition. Again, observe and tabulate the collector current, Isup. Repeat, in 5 - microampere (base current) steps until the maximum collector current of 3 milliamperes is reached. Be sure that the voltage from collector to ground remains at

Under<hsssis view of complered onolyzer,

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EXPERIMENTEN NADIO.TV
TABLE A-SWITCH SETTINGS OR TRANSISTOR F CIRCUIT ONFIGUBATIONS: C COMMON EMITIER: NPN Basq Selector Switch *sig -sup Enitter Selector Switch Collector Selector Switch +sup -ground Signal attery rounding B G -ground B Supply attery rounding G lsig readsbasecurrent, lsup readsc0llectorcurrent. pt0vided Colleclot sfiespotentiometer. by PNP -siu +suF -sup +ground +ground Load resistance

COMMON BASE: NPN PNP -siq Base Selector Switch f sig -si0 E m i t t e rS e l e c t oS w i t c h r *sig -sup Collctor Selector Switch +sup -ground B Signal attery roundin0 G +ground -ground SupplyBattery Groundi0g +0round lsig readsemitter curfent, lsun readscollectorcurrent. Load resistance providedby Collector seriespotentiometer. COMMON COLLECTQR: Sameas for commonemitter, exceptthat the load resistance prois video by the potentionetrin seriswith lhe Emitter.

investigations, as made by the writer, are shown in Figs. 8, 9, and 10. All of the usual transistor circuit configurations can be investigated by merely selecting the appropriate switch settings (see Table A). Due to the non-uniformity of experimenter's-type transistors, you should not expect your measurements to agree with the author's. Corresponding curves should be of approximately the same shape, however. in graphic form. It is customary to plot the independent variable, in this instance the base current, along the horizontal axis (abscissa) and the dependent variable, the collector current, along the vertical (ordinate) axis. Figure 6 represents a set of curves taken brand in this manner using a popular of experimenter's NPN junction transistor. When completed, such a graph may give rise to a number of significant conclusions. One of these might be that since with an Ec of 4.5 u an approximate base current change of 12 microamperes gives rise to a collector current change of one milliampere, or 1000 microamperes, this transistor provides a current amplification of about 80 times. Is there any doubt as to why such a transistor is useful in practical electronics? Another useful transistor relationship is that between the collector current and the collector voltage, when the base current is kept constant (grounded collector connection). A family of such curves run by the author (using the same NPN unit) is shown in Fig. 7. The identical switch setup, as used fo,r the transfer curves is used for this investigation. Such a family of curves is of first importance to an engineer, who must match a given transistor to a given load resistance, in a practical design problem. With increasing experience in the use of this analyzer, a student may plan and execute many interesting measurements and experiments. Curves resulting from several such

Pt ,o IT ta ahr n( Xe tli & FI

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

r03

Photo Ouiz
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BADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN
eral experimental work. By using surplus or imported meters, and adapting the common ac voltmeter to the more scarce oc ammeter, costs can be kept down to a reasonable figure. Excluding the cabinet, and by using 2tl-in. meters, the unit shown can be built with surplus parts for less than $20, as compared to nearly $40 if built with new parts. Basically, the unit consists of a variable voltage auto-transformer, an oc voltmeter and oc ammeter. Switches transfer the voltmeter connections, cut the ammeter and auto-transf ormer in and out of the circuit and (in the unit shown) provide two ammeter ranges. Figure 1 and the schematic (Fig. 2) also show a neon pilot light

unit, showing psrtr plqcement, control knob in center,

Power AC Panel
powerinputond Simple checks unit furnishes Yorious voltoges oc
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Problem: A TV or radio set that goes bad only between 5:30 and 7:00 PM, or on rainy Monday mornings. Problem: An electric motor that heats up excessively, even though the shaft turns freely. Problem: Can a small radio output transformer be used as a step-down voltige transformer for a given load? The solution to all of these problems lies power unit in the metered variable-voltage shown in Fig. 1. By reducing the normal line voltage to the TV set and radio (as happens when electric stoves create a peak load at diiner time, or when electric clothes dryers are being used on rainy Mondays), adjustments can be made to the set to provide proper operation at lower line voltages. By checking the current being drawn by the motor. evidence of shorted windines can be found. And by checking the curreirt into the transformer as the voltage is increased, and comparing with its rating, its suitability for a given job can be determined. There are many other uses for a highpowered, metered, variable oc power source in servicing work, appliance repair, and gen-

M A T E R I A L SL I S T _ P O W E B P A N E L ( A p p l i c a b l eo u n i t s h o w ni n F i g . I ) t Desig. Description Rl 56,000 ohns, t/2 wall (not requiredif includedin PL) RZ 27,000 ohms, ,/2 watt (see text) (SuperiorElectric It6U, TI 7.5 amp variahleauto.transformef Standard Electric 5008U or T5lU. 0hmite VT.8, 0r sur. plus unit of desired anpere capacity) "Current Transformer" (see T2 text) 51 DPST toqqle (see text) 52 DPDT toggle (see text) 5 3 , 5 4 S P D T t o s s l e ,3 a m p 55 SPST toqgle, 3 amp PL neon pilot lisht holder (Dialco 9540SX or equivalent) Ml 0.150 volt a-c meter low.rangea-c yoltmeter (see text) M2 fenale panel receptacle(Amphenol6I.Fl) SOL 6 x 7 x I z t , c a b i n e t( B u d C U . 1 1 2 4 ) , b i n d i n gp o s t s ( o p . tional), plastic scraps, miscellaneous hardware handlingsurplus material where auto.transformers Some companies a n d m e t e r s i g h tb e s e c u r e d : m Adyance Electr0nics, West Broadway, 6 New York 7, N. Y. Bafry Electronics Corp., 5I2 Broadway, New York 12, N. Y. ColumbiaElectronics, 2251 W. WashinotonBlyd., Los Anseles18, Calif. G & G RadioSupply,5I VesyStreet, New York 7, N, Y. H i - M u E l e c t r o n i c s , 3 H a m i l t o nS t . , N e w H a v e n , o n n . I3 C Peak Electronics, 66 W. Broadway,New York 7, N. Y. StandardSurplus,1230 Market Street, San Francisco Calif. 3, TAB, Ill-WD Liberty Street, l,lewYork 6, N. Y. Also refer to local Classifid Dirctoriesunder the head. Telephone ings of: " R a d i o E q u i p n e n ta n d S u p p l i e s " " E l e c t f o n i cE q u i p m e n a n d S u p p l i e s " t "Surplus Materials"

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RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTEN and binding posts paralleling the outlet socket, neither of which is absolutely essential. The only unusual item is the "current home-made trans(T2), the details of former" which are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. AC ammeters are scarce in surplus stocks, and sinee any ammeter's scale is non-linear, Iower values are hard to read. Both of these problems are overcome by using a simple low voltage oc meter, the "current transformer," and multipliers to provide two or more ranges. The transformer shown was made by wrapping insulated ff14 wire around an old relay eoil. The coil used was from a surplus relay, has a dc resistance of nearly 7000 ohms, and is about 2 in. long and of 1 in. dia. The f14 wire (top winding of T2 in Fig. 2) is in series with the power line through the unit, and current flowing through these turns of heav5r wire induce a voltage in the relay coil, which deflects meter M2. The action is fairlv linear, and the meter can read'ily be calibrated in amperes. The meter used was a 0-2 volt ac meter. About 8 turns of ft74 wire give a full-scale deflection (2 volts) when 3 amperes flow through the circuit. Smaller wire, with more turns, could be used to get greater deflection. For example, 3 amps flowing through the additionil turns permitted by using f 18 wire might give induced voltages of over 5 volts, permitting the use of a higher range voltmeter. To make the transformer, first decide on the current to be required to give a full-scale deflection of the meter on the lowest range (if more than one range is desired). Then make a mounting for the relay coil on the back of the meter, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Temporarily connect the relay coil terminals to the voltmeter and solder one end of the heavv wire to the lug at one "or.,"-, of the mounting plate. Wrap as many turns oI heavy wire as
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6.0 72O 300 + 200 + I50 + 50 (minus 10W) Lanls requiredto calibrateto 3 am,pefs: two l0 watt, two-15 wltt, oni tsOuiattl-oni, 100 watt, one 150 watt. one 200 watt A d d i t i o n a l . . l a m p e q u i r e dt o c a l i b r a t e o G a m p e r e so n e 2 5 w a t t , o n e 4 0 w a t t , o n e rs t : 300 watt. F o u r s o c k e t s i l l b e m a x i m u m e q u i f e df o r e i t h e r c a l i b r a t i o n . w r

90 L20 150 180 2L0 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 590

50+15+15 100 + l0 + 10 150 r50 + Is + 15 150+ 60 200+15+15+10 200+60+r0 200+ r00 200+100+15+15 200+100+60 200+150+2s+15 200+150+60+10 200+150+100 300+r50+15+15 300+150+60 300+200+2s+15 300+ 200 + 60 + I0 300+ 200+ 100 300+ 200+ 100+ 25 (minus 5W) 300+ 200+ r00 + 60 300+ 200+ 150+ 40

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106

NADIO-TV EXPENTMENTER

of the magnetic field around the coil affecting the meter action. the To determine multiplier used for the ON METER NUTS (R2), range higher SCREWSFASTEN PLATE TO METER use a variable resistance or resistance decade. Set the value high (50K or more), and connect the load required to give the desired deflection at fullscale on the higher The meter range. COIL MOUNTING BOLT should read less than and gradfull-scale, ually reducing the resistance to the value reouired for full-scale deflection will give the - R u multiplier (R2) value LOWER CORNERS reaulreo. OF PLATE 'io ealibrate the meter, place the metertransformer assembly in the panel (if a metal panel is used)' and, uorrr,*n El .rrrrnr r^o*rro^"r, using the lamp combinations shown in Table possible around the relay coil (single layer) A, note the meter readings on the -existing ind hold the turns in place with a turn or two scale at different current values, for both of plastic electrician's tape. Conneet, the coil ranges (if more than one is used) ' In the un-it of heavy wire in series with the load desired shown, intermediate markings were not made for full-scale reading (see Table A). up to 3 amps on the 6-amp scale, since those If the meter goes off-scale, reduce the numlrilrr"" *ould be read on the Iower range. ber of turns of heavy wire by unwinding the There are definite reasons for the voltfree end of the coil, a turn at a time. Conmeter switch (S3), the voltage control switch tinue checking the meter reading, and as the (S2), and the ammeter switch (S5). The voltexact full-scale point is approached, reduce rireter switch permits the voltmeter to be the turns by half- and quarter-turns, to get switched to read either direct line voltage or the exact winding required to give full-scale controlled voltage. The voltage control sryit+ deflection when the desired current is flowallows the contiol to be switched out of the ing. When this point is reached, tape the fre,e circuit to permit measurement of current at "artificial" adjustend of heavy wire on the relay coil, and soldirect Iine voltage, without ment. The ammeter switch permits the amder the end to the lug at the other corner. If the full number of turns will not give full meter to be switched out of the circuit when using devices that have a high starting curscale deflection for the desired current, these rentln excess of meter capacity, but a lower are several alternatives. One, use a meter ot greater sensitivity; two, try winding a.second running current. No dimensions are given, as they will vary laver of heavv wire; three, increase the curwith individual needs and the exact surplus re-nt desired for full-scale deflection; and parts secured. For most use, a 3-amp autofour. use smaller wire. The second layer of lransformer will do, as it will handle up to wire may reduce induced voltage unless 360 watts, although a larger unit might be wound carefully, and the use of smaller wire needed if much work is done with fractional mav be undesirable if it has insufficient curhorsepower motors. rerit capacity for the full load required,- parTwo-in. meters will do, although three-in. ticularly if several ranges are to be used. meter faces give longer scale length and only In miking the transformer mounting, make cost a dollar more at most surplus houses. the plastic-rod spacer as long as possible (within the limits of the cabinet ehosen) to Switches 51 and 52 must have a current caoacitv eoual to the maximum to be handled keep the relay coil away from the meter. This bv the unit; the others can be standard 3-amp important if the meter is in a is particularly switches. noir-metallic case,-as it reduces the possibility

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RtrDIO.TvH(PERIMENTER

0ne-Tube Con Tin Rereiver

er supply, the pentode works as a combination RF-AF amplifier. A crystal diode (CR) is used for an RF detector. Radio signals enter the receiver from the By JOEA. ROLF, KsJOK antenna through Cl and the desired station is selected by the A one-lb, tobocco ccn contdins the tuned circuit formed receiver ond its 4" PM speoker. Tunby C2 and L1. The seing ond volume controls qre on top lected signal is then of rhe lid. specker is mounted in the amplified by the tube bottom of the con. Power cord ond onlenno leod olso enter the csbinet rvhich is biased for RF from the bofiom. amplification by the cathode resistor Rl. The amplified signal appears across L3 in the plate lead of the tube and, since L3 and L2 form an RF transformer, RF is transferred to L2; RF does not flow through the primary of the output transformer T1, but is passed to ground by CG which offers very little impedance to RF. The amplitude of the signal appearing across L2 is controlled by I F you're a pipe smoker, you no doubt alR4 (the volume control). This voltage is recI ready have a cabinet for this receiver. If I not, you probably have a friend who buys tified by diode CR, and an AF voltage aphis tobacco in a one-lb. can. An empty cigar pears across the detector load, R2 and R3. tin or a two-lb. cofiee tin can also be used or. Any RF still present at this point is passed to if desired, the unit can be easily built on a ground by C4 and C5 which have low imsmall standard chassis. pedance to radio frequencies, but high to A Prince Albert tobacco can, 5 in. high and audio frequencies. 5 in. dia., was used as cabinet by the author. The grid of the tube is connected between Some tobaccos are packaged in slightly smaller containers and using one of these may !rvt Cl make it necessary to alter the parts layoul roo slightly from that shown in Figs. 3 and 4. :{+ However, with care there will be no difficulty ca in getting the components to fit easily in any iio! vr one-lb. tin you use. CR _If you're an old-timer in radio, you'll probably recognize the circuit shown in Fig. 2. Similar to those popular in the days when multi-tubers were large and cumbersome and ':n n vacuum tubes expensive, it's a reflex circuit designed for economy and compactness and IB \ flI making a single tube do the work of two' U both RF and AF amp1ifier. Here's how the R5 lK reflex circuit shown in Fig. 2 works: The 117N7/GT contains a rectifier and c8 c7 -----T----power pentode section in the same envelope, zOMFI 2O]VF T . o 0 5 M F J. plr"r.ra.t" The rectifier is employed as a half-wave pow= ?

Here is an inexpensive one-tubebroadcastband receiver fhaf will give four-tube performance. S+a+ions nearly 70 milesaway come in with good loudspeaker volume

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t08

NADIO.I5' EXPERIMENTER

R2 and R3 where the AF voltage is negative with respect to ground' Thls negative audio voltage, acting through L1 (low AF impedance) biases the tube automatically and causes it to act as an AF amplifier. The AF signal i^ th" tube's plate lead is not affected by L3, nor is it transferred to L2. Nor is it erounded bv C6. Instead, it appeat's icross the primary of the audio transformer T1 to operate the speaker connected to the secondarY winding. Construction. The receiver is built

C2

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with the speaker and outPut transformer mounted in the bottom of the can and other components mounted on t\ r: r,r cdr.rrcl or'r s'-1.*..cjl, ar'r an L-shaped chassis which is fastened to the lid-of the can by the volume conChqssisfor the receiveris on L-shapedbracket which fostens trol shaft and two machine 5s1gw5.The to the fobqcco con lid. This photo shows the loyout of po?t3 be of aluminum or chassis may either on the topside of the chqssis. leods from lhe outpul lrons' sheet metai. Sheet metal will be someformer are soldered to the terminol strip ot the reor edgc. what harder to work, but will allow the builder to solder ground eonnections directly to the chassis without using solder lugs. Form the chassis from a Piece of max tefial 3L/+ 5 in. bent to a right angle with sides measuring 2x31/+ in. and 3 x 3r/+ :lrt.The 2-in. side {astens to the lid wllh the other leg of the angle centered about 3/+in. from one edge of the lid' c3 The 2 x 3Ya-in. covers most of the lid to reinforce the thin material to which c5 it is attached. The 3-in. leg is used for mounting the comPonents. Tunine capacitor,C2 and volume control R4 ite placed'so that their shafts are centered-in the lid. The tube socket possible' is placed behind C2 as close asTrinsformer L2-L3 is mounted horizontally'next to the tube as shown in Fig' Underside of chossis. Holes for bringing leods from thc top of rhe chossisshould be plcced so fhof plcfe ond grid a. wtrite Ll is mounted in a vertical poleqds are shorl ond seporoled from one onoihel. sition between the tuning capacitor and volume control. A two-lug terminal strip on the top of the chassis,at.the winding should be secured with several coats rielit rear edge, is used to connect the output trinsformer leads to the chassis.Capacitors of coil dope or finger'-nail polish' The original winding ii L2; the added winding, L3' C6 and C7 are also mounted on this strip. A 12-in. piece o{ hookup wire brought out C8 is placed on the right Filter capacitor underside of the chassis and next to it, to- of the cabinet with the power cord serves as an antenna lead-in to the chassis. A pin-jack ward the front, is a two-lug terminal strip for R3, and C5. The layout -of the from a discarded tube socket can be soldered mounting R2, plastic remaininlg components is not critical,.-but to this wire and shielded with tape or tubing to make a handy antenna jac!. ."". sttoita be taken that the lid will fit Mount the speaker in the bottom of the can p"op"ttv wit!' everything mounted and that transthe grid and plate leads are separaleq as with four machine screws. Output or *".n" .. possiEle to avoid the possibility of former T1 can be mounted with screws lt is particularly important that L1 soldered in place. If the recommended speakfeedback. er is not used, its replacement should not exand L2 be mounted at right angles !9.o1" tend above the bottom of the can more than another and separated as much as possible in L3/+ in., otherwise the chassis may have to be order to minimize couPling. L2-L3 is made bY made smaller. The RF transformer Small holes in the bottom of the can serve -ittdirre ?5 turns of litz wire (obtainable tone, cut a f.om a-discarded RF or IF coil) over the as a speaker grille. Or, for better antenna coil. The added 4-in. dia. hole in the bottom with a sharp *itraittgt of a ferite

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER
I V I A T E R I A LL t S T _ T I N C A N R E C E I V E R S Desi0. D e s c r i no n it 100 nrmf. mica capacitol 3 6 5 m m f . v a r i a b l e( d c u b l e - b e a f i n g p l a c e m e n y p e ) c a . re tt p a ct o r i c3 . 0 5 r n f . 2 0 0 W V n r i d g e t u b u l a rc a p a c i t o r . 0 0 1 m f . d i s cc e r a n i cc a n a c i t o r c5 500 mmf. nica capacitor .001 mf. disccefamic aoacitor c .005 nt. discceramic apacitor c c8 2 0 - 2 0 _ f l f . - 1 5 0 W V d u a l e l e c t r o l y t i c( C o r n e l l D u b i t i e r BBRD 2215) canacitor Cr 1 N 3 4 o r C K - 7 0 5d i o d e LI h i . Q f e r r i t ea n t e n n a o i l c L2 h i - Q f e r r i t ea n t e n n a o i l c L3 75 turns of litz wire wound over L2 (see text) RI 56 ohn, t/2 watt resistor R2 22,000 ohm, l,/a watt resistor R3 1 megohm, watt resistor t/a R4 ohm, _1,-0-0_0 ,./4watt volumecontr0l (with SpST switch) B5 1,000 ohm,I watt resistor spk 4 " P M . r e p l a c e n e ny p e s p e a k e r , . 2 . o h mc o i l ( J e n s e n tt 3 4J6 o r C l e t r o nP M - 4 p 2 ) Swl S P S Ts w i t c h ( o n v o l u m e o n t r o lR 4 ) c T1 3,000/j.2 ohm, 3-watt output transformer VI 1 1 7 N 7 / G Tt u b e I w : f e r o r s a d d l e . m 0 u n tc t a l s o c k e t , 2 t e r m i n a l s t r i 0 s o (<-fug.type)-,twenty t/axt/4,t nachine screws. 5, nower c0r0 wrth pluS, jt/4 x 5'r pc. of +16 or g18 ca. alu. IlnrT 0r..sheet .metal, l2r Eg copperwire, plain or i l n n e o ,s o t d e r h o o k . u D i r e . & w

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knife. But watch the sharp edgesl When the mounting holes for speakei and output trans_ tormer have been drilled plus a hole at one edge for the.power cord, giue a piece;f-p;;_ rorared cardboard over the bottom of the can to plotect the speaker cone. Then make fhree hairpin legs of #g sil_ y"tg{ Soppgr wire formed into-V .fr"p", iln in. high and soldered in place. foi' eojJ l"n; use untinned copper. wire that tu, E""" f8fi rsned and grven a coat of clear finger_nail polish to retald tar.nishins. With completion of cLassis wiring and speaker mounting, bring the power "";h ;;j ante.nna lead through the holi in the bottom ot the can and attach a power plug. Next, solder.the outgut transforiner pri-uiy l"uJ, to the_lugs of the terminal strip at th" ,"rl oi -l;"g the chassis. These leads should b" enough to permit the chassis to be ,emovei t.rom the cabinet with the speaker in place, To tcst.the unit, use a tong antenni. (The set snould never be grounded or operated on a metal surface.) With an antenna connected. turn the set on and advance the volume con_ trol to maximum. Check and see if the fila_ ments are lit before tuning across the band. If wolking pr,operly, the receiver will receive stations clearly-or with a rvhistle. In either c.ase,find a stro_ngstation at the high end of the band and adjust L2's slug for bEst "u""ol tion. At some point of adjustment the audio rvill become distorted. Set the slug just below this point. Because of the metal cabinet and the ab_ sence of a loop antenna, a short external an_ tenna is necessary. For.local stations, 4 f't. of hook-up wire is sufficient. For distant stil tions,.a lo_n_ger leirgth str.ung around the r.oom wrll do. When the set is working proper.ly,

co,nnect a short antenna and adjust L1 so that C2 tunes the entire broadcast tu"a ""a tfrl" adjust the slug on L2 again for best ,"""rrilo". '-the receiver is now ready to be placed-in its cabinet. _ A small amount of regeneration reorrires "L2 the initial adjustment of to "uoial'irirr_ tion,or oscillation at the upper edge of the band. This also tends to mlke thJreceiver more sensitive on the high end of the band. but volume for all station"s i. """rfvlir" -Ui"" ,"*? d_ue to the AVC action of tt " J"aio _ While not as selective. the receiver ti".-U"1i". tone than most small table_models. desoite the.small speaker and tin cabinet. Ii'p;;r:;;_ lectivity js noticed rvhen the set is operated near loca-I. high-powcr stations, reduce the value o[ C1 by about half. Noie: To avoid the possibilitv of shock. either': 1) always plug the po*". "ola into the 110-v outlet with the ca6inet common to the ground side of the power line (this will also give best reception); ol Zl "o.pLt"iv -chassis rsolate the line from the cabinet and by making all ground connections to a termrnal lug insulated from the chassis.Capaci_ tor C4, howevei-. should be grounded to ihe chassts to provide an FF retur.n to the tuning capacitor frame.

Coil-WindingTlp
o Amateur r:adio RUBBER BAND operators who wind their own short wave coils know PE[] how dif f icult it MARKS sometimes is to propell.y space and I anchor just a {ew E slor turns of wire. The .lj'oeep l6 solution is to sarv or file two opposite slots 7s in. wide and about I rc in. deep on the top edge of the coil Iorm. Place a wide, flat No. 32 rubber band in these slots and stretch it over the form and between two pails of prongs. Fountain pen or ball pen marks are easily made on the rubb.er band, exactly where each turn of wire should pass. Draw the wire tightly to embed it in the insulating rubber and hoid it neatlv in place without thc use of cement. Invert Aeriql lo Speed Insfqllqlion o The neighbors may think you're crazy if. you stai't the installation of a TV or ridio aelial upside down, but doing this will helo you to quickly and easily align a bracket oir the g-dSeof your house.-By iaving "one masi the parallel a corner of the building, of the windorvs, or some other velticii part. it is e_asyto sight the alignment while-adjustirrl the mounting br.acket. Then you need ollJ leve.rse the mast to finish the- job.
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EXPERIMENIE'N NADIO-TTT

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herd to iump yourtinsers rz"i"."i'ili'l-"*;:r,. fl-91'111,":'::,11".*:"?i':*^ll?,::"i-:1J"tX\T.:1t"h:*:i; oI streqmers blue dischcrses to i.u" is teta ctosetv sphere..smcll
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Generotgr Von ExperimentoldeGroofl

volts-on uP Develop to 380,000 as scuffing the same'princiPle
across a heavy rug ' By HAROLDP. STRAND
r. , OU can build a simplified version of the Y electrostatic generator developed in 1931by I ir.Robert J. Van de Graaff that aided in the development of the atomic bomb' The full-size q"n"..iorc produce several million volts on an iphere at the top of an insulated if""*t"* column. The small counterpart of these Van de Graafi generators will perform a variety of expe,rivolts irents (Fig. 1) and develop up to 380,000 ideal atmospheric conditions' Dampness in under the air reduces the efficiency of the unit causing i""f.. of the static charges from the belt' the column and the sphere to the air. When this unit *.r t".t"a at ihe high-voltage laboratory of a large university in dry air, -ihe short-circuit .curren*t was 18 microamps at the calculated voltage' - -ittu ttigtt voltages generated are not usually a""e"to"i. althoulh y-ot "ut feel a-good slrle if rprikt j.t^p to your fingertips when leld too power close to the ball. There is no electrlcal

I
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RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER supplied to the belt; it picks up charges as the velvet rubs over plastic. Static chare-eson the surface of the plastic are positive and a"ttractnesative chargcs from the ground through a brush near the bottom end of the belt. Theie neeative charges are carried upward on the moving- belt, picked off by one of the two brushes in tie top and carried to the surface of the sphere througir the corona gap. The other brush is called tf,e charging brush becauseit insures a positive polar_ ity of the belt on the way down (Fig. B). Aiter a few minutes of operation, voltage builds up on the sphere to the maximum possible with the insula_ tion provided and atmosphericconditions present. The model stands 3972in. high and only weighs 18.pounds. The only requirement for operating it is a 115-volta-c or d-c outlet for the moior. , An inexpensive motor for driving the belt can be salvagedfrom an old Hoover vu"urr- cleaner. A slide-wire resistor or rheostat controls the speed to around 3000-4000 rpzz. These motors are usually available at repair shops for $5 or $6 and develop about r/+ hp. Be sure to select one with tight bearings that runs fast, smooth and without excessive sparking. It's a good idea to disassemblethe motor, clean out dirt and old oii first. While the armature is out, turn the threaded end of the shaft to a !/4-in. diameter (Fig. 5). To reverse the direction of rotation to drive the velToble-top Van de Grcafl throws hecvy, noisy dis_ chqrge to hqnd electrode up to S in. or ihinner dischqrges up to I or 10 in. This model simulqtes the full-size generqtors thqt helped in qtomic reseqrch.

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LUCITE COLUMN

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RI.DIO.TVEXPE?IMEMEN
A plywood cabinet encloses the motor and the base of the plastic column (Fig. ). fhe motor mounts on two angle brackets bent up from fi6 x a/a-in.mild steel or aluminum. Make a base for the motor from %-in. birch plywood and mount it on large rubber knobs at the four corners to reduce vibration and to allow the belt to be tiehtened by compressing the rubber. Adjust "orrrp-."rsion on rubber mounts to align pulley. A turned hardwood ring with its inside diameter of about 47Aa, should be a tieht fit around in. the Lucite column. Shellac or varnish makes an efiective cement to hold the column in the rinE. A flat copper wire (salvaged from the field wincl-ing of an old automobile starter) around the column keeps lower end of unit at ground potential. The lower belt pulley mounts directly on the end of the motor shaft (Fig. 5). Turn a slight crown on the solid Lucite pulley to help keep the belt centered. Turn the center rod parts from brass stocl<and assemblepulley to thJend of the motor shaft with set screw. Turning and center hole boring must be done accurately. A bent-up piece of .064 aiuminum supports the ground inductor brush (Fig. 6). Two pieces of copper screening, {2-in. mesh, give numerous arcing points and are adjusted with screws to about /s in. from the moving belt after it is in place. A piece of Lucite sheet must be fitted inside the cabinet so the back of the belt rubs it (Fig. 7). Fit the Balceiite supports after the belt is in place, When you complete x.o50' ro"DrA the base cabinet. mount ALUM, SPHERE the driving motor, lower brush pickup and pulley, you're ready to add the top pulley assembly, make the belt and top sphere. The top pulley and brush collector assembly inside the aluminum SAKELITE sphere mounts on two SUPPORIS ALUM. STRIP chunks of paperbase Bakelite screwed and Pliobond. cemented to the PLASTIC EASE CEMENIEO TO inside of the Lucite co7COLUMN umn (Fig. 10). These blocks are curved to fit the column and must be mounted directly opposite each other and centered. The vertical Usupports that hold the top pulley must be bored for a press fit with the bearings. Use a 3/a-in'end cutting bit or end mill in. .0003-'0006 undersize in a drill press to bore out for the bearings. Or you may use a single lip type wood boring bit without a threaded center worm in a drill press if well sharpened. Bore a /a-in. center hole about .0003in, undersize in the piece of 2-in. dia. Lucite to be used for the top pulley for a press fit with the 7+-in.

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shaft, or you can drill a full-size YE-in. hole and turn a slightly oversize steel shaft for a press fit in the hole (Fig. 11). Cut bearing seats on the ends of the shaft for a light press fit in the bearings. Use the lathe cut-ofi tool to indicate length of the shaft, remove from lathe and remove the excess length; file ends smooth. Now, cut a piece of aluminum foil long enough to wrap around the pulley and lap %a in. Pliobond to pulley. To assemble the upper pulley uni! press the bearings on the ends of the pulley shaft, then press the Bakelite side supports over the outer race of the bearings. The U-supports and the cross piece must be centered so the pulley is di-

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rectly over and in alignment with the bottom pulley. A plumb bob or weight on a string helps to align the pulleys vertlcally, but be sure the bottom assembly is resting level. After locating the U-supports, screw them to the Bolcelite cross piece and screw the cross piece to the blocks at the top of the column. The top pulley assembly will be removed later to slip on the belt.

t14

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER scREws
L M A T E R I A L S I S T - V A N d e G R A A F FG E N E R A T 0 R

C l e a rL u c i t e 1 tubirq 25'l long x 4t/2tt dia. xt/s't wall' May comeabout 4/15ft c0 d i ? m e t e a c t u a l m e a s u r e n r e n t .l u m r r 2 s o l i d r o d s t o c k3 ' l l o n gx 2 ' d i a . , p u l l e y s Natural paperbaseBakelite L t . / z x s / + x 3 / a t t ( F t i c l i o n p i e c es u p p o r ti n b a s e ) I t h x s / z x z V 2 t t ( F r i c l i o n p i e c es u p p o r ti n b a s e ) I I e x s/r xzt/"" (Friction Piecesupport in base) M S I r o r e i t P i o d u c t iC o m p a n yn c . , I 3 1 P o r t l a n d t ' . C a m b r i d g e . a s s . p m w i l l s u p p l yt h e a b o v e a t e r i a lp o s t a q e a i d t o a n v p a r t o f t h e U ' S . t V t t x 2 x 6 t / 2 " a l u m .b r u s hb r a c k e ( b a s e ) x .032 x 1"3/s 23/L'talum.alloy (top of bracket) 3/rt x 3/t x 51/2" mild steelmotoranglehrackets eh6" dia. xlr/16" hftss lowerprlley s/a" dia. x !3/4" hrasslower pulley t/2" 63//8x cabinet f4/g" hitch plywood, cabinrt 7/B x 63/s" birch plywood. fir plywoodz/a x 8/2 x L43/4" hase l l 3 / 8 x 3 / 8 " h a r d w o os t r i p s t o c k d laneous Miscel ruhberknobsor feet 3/4l0 1" diameter notor base for ahout ruhberknobs c r m u n i v e r s a l 0 t 0 rf r o m a n 0 l d H o o v ev a c u u m l e a n e r t/n" mesh preferably screeninu. 3 x 4" copper f l a t c o D E ew i r e f r o m t h e l i e l d c o i l o f a n o l d a u t o s t a r t e r 'a [ o u t r 24" long, groundband aroundcolumn Use s top brush trip brushbasein toP top sutrport s i d es u p F o r t b l o c k st,o p e d g e of column pulley upports s

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sernbly at the two f 6-32 scre'ws and slip the unit through the loop of the belt. Tightening the base nuts maintains the reasonably tight tension re' quired. When the belt is running straight and true, adjust the plastrc piece in the base and fit the ground brush in place. In case you have difficulty keeping the belt running true, there are several ways to correct misalignment. Thin shims of cardboard under either base end of the top pu11ey support or tightening front or rear motor bolts a1low considerable adjustment. For further adjustment, the holes in the cabinet base can be slotted to permit shifting the motor as required. The aluminum sphere is a metal spinning made aecording to Fig. 10. You should be able to have a local metal-spinning shop do the job for you, if not, you can get a sphere by mail from the source indicated in the Materials List. When spinning the turned-in neck that should fit tightly over the top end of the column, avoid any sharp corners or the built-up energy from the sphere will leak away. The seam between the two halves of the sphere should form a smooth joint to eliminatc an.,: edges vrhcre energy can leak off.

No. S i z ea n d M a i e r i a l t L Vex/zx 4fla" sheeLucite t/ex3/ax3/a" sheelLucile I r B I Vorlrltrx4t/2" papebase akelite 2 /4x1/15x23/4t' paperhaseBakelite B b 2 /axs/ax/6" paper ase akelit 2 t / a x I 3 h 6 x 3 t / 4 " l i n e nb a s e a l e l i t e B

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Velvet ribbon for the belt may usually be obtained ftom a large department store. You'ii need about 6 ft. of z%-in. r'ibbon of any color' To determine the exact length, run a string over a/a in. for iapping both pulleys and allow about the joint (Fig. 10). Apply a generous coatinq at joined cI Pliobond cement to both surfaces to be and clamp betvi'een two pieces of wood in Cclamps. Be care{ul not to ailow cement outside oI the lap area, or it will be difficult to separate from the wood iater. Let the lap set overnight' To install the belt, remove the top pulley as-

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RJTDIO.III EXPERIMENTEN

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A strip o1.003-in. brcss shim stock is pressed in with bearing ct left side (lccing collector brush). After stqrting the becrings in thei.r holes, qn qrbor press ccn be used to sedt them. Note other top end parts, Set up ol resistors qnd micoummeter lor checking voltcge oI generdtor. It will vcry with humidity.

When the bottom half of the sphere is adjusted, fit the brush collectors and the spark gap strip at the top (Fig. 10). The wiring diagram (Fig. 12) shows the necessary connections with the slidewire resistor or rheostat in the circuit to control the motor's speed. When all parts are assembled and you're ready to make the initial test, run the motor up to about 3000rpm with the top half of the sphere ofi. After a few minutes, you should be able to draw short sparks to your finger at the belt in the region between the brushes if the generator is working right. Possible causes for non operation may be that the plastic sheet in the base is not in full contact with the belt or too much humidity. A final test is to set the half-sphere on top and connect a d-c microammeter between the sphere's surface and the ground terminal. A small chunk of modeling clay will plaster the top lead to the sphere's surface. Start the motor and, after a few moment's operation, you should read 15-20microamperes, the short-circuit current of the unit. To test the voltage output of the generator, connect a string of eleven 5000-megohmspecial highvoltage resistors (Type BBV, available from Resistance Products Co., Harrisburg; Pa.) by screwing their ends together (Fig. 16). Connect the series resistor string to one terminal of a 0-10 d-c microammeter away from the generator, using modeling clay to hold it in constant contact with meter terminal. Attach other end of the resistor string to the sphere with clay. Enclose the resistors in a tube of plastic or other insulation. The other terminal of the meter is connected to the ground terminal of the generator, You might be able to test your generator in a nearby university or electrical testing laboratory which would probably have the special resistors and microammeter. When you complete the voltage test set up, run the motor at about 3000rpnr, for a few minutes to allow voltage to build up on the sphere. Depending upon the humidity conditions in your test room, you should be able to read from 6 to 8 microamperes. If the meter's needle fluctuates wildly, it probably indicates the plastic piece is

not making full contact with the back of the belt. Good contact between the sphere's surface and the resistor string and at the meter is also important for correct readings. When you read the current on the meter, calculate the voltage using Ohm's law (E : I x R, where E represenLs voltage, I the current in amperes and R the resistance in ohms). One microampere is one millionth of an ampere, so 7 microamperes becomes .000007amperes. One megohm equais 1,000,000 ohms and 55,000 megohms converts to 55,000,000,000 ohms. Completing the calculation shows the voltage at a current reading of 7 microamperesis 385,000 volts. The hand electrode (Fig. 13) capacitor aids in experimenting with the Van de Graaft generator. It should be possible to get satisfactory discharges at speeds as low as 1000rpm.

Foil Aids Sef Alignment

o To avoid interference, it is common practice to stop a superhet's oscillator before aligning the intermediate-frequency amplifiers. A simple way to do this, is to wedge a piece of aluminum foil between the plates of the oscillator's tuning capacitor. When the dial is rotated, the foil between the rotor plates makes contact with the stator plates and "kills" the oscillator. The Rqdiomqn's Third Hqnd o A wood clip-type clothespin fastened to tabletop by a suction cup makes a handy holder for soldering of eyelets, terminals and lugs.

Ir6

N-C.DIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

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A n e m i l t e r f o l l o w e r c q n b e u s e d f o c o n n e c tt h e o u d i o o f o r o d i o o r TV set to c hi-fi omplifier. lf bock of set is mefol, insulole bock of emiller follower.

f LECTRONIC expelimenters and hi-fi enthusiasts frequently need to connect a I E low-impedance load to a high-impedance output. Typical applications are coupling a lorv-impedance microphone or phono pickup, or using a low-impedance meter to measure voltages in a high-impedance circuit. An emitter follower will do the job. Sometimes the problem of coupling high impedance devices separated by considerable distance crops up because the capacitance between the connecting wire center lead and shield is sufficiently large to affect the frequency response of the system. If an emitter follower is connected in the line, the problem can be licked. The emitter follower described in this article is relatively small in spite of the fact that no special effort was made to miniaturize it. Flashlight batteries were employed as a power source to obtain operating economy. The current drain on these batteries is less than 1 milliampere. The emitter follor,r'er is the tlansistor equivalent of the vacuum-tube cathode follower. The voltage gain of a cathode follower is approximately r.rnity. A simplified vacuum tube cathode follower circuit is shown in Fig. 2A. The input impedance of a cathode follower is high (several megohms), but the output impedance is iow (several hundred ohms). Thus, if a lcw-irnpedance device such as the oc voltmeter section of a multimeter is to be used to measure oc voltage in a high-impedance circuit, it can be connected to the output terminals and the

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NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTER

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input terminals of the cathode follower become high-impedance input terminals for the meter. Probe leads connected to these input terminals can be connected across high-impedance circuits without loading them significantly. If, on the other hand, the low-impedance ac voltmeter section of the multimeter were placed across a high-impedance circuit, the all practical purposes circuit would be-for -shorted, and the voltage indicated on the meter would be very low. In addition to causing a low meter readi4g, the near-short circuit would afiect the operation of the circuit under test. An example will illustrate this more clearly: Assume that the voltage across terminals A and B in Fig. 28 is to be measured. If a meter with 5K impedance (1000 ohms per volt set to the 5-volt scale) is connected across terminals A and B, it will measure 5i (100 * 5) or ll2l oI the 10 volts. However, if, the meter is connected to the output terminals of the cathode follower, and the input terminals of the cathode follower are connected across terminals A and B, the meter will read nearly 10 volts. Assuming the input impedance of the cathode follower to be 10 megohms, the voltage across the cathode follower input is 10 x 10/10.1, which is nearly

I I A T E R I A L SL I S T _ E M I T T E R F O L L O W E R Desig. Description R3 2.2K,V2watl carhonresistor RZ 220K, t/z watt carbonrsistor Rl 470R, t/2 watt carbonresistor 2EP.P50) CI .5 nfd, 2fi) v paper capacitor(Sprague TEC2 30 mfd, L5 v miniature electrolyticcapacitor (Sprague lI58 Litttl Lvtic) 'B two I.5-v flashlight cells (RCA VS035 or Burgessl{0. 1) two cell battery holder (Lafayette MS-U4) lt/1 5 a Jz/stt niniature perforatedboard ( LafayetteM5-304) m i n i g a t o rc l i p ( M u e l l e r3 0 ) 'f seetext) transistor (or any PNP tvansistor, 2N)62 Raytheon Componentsmay be obtained frorn Lafayette Radio, 165'09 Liberty AYe,,Jamaica33, New York.

10. The cathode follower unfortunately has the drawbacks associated with a vacuum-tube circuit: high voltage supply requirements, wasted power and large size. An emitter follower is free of these drawbaeks, but there are some differences between it and the cathode follower. The circuit of a simplified emitter follower is shown in Fig. 2C. The input impedance of this emitter follower would be approximately equal to beta times R3, if R2 were not present. The

beta of the transistor is the current gain, and for the better audio driver transistors, beta is around 100. Then, if R3 is lK, the input impedance of the emitter follower would be about 100K if R2 could be neglected. But R2 acts in shunt with the input signal, and therefore if R2 is about 200K (this is a practical the input impedance would approximation), be about 67K. It might seem that the input impedance eould be increased considerably by increasing R3. Suppose R3 were 10K. Then, if R2 could be neglected, the input impedance would be l megohm! Now, assuming that R2 can be 1 megohm, the input impedance becomes Yz megohm or 500K. Unfortunately, the size of the battery must be increased (greater to use such values. Furvoltage required) thermore, the previous 1K output impedance has been increased to about 10K. This is a relatively high impedance in itself. The Circuit that was chosen for the practical emitter follower described in this article is shown in Fig. 3. This circuit contains the compromises between voltage and circuit values that produce a high ratio of input to good freoutput impedance and relatively quency response. Resistor R3 was chosen as

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

EMITTER FOLLOWER 2.2K; R2 was chosen as 220K. A series resistance R1 was added to increase the input impedance. In the original model, this resistor was 470K. The input impedance of the amplifier without this resistance was about 100K with a gain of unity. With R1 in the circuit and equal to 470K, the voltage gain was about 1/6, and the input impedance was about 570K. If R1 is 100K, the input impedance is about 200K, and voltage gain is about r/2. If a lower beta transistor such as a Rayt]l.eon CK722 or a GE2N107 is substituted for the higher beta 2N362 used in the original model, the input impedance of the emitter follower without R1 in the circuit will dedrease to about 40K. Now if R1 is made equal to 40K, the input impedance of the unit will be 80K and the voltage gain will be %. If R1 is 200K, the input impedance will be 240K and the voltage gain will be 1/5. It is easy to see that any PNP transistor that you might have will work in this circuit. but some oerformance is lost with lower beta transistors. The front and back views of the emitter follower are shown in Fig. 4. The emitter follower is constructed on a perforated Bakelite board. The on-off switch is a Minigator clip which is connected to the unconnected battery holder lug to turn the emitter follower on. Two flashlight cells connected in series furnish the 3 volts required to power the emitter follower. The input capacitor C1 is 200-u paper capacitor which permits connecting the emitter followel to vacuum-tube circuits. The output capacitor C2 is a 30 mfd. electrolytic capacitor rated at 15 ,u. If you intend to couple into a circuit that has high voltage present, a higher voltage rating is required for this capacitor, but most circuits that you'll couple to won't have high voltage present. To construct the emitter follower', drill the two battery mounting holes and the ihird mounting hole. This third hoie has been provided to allow the emitter follower to be bolted down on other electronic equipment for permanent or semi-permanent installation. Next, mount the battery holder. Then place all of the parts on the board as shown in Fig. 4 by inserting the pigtails through appropriate holes in the board. Then turn the board over and use Figs. 3 and 4 to guide you in rviring. Most of the connections are made with the pigtails of the component parts. The pigtails are bent against the board, and wherever a connection is to be made, the wires are run against each other and soldered. Input and output terminals consist simply of pigtail or wire ends to which Minigator' clip leads may be connected on the original model. If you wish, you may provide wire leads with clips on the ends, or you may provide terminals on the model. The input leads should be shielded. Output ]eads must not be shielded unless a long length of connecting wire is involved. The emitter follower will permit two highimpedance devices that are separated by a great distance to be connected together without high frequency attenuation. You might, for example, wish to use an inexpensive table radio as a tuner with a hi-fi amplifier since the tone quality of most inexpensive radios is quite poor. If you disconnect the radio audio amplifier from the center lug of the volume control and run a shielded lead to the amplifier as shown in Fig. 5A., you've converted the radio into a tuner for your hi-fi amplifier. But, if the shielded lead is over, say, a foot or two long, it will attenuate the high frequencies due to the inherent capacitance of the shielded lead required to minimize ac hum voltage pick-up. If the capacitance of the shielded lead was in parallel with a lorv impedance such as that of the emitter follower output, the frequency response would remain lelatively flat. Such an arrangement is shown in Fig. 58.

NADIO.TVEIOENIMENTEN

113

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60 watt Mazda bulb, THIS I removed from a light I socket, glows when held in the fingertips or mouth, and when placed on a suspended pane of glass. Of course. it takes a little doctoring to make it work this way. First remove the "innards" from a burned-out 60 watt frosted bulb. With pliers, crush the black composition at tip of lamp base (Fig. 2). Shake out composition and remove brass button. With brass shell opening clear, insert plier handle and tap sharply, thus breaking off glass stem inside lamp (Fig. 3). Pull out glass stem and burned out filament through open-

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ing in bottom of brass screw base (Fig. 4). Obtain an anodized hole plug at an auto accessoryor radio supply store, and a 1t1, volt penlight bulb and a penlight battery. Cut a 3/ein. hole in the hole plug. Insert pen-cell into plug, brass tip doroa. Solder tip of bulb to bottom of battery. Connect thin insulated wire from brass shell of penlight bulb to brass out shell of hollowed Mazda bulb. Ream base with closed scissors to admit battery and insert penlight cell assembly into bottom of lamp base (as shown in drawing). So trick will look natural, insert bulb into a lamp which has been disconnected from the house current. When occasion arises, remove bulb from socket, and hold it in your fingers. Press a dime, small paper clip or pin concealed in your hand against bottom of bulb. This completes circuit from center cap oI inverted pen cell to outer brass shell of Mazda lamp and bulb lights up. A paper clip concealed under tongue may be used to light the bulb when held in the'teeth. To light bulb in porcelain cleat socket with no connections and resting on a suspended pane of glass (Fig. 1)' simply previously short-circuit the two screw terminals on socket with a piece of fine wire.R. R. Dorsrrn.

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t20

RADIO.TV EXPEATMEI.TTEI

Professional Wlring Hectronic

would attract your cold, nard casn. Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the method of accomplishing the professional touch shown in Fie. 18. A finat touch of spiiand-polish can be given by applying a generous coating of clear lacquer (such as Fuller's ANL232 "Synalac") over wire, sleeving and number tape. A slack loop consists of nothing more than an excess wire length of 2 or 3 in. at the terminal, where it is formed into either. a horseshoe or a complete A generol-purposepower supply is shown scrcmble-wiredobove. While ir circle. Use a r/2-ii. or works, it looks bod ond is dif,icult to troubleshoot.The some power supply 3/+-in. wooden dowel to is shown clecned up below. An even more workmcnlike form your circles. Slack lob would hovl resulred if the builder had been willing to rewire fhe unit complerely. loops serve two purposes: they provide sufficient slack in the wire to permit rerouting it to an adjacent terminal in the event of later modification in circuitry and they provide for re-termination to the same terminal without a short splice in case a wire breaks at a lug or soldered connection. Shielded wire, one ol more inSulated conductors enclosed in a crosshatch weave of tinned copper, is used in both radio and audio freouency applications to pr6vent stray radiation of RF fields and to avoid nickBy HOWARD S. PYLE up of nc hum and similar distulbing influences on audio leads. Grid wiline to vacuum you build hi-fi or amateur electron lubes is parlicularly su-sceptible to \ 1 /HETHER radio equipment,.you want g_earyou such undesirable influences which then are !/!/ v v can point to with pride. What you amplified in the tube; microphone wiring are building is something which you expect should aluays be in shielded conductors. to be more or less permanent. If and when Frequently the shield itself is used with miyou have occasion to abandon it, you can ask, crophones of the "push-to-talk'' variety rvith and leceive a far better price if your wiring, a built-in switch. The shield then becomes as leflected by your terminal connections and common and forms part of both the switch other circuitry, are of professional appearand rnicrophone circuits. ance and workmanship. Fig. 1A shows a Before the advent of plastic insulated con"hay-wire" method of termination; Fig. 18 is ductors, it u'as possible, by skillful handling, the professional version. Which of the two to lun a smali solder. "cotrar." aiourrd ti,e

RADIO-TVEXPERIMENTEN end of the shielded braid--even include a short length of wire in the collar which could be used to terminate the shield on a chassis ground-point. This is still possible when the conductors themselves are fabric insulated, but not so with plastic which will melt completely with application of sufficient heat to the shield to permit a hot solder joint. The answer? Well, if the shield is merely to be ended or tied-off without grounding, put a drop of liquid solder or aluminum (both applied cold) on the end of the braid and form it smoothly with your fingers to make a solid collar. Such a collar will set up hard in a few minutes and requires no heat, hence there is no damage to insulation. I use either Warner's Liquid Solder or Duro Liquid Aluminum. As an alternate method of avoiding fray at the end of shielding, you can pinch the shield between spaghetti sleeving. The sleeve that goes over the conduetors, the inner sleeve, should be a snug fit, and still capable of being pushed up undet'the shield braid; the outer sleeve must be of an inside diameter whieh will permit sliding over both the shielded braid and the spaghetti on the conductors. Suppose, however, that you do have to ground the shield at either or both ends. Liquid solders are a mechanical binder only and should not be relied on for electrical connections. A far better method is to form a pig-tail directly with the end of the blaid itself. This can be done neatly and effectively by foliowing the steps illustrated in Fig. 3. First, push the shield back up the wire to form a bulge or hump in the shielding by working the braid apart. Using the same tool, pick the conductors out of the shielding, one at a time in small loops. Once you have easy finger grasp, withdraw them within them completely from the short end of the arcxwrRE WRAPPED {l ^{[{fi
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Next. separate the wires of the shield which will form ihe short pig-tail by using the pick or a nail to unbraid the web. Divide the rewires into approximat-e sulting individual thirdJ and braid them tightly like a small girl's hairdo. Seal the end of the pig-tail with i spot of hot solder and fit it with a lug, either the solder type or solderless, as you prefer. Cobling ond Locing. In forming your wiring prior to cabling and lacing, do-not, attempt io .un wires from point-to-point by the shortest route. Except in a few isolated instances (high-frequency carriers, for example), whether a wire is 5 in. long or 7 in. long is of no consequence. Using that reasoning, you will be able to form your wires to follow the line of the chassis, making short, rounded 90o turns at the corners and at branches leaving the main cable harness. If, by extending some individual wire for a few inches you can include it in a main cable harness, do so. If you are careful to use shielded wire wherever ihe schematic you are working flom specifies, or, if not so designated, wherever you are carrying radio or audio frequency such as microphone and speaker leads and wiring to the grid circuits of vacuum tubes, you'll have no tiouble. See that aII such shielded r,r'ires are solidly grounded to the chassis at both ends either by the pig-tail method of Fig. 3 or by small wiring clamps screwed to the chassis. Now to the actual cabling and lacing. Obviously if you are to run in one harness a number of wires that will terminate at scattered points, each wire will be of a different length. Be sure that each is long enough or you-'ll have the tedious job of uniacing all of your harness to replace the short wire. You can cut to exact length when you come to the noint of actual termination but better to

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or an ohmmeter as a doublecheck, when terminating. Professional practice dictates the use of "lock-stitch" which, while really simple, TWOLOOPS HERE IF DRAWUP TIGHT almost defies written description (see Fig. 4). Start your lacing about an inch from the main termination point of your harness . . . a connection block for instance. If it is a harness of relatively few small wires, LONG END space the twine rings around OFT the harness about 7/z in. apart. If it is a larger numt0R 2 PICK END TWINE UP OF AND ber of heavier wires. 1-in. LOOPS FEED THROUGH LOOP THIS WAY spacing will be adequate. Multi-wire h a r n e s s es of THE COMPLETED LOCKSTITCH WILL 'T "Locxsrrrcn" more than 1-in. cross-section LOoK L|KETH|SANDHOLDTtcHT. (l LAcrNG can be laced every 2 in., but if 6-cord lacing twine is used it should be doubled for cHASStS added strength. ENCLOSURE <11.^,.,t-Jo"3-'.,\,1--: A good rule to follow is to space the twine rings for a \'(; distance about equal to the ..o--l STANOARD dia. of the bundled harness y ' ( o N U P P E R | D E trE-porrrdil/-\ S and use the twine doubled w t T HT E R | I I N A L z-_---u on any harness over 1 in. Tie-off the ends, both at the starting point of the lacing BRANCH and at completion, with an MAIN HARNESSES ordinary square knot, douWIRING HARNESS ble tied. LOCK-STITCHLACING Chassis wiring by the cabled and laced method does ?oof mean that all wires of the harness will terminate in the same area at each end, begin by making each wire a few inches There will be considerable branch wiring longer than necessary. from the main harness trunk. As your lacing progresses, you reach various points where In some instances you can completely preform your harness, including the laeing, right one or more wires leave the harness to connect to an adjacent component. on the bench and have it fall in proper place At this point, wrap the twin ring twice in your chassis. Where chassis layout makes around the main harness and bend the wires such pre-fabrication of a harness impossible, leaving the harness 90o toward the terminals it will be necessary to place each individual to which they will connect. Then proceed wire in proper position in the chassis, routing with your lacing to the next branch. This will each one carefully alongside the others with result in a tapered harness (see Fig. 5). which it is to be cabled and making the final at each end. Hold the bundle in tirmination place temporarily with a few ties here and there to maintain the final harness form. Answers Photo io Quizon Page103 Ihen, when all wiring for that particular harness run is complete, Iace it in place in l. Roiary wafer switch, the chassis. 2. Roll of eleclrician's rubber lape, use difierent colOne tip on pre-fabrication: 3. Pilot lamp. or wires for ready identification individually 4. TY lead-in sland-off insulafor. your available at each end of the harness. If 5. Top of spray can ol service chemical. wire stock is insufficient to permit this color 6. Diagonal cullers. coding, mark both ends of each wire with adhesive nurnber tapes or tags, Some craftsmen TO MAKEDOUBLE KNOI

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EXPSNMENTER RADIO.TV
(20omplifiers low-power cost obout ihree wdifers) dollors o woli to build. The Leosebreoker con 75-wolt be conslructed ot o cosl of one dollsr o wqll.

123

little job with enough wallop to enable anyone to break his lease by popular lequest within three minutes! Whether or not that is your projected use for it, this amplifier will deliversubject to rising costs and picking up a few good buys -one watt of power per dollar of construction cost. It is an engineering maxim that when cost is an object, no element of a system should be unduly stronger, or unduly weaker:, than any other. There is no sense in paying for performance that cannot be utilized. At the outset, we gained considerable simplification in design by deciding that the ampliomplifier-thol husn'lbeenbuiltfier would be used only to Not the perfect handle program material omplifiers. in borguin high-power bul on outstonding and not sinusoidal signals. This is a complomise that is tubes, $7For o dollorperwolt includin$ Nelprice, has been used for years in By LEEISHIRIDAN tire design of modulators for high power AM transmitters. Since a sine wave contains much more I 'HEN we decided we needed a new average energy.than does pr.ogram mate.rial we knew we wanted the "Lpiin". \n/ of thJsame peak amplitude, it is permissible possible power output per V V g.""t"st to use much lighte. components than would dollar of"cost. What we acliieved was i drrrdy

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RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER

be required for continuous sinewave operation. It's only necessqry th_qtcomponents be capable of handling the occasionalpeaks in program material. For the amplifier, we felt that the simplest configuration would Fe a pentode gain stage, a splitIoad phase inverter, and the output stage. For the gain stage, a 6AU6 vacuum tube ls excel=lent. very low in noise and capable of high gain. In our circuit, it provides a gain of 200,with well over 200-v peak-to-peak of signal delivered to the following stage. A 654 is used for the phase inverter; set to draw 10 milliamperes, it can deliver 150 v peak-topeak at the output grids, which require about 100 v for full outpu_t. The heavy degeneration provides a very high impedance for the 6AU6 to work into. thus raising its gain-while the 654 presents a fairly low driving impedance to the output grids. But if the end, this poses a problem due tb

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tfie hrst the first stage, another acrbss the primary of across the output transformer (R19 and C?), andthe customary capacitor (Cg) across the feedcustomary capacitor across feedback resistor (R34). Low-frequency stabilization is also achieved by the use of a cathode capacitor in the input stage, coupling capacitors and grid resistbrs feeding the output stage, and the falling response of the output transformer itself. fn consequence,The Leasebreaker is so stable that the removal of the load has absolutely no efiect on frequency response! We colsider lhat any rise in responseat the end of the passband is the mar[ of an unjudging from what stable amplifier-and we've seen, unstable amplifieis are in the majority today, Our Leasebreaker. however. employs 20 db of feedback overali, and the response at the ends of the passband is never anything but a smooth drop below 20 cycles and from 20 kc out to 500 kc. At this point. there is a slight resonance, but the resionse is over 30 db down from midband. No value of capacity up to 10 mfd produced oscillation when shunted across the 16-ohm load. Think we're making too much ado about this business of stability? Remember-an amp-lifier of this power capacity (?5 watts) can, if it runs away, ruin a speaker in just a few seconds!

the low iesonant- frequency of the output transformer. We solved this problem by the joint action of three devices: a series RC (RS a_nd-C4, see Fig. 2) from plate to ground in

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The power supply.We used a Stancor pC8414transformer, which delivers G00volts on each side of center at 200 mits. While this would overheat badly if the amplifier were -continuousl! driven to full output by a sinusoidal signal, it's perfectly capable of handling occasionalhigh level peaks. For the rectifier, we think there's no argument about a 5R4, and one tube is adeouale. A single 15 mfd, 1000-voil slug (C11) is used in the high-voltage section. The ripple here is distressing (35 v peak-to-peak quiescent, rising to 75 v at full load), but a 40-40-10 mfd. 450-v electrolytic capacitor (C8) provides the filtering necessary for lower level stages and the screens of the output stage, To protect the electrolytic capacitors and to make things easier on the tubes by giving the heaters a chance to come up to operiting temperature before the high voltage hits, we used an Amperite thermostatic delay relay-with a 5-v heater so there is no potential difierence
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twin triode, designed for use as a TV vertical deflection amplifier, with a 500-v plate voltage lating and a permissible dissipation of 3.5 watts per section. The two sections are connected in series, with the upper as pass tube and the lower as dc amplifier. The control voltage divider is returned to the minus-105-v bias supply, to keep the dc amplifier grid near glound, yei allow large swings. In operation, this has proved an excellent little regulator, its output voltage being the sarne at full output as at zero signal, with a rise of about 10 v in the middle range. Initially, the output voltage had a tendency to drift with changes in line voltage, but the addition of R26 reduced this drift to an acceptabie range. Colrection is not complete, of course, because the dc amplifier does not have sr-rfficientgain.

between heater and contacts. We preferred the octal-based relay to the miniature for this job because the octal socket provides a longer flashover path to ground than does the miniature. A simple bias supply is provided with a configuration which permits use of a dual 40 mfd can. An OB2 glow tube holds the bias voltage constant. With the values shown, it draws about 10 mils. Some selection of the 5100 and 4700 ohm resistors may be needed to get just exactly minus-50 volts at the tap, and these should be 2-watt ttnits for best temperature stability. Screen regulation is an absolute necessity if maximum power is to be developed. We blithely started with VR tubes and encountered troublel By the time the scr-eens ale stabilized the tubes are beyond theil latings when there's no signal. And there is also considerable additional heat dissipation. So we cast about for a simple solution and that came up with shown in Fig. 2. Note that the conditions which increase the screen drain also pull down the supply voltage considerably, due to the poor high-voltage regulation. The 12BH7 is a husky
of the Bottom-chossis view Leosebresker. (Photo wos token before oddirion of Cl2.)

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128 Consfrucliol. We constructed The Leasebreaker compactly on a 2x7x13-in. chassis, and the large transformers and filter capacitor must butt against each other in order to fit (see Figs. 1, 3 and 4). Tubes and electrolytic capacitors are placed along the front, the 6146's being staggered, rather than side by side, to reduce the heat problem. A neat terminal board effect is achieved through the use of Cinch-Jones 2000 series terminal strips mounted in parallel pairs (See Fig. 5). For the input stage, we used 2006's; a 2005 and 2007 for the phase inverter. 2005's for the screen regulator, and 2008's for mounting miscellaneous power supply resistors. This scheme is a real space saver, since tube sockets may easily be straddled. The two 15K 20-watt dropping resistors are mounted with long screws through the back apron of the chassis. Be sure to use an insulated shoulder washer here and several insulated flat washers on each end! Cinch type 2C? sockets were used for the two electrolytic cans. Note that the outer contaets are tied together to make maximum use of contact area. The bias supply capacitor should be provided with an insulated sleeve, since its can is n:gative with respect to the cnassrs. A double ground system is used to avoid hum troubles, for the charging current through the 15 mfd capacitor is quite high and can easily give trouble if it gets into a common ground bus. For this reason, a power supply ground is made right at the negative terminal of the 15-mfd capacitor to which transformers, electrolytic capacitors and 6146 cathodes are returned. A separate signal ground is made at the input terminals, to which all other grounds are returned through separate ground wires. Good quality steatite sockets should be used, at least for the rectifier and delay relay, since these parts carry the full 750 volts. Use an aluminum chassis. be-

RADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTER
MATERIATS IST-LEASEBBEAKER L Desig. TI T2 T3 Description 45000 ohms plate-to-plateto 4, 8, 16 ohms (Triad S-42A) 600-0.600v, 220nai 5v, 3ai 2 x 6.3u, 1a (StancorPC-6414) 115v. l5ma; 6.3a, 0.6a (Stancor PS8415, Tfiad R.54X) 64U6 654 6145 5R4 082 I2BH7 AnDerite N015 5 50 ma, U5-Y selenium rectifier I00 nfd, 25.v electrolytic 0.5 mfd,600.v bathtub or 0.5 mfd, 400-v moldedpapertubular 0.25 mfd, 500-v moldedpapertubular 100 mmfd mica 0.05 mfd, 600.v moldedpapertubular (matched,if possibl) 1500 mmfd. mica 40.40.10 mfd, 450.v lectrolytic (Mallory FP 376.8) 10000/ y' Zvcnmfd 40-40 mfd, 450.v electrolytic(Mallory FP-238) 15 nfd, 1000.y oil 0.5 mfd, 200-v moldedpapertubular

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Miscellaneous

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Millen #36002 ceramicplate caps SPST tossle switch extractor fuse holder 3AG, 3-amp fuse Cinch#2008 terminalstrips Cinch$2007 terminalstrips CinchS2006 terminalstrips Cinch#2005 terninal strips Cambridge Thermionics +X2006 (or e q u i v a l e n t i)n s u l a t e de r m i n a l s t 2 x 7 x L 3 t t a l u m i n u nc h a s s i s 7.pin niniature tube sockets 9.pin nliniatufetube sockets octal tuhe sockets Ginch#2C7 FP capacitorsockets Eby #56-2 (or equivalnt)screwterminal striD Eby #56.4 (or equivalent)screwtermi. nal strip hook-up wir, rosin solder,misc.hardwarc

cause the high heat conductivity of the metal makes the whole chassis surface available as a radiator. While heat dissipation of this amplifier is considerably below that of most others in its power class, its compact design does keep the dissipation per unit volume fairly high. For this reason, The Leasebreaker should never be enclosed in a smalspace. Tesling. With the 5R4 removed. a dummy load connected and the feedback loop open, the first job is to adjust the bias. Select 4700 and 5100 ohm resistors so that the bias is minus-50 volts. If necessary, other resistors can be shunted across one or the other for vernier adjustment. Next, if a milliameter is available. check the current drawn by the OB2, which should be around 10 mils. Variation of R21, an 820-ohm resistor. can raise or lower this as desired. To set the screen voltage, replace the 5R4 and turn on the power. The high voltage at the 15-mfd capacitor should be around 750 v. Now check screen voltage. If it is not in the range of 200-215 v, shunt one of the resistors in the control voltage divider. Shunting R27 reduces the screen voltage; shunting R25 increases it. Use high values for the first try; the circuit is quite sensitive. When screen voltage is set, the various other voltages can be checked. A VTVM should be used to measure the 6AU6 plate and screen, If results are

NI'DIO.TV EXPERIMENTEN

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satisfactory, feed a 400-cyc1e test signal into -and tuln up its level' The a' oiithe input fier should deliver 75 watts (33 v rms in-,o a 15-ohm load) just at the clipping level as seen on a scope. As regards the feedback loop, if the output transformer primary leads have been connected as indicated, and if the manufacturer is uniform in attaching leads to the windings, the feedback should be negative. With the oscillator providing the 400-cycle test signal set for low output, watch the output signal on a scope while touching a 22K resistor across the fledback telminals. If the output decreases, the feedback is indeed negative,and the pr'oper feedback lesistor may be installed' If the output increases, revelse the output transformer primary leads and try again. It is wise to use the 22K lesistor for the initial test so that if the feedback happens to be positive, the amplifier will be spared the,burden of violent oscillation. Resistor R34 and capacitor C9 ale chosen according to voice coil impedance (see Materials List); but explicitly: v olce e oxL lmpedance 16 ohms 8 ohms 4 ohms R34 150 ohms 200 ohms 270 ohms

C9 2500mmf 3600mmf 5000mmf

With the feedback loop closed, a frequency resDonse run at a level of about l-v output *"y b" made. The amplilier should be down cycles, and about 0.5 db at 20 tta ZO,OOO should fall continuously outside of those points as discussed PreviouslY. is inamplifier Note palticularly-this tended only to be flat to 20 kc, not to 100 kcl People accustomed to 100-kc bandwidth and a fanry square wave response will be 4isappointed bv this-but our aim was a stable amblifi"r. This type of t'esponse is the price of using a cheap output transformer. Similarly at the low end-but it should be noted that smoothly falling response below 20 cycles is beneficial in attenuating rumble from turntables. In checking the power output, the amplifier

should deliver 65 watts at 30 cycles and 75 watts at 40 cycles and above, at the clipping level and just before noticeable flattening appears on the scope. Full power should not be r'un continuously above 5000 cycles since the network across the output transformer pi'imary begins to atrsorb power and the 4700 ohm "head resistor R19 will west" in a big hui'r'y. Instead, make quick checks at 10 and 15 kc by turning up the oscillator for no tnot'e than a second or two, r'eading the metel arrd immediately turning down the oscillator. Power should be 65 watts at 10 kc and 40 watts at 15 kilocycles. This drooping power response does no halm to program material where the vast bulk of power lies below 1000 cycles, and the arnplifier will break up at low frequencies long before the point where high-frequency power will endanger the 4700-ohm resistor. The Leasebreaker may be used with any standard pre-amplifier, although we don't recommend that the preamp power be drawn from the amplifier, as it is very difficult to provide sufficient plate supply decoupling to make the system really stable at sub-audible frequencies. Either the preamp should be selfpowered, or a separate power supply should be built for it. Voltage gain from input to 16ohm output is 20, hence 1 v in will produce 25 watts-a sensitivity of the same order as any usual home music amplifier. Internal impedance as measured at the 16ohm output tap is 1.3 ohms, resulting in a damping factor of 12, which is adequate for lestricting speaker hangover. Total hum arrd noise output with the input shorted is less than 5 millivolts at the 16-ohm tap, or better than ?5 db below 60 watts output. This is predominantly porver-supply ripple due to imbalance in the output tubes, but 5 millivolts of hum is so low as.to be barely audible a foot from a gooo speaKer. Harmonic distortion was measured as a function of frequency for several power levels and the results were about what might be expected.. The low-level distortion is higher than that in units of the Williamson type, but not seriously, since any reasonable amplifier distortion pales into insignificance compared to that contributed by even the best of speakers. The curves (Fig. 7) show the usual. rise at the ends of the range, the low end curve at 60 watts being due to the onset of core saturation. The high end rise, however, is only of academic interest since the 10- and 60-watt power levels will never be reached by proglam material at frequencies above 1000 cycres. If you haven't seen curves like Fig. 7 before, be advised that the usual practice of using only mid-band frequencies in distortion ratings tends to make an amplifier look better than it really is.

r28

RADIO-TV EXPE?IMENTER

Rsdio forChild's Tuner Phono

Yourchild(on hovehis phono rudio,toocnd oll in onepotkoge By HOMIRL. DAVIDS0I{
Be careful not to damage the crystal cartridge by rough handling. Generally, a small pin or swivel screw holds the pickup arm to the horizontal swivel bracket. Remove this, and the arm can be taken off. Be sure to unsolder the two small wires that go from the amplifier to the pickup arm. Phono Arm Repcir. Drill a 96s-in. hole in the middle of the phono pickup arm. This hole should not be drilled too far back on the arm because of the sharp angle in lifting the arm before the male plug is inserted into the radio tuner. Two small, flexible wires are soldered to each terminal and brought out so they can be soldered to the crystal cartridge connection. Do not solder these connections until they are pulled off the cartridge. Heat will sometimes damage the crystal cartridge. tuner to o Place the connections back on the cartridge, and the arm is ready to go. Now remount the phono arm in its original position. All that you're doing is making a simple way to plug the phono amplifier into the radio tuner box. Ballery ond Gobinet Consfruclion. If your case is large enough, use two penlite cells in series or an Eveready 4.05 v. (E133) or an RCA 4.5 v. battery. Since my plastic case was only lr/+ x Ll/z x 2r/+ in.,I had to devise a smaller battery: Three small button mercury cells were used to furnish 4.5 v. of collector voltage. These batteries are the size of small buttons, and being so small, must be mounted in such a way that good contact is made. Cut the closed end from the zinc casing of a small penlite cell to a length of 3/+in. Clean out all loose carbon and residue from the inside of the cell. Cut a piece of thin cardboard long enough to just meet the ends when inserted inside of the penlite zinc case. Drop a small

ffi

Enioymenr is doubled with the qddition of o rodio child's record ployer.

HIS tiny RF tuner can easily be attached to the young fry's record player, converting it to a radio receiver. The tuner consists of a tuned input stage with a small, variable capacitor. The separated signal is then rectified to audio power and amplified by a small transistor. From here the signal is applied to the pick-up arm and then amplified by the phono-amplifier itself. Circuif. The RF signal is picked up from a small lead that should be clipped to an outside antenna for best results, For local stations, a bed spring or metal window frame will pick up enough signal to drive the loudspeaker. A small ferrite coil with a tunable slug and a variable capacitor separates the stations. The slug can be tuned in or out to separate several local stations if one (or more) seems to bother the desired station. A fixed crystal diode detects the audio signal, which is then amplified by the 2N10? transistor. The transistor was added here to help amplify the weak detected signal, as some of the cheaper record players have only one amplifying tube. Since all phonographs have their own volume control. there waJno need to place one upon the small tuner. Also, most record players have a tone control, but most radios do not. A small, fixed capacitor couples the audio signal to the phono pickup arm. It is best to first remove the record player arm from the phonograph before wiring up the male jaek.

MFD OI MFD

at J

SOCKET R3 47K JACK

\\
c3
RI ioK

R2 220K

SCHEMATIC

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTEN
L M A T E R I A L S I S T _ C H I L D ' SP H O N O . R A D I O Desig, CL C2 D C3 L Rt RZ R3 SW TR Batt plus jack Desfiiption .0L nfd tlat ceramic capacitors tN54 xtal tixed diode 365 mtd miniaturevariableca0acitor(LafayetteMS-274) ferrite coil (LafayetteMS.ll) 10,000 ohm resistor, l,/2 watt 220,000 ohm resistor,!/2 watt 47,000 ohm rsistor,Z2 watt to SPST switch (Lafayettr VC-42 or equivalent fit casetype 8098-K3, Allied 348510) such as Cutler-Hammer's GE2N107 4.5 Y (seetext) miniatureplug (LafayetteM5-284) _ miniatrre jack (LafayetteMS-283) plastic cabinet(LafayetteMS-298or other)

t29

i
I

shiny split lock washer into the bottom of the case, and insert the first button battery. Insert all three batteries, observing correct polarity. The batteries will fit snugly, and should be pressed together as tightly as possible. The center contact connector and mounting screw are bolted to a small fiber washer (see Figure 5). Use the smallest bolt and nut combination here, so that they do not touch the crimped sides. Place the rvasher and bolt into the top of the battery. While pressing down on the bolt, crimp the edges of the zinc case over the top of the insulated washer. Be very careful not to touch the center post to the crimped edge, as this will short out the newly constructed battery. The little battery is ready to mount with its own mounting sclew. The plastic case I used was the container (Lafayette) interstage from an Argonne transformer. Any plastic box at least lYg in. high, but not too high to fit under the pickup arm can be used. If no other box is available, you will have to use Lafayette's MS-298 (17a x 31'a x 37/a in.). Drill holes for the ferrite coil assembly, variable capacitor and on-off switch. Mount the female plug atop the case. You can use the tip of the soldering iron to make the larger holes in the plastic, as long as you don't hold the iron to the case too long. After all the holes are drilled, the large components are mounted. First, the capacitor and switch are mounted, then the batterv.

Ports foyout of the RF luner in a tiny 1r/rx1thx21/z in. box. Any cos you hove ovoiloble moy be used (see text).

Before mounting the ferrite coil, solder the diode and resistor into place, and solder two small pigtails to each side. This will save a lot of close soldering down inside the case. The small resistor, capacitors and transisto can be soldered as they are mounted. While the lid is open, solder two small flexible leads to the female plug and to its corresponding circuit. The unit can now be wired. Be sure the battery polarity is observed. The unit is placed directly under the pickup arm and plugged into it. Turn the record player on, and let the tube heat up a few seconds. Hook an outside antenna or long' wire to the small antenna wire. Then, turn on the radio-tuner. If there is hum, reverse the oc plug on the phono. Surprising results were obtained with the small radio-tuner on local and distant stations. The batteries should last a long time, as only 1/5th of a milliampere is pulled from them. The small plastic case can now be bolted to the phonograph mounting board. Always turn the batteries ofi rvhen only the record player is being used to play records. The pickup arm mounting holder can be removed or re-mounted closer toward the turntable if so desired.

)
-l
FX NUT AGAINST WASHER

!-'

!/ /,,

\ r lrtLtfot

BATTERYCONSTRUCTION

r30

RADIO.W EXPERIMENTER

ETECTRON TUBE ANAGRAM

Although trdnsistors ore rcpidly replocing electron tubes in mony opplicotions, tubes still perform iobs ihot fronsistors connol hondle. This onogrom puzzle pertoins enlirely to eleclron tube terminology. Con you correctly fill in oll fhe empty blocks with the correci words. letlers, symbols ond obbreviotions? When you hove the blocks oll filled, check your solulion with the correcl one on poge 152.

By JOHN A. COMSTOCK
ACROSS:
l) Seven-element electron lube. 4) A -cutofl tube is one in which the conlrol grid spirqls q re u n i l o rml y spcced. 7) A gcin compensqting v qcu um lube circuit (cbbr.). l0) A straight line drqwing ccross q series oI plcie current-plqte voltcge cuIveS. ll) A tron is c Iive-elemeni tube hcving two pldtes. 1 5 )O u t p u t (cbbr.). power mdximum oblain. cble by increcsing plqle voltcae or ccthode lemperqlure. 33) Pcrticles hecvier thqn electrons thqt qre hcrmlul lo q CRT tube's screen. 35) A vqricble resistor used in mcny vocuum lube circuils (qbbr.). 37) An electron tube's signol input element. 4l) Elecrron llow eflect in qn electron tube. 44) The "ql-rest" poienticl applied to tube elements. 46) Unit oI conduclqnce. 48)A cathode thct emils eleclrons when struck by light rqys. {9) Hecter tcp tor pilot lomp (letters symbol). 5 l ) - : R p x G m (supply missing lerm).
52) The ulkcli ecrth melql introduced in. q vqcuum lo lube to remove residuql gqs. 53)u = dE ._p (supply

9) Electron lube emit. ting element (cbbr.). l2) Plote potenticl ters symbol). (let-

missing term). DOWN:

I) A-.wqverectilier hcs only plqte. 2) Electron element. ? (suppty 3)u:.dEg missing lerm). 5) A -ode tube is one hcving c lolcl oI six elemenls. 6) The rctio oI q smoll chqnge in Flqte voltcge divi'cl by q smqll ch::;3e in plqte (let. curieat ters symbol). yacpqrticulc! 7) A uum lube elemcnt. 8) A tube designction envelope (c5br.). one

13) The ncme o{ the grid lhqt wqs qdded to lriodes in 1929. dIp 14)-=_(sup.
t FY s! -

ply missing term). 17) The nome oI Lee de forest's triode tube. 19) The ones used on most oclql lubes cre oI Bckelile. 23) A unilctercl vocuum tube circuit (cbbr.), 26) Mcde lo deiermine whelher or not c tube is good. 29) Tube conneclors. 3l) Plcte capqcitqnce lelters symbol, 34) A tube's second qrid (cbbr.). 36) A tube bcse hcving ei ght equcl l y spccsd pins cnd c cenirql cligning key' 38) A--cutolltube is sometimes cqlled q "supercant!gl" lube. 39) The vccuum tube invented by Fleming. 40) A tube thqt doesn't contain gcs (cbbr.). 4l) C-bics voltcge ters symbol). (lel-

receiving

16) Tcrget (cbbr.). l8) A vccuum tube circuit lhct sels up qnd mclntqins sustqined oscillqlions. (abbr.). 19) A tube in which lhe eleclron slreqm is concentrdled or "Iocused" Ior greqter cmplllication, 20)To reduce this, some lubes hqve q center-tqpped Iilqment. 2l) Unil oI current usuclly cpplied to electron lubes. (cbbr.). 22) A llocting qrid. 24) A cclhode-rcy tuning indicqtor tube is somelimes cqlled "mcgicc 25) A tube noise eflecl lhdl limits high cmplilicotion. potenrial 27) Negctive cpplied lo c sontrol grid. 28) Inlerelecttode ccpqcitqnca between grid cnd plcie (letters Bymbol). 30) Pcrt ol q CRT tube. 3 2 ' )urqtion is lhe point reqched when current is

42) Ccthode currenl {lellers symbol). 43) An inert gqs used in some gqseous eleclron tubes. 45) Plqie currenl ,Iow (letters symbol). 47)Aremole-oll tube is c vcriqble Mu tube. 49) Heater mid-tqp (letlers symbol). 50) Grid conductqnce (lelterE symbol). 5t) Shell designction: metql tube (letters symbol).

BADIO.W EXPE"IMENTER

l3t

Whot listenfor on Short to Wqve

l?60 /aU & ?Aenuc
INTER on short wave presents a paradox, an important one for the listener. As you probably know, ionization (caused when ultra violet radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere) is responsible for both the reflection of radio waves back to earth (essential for distant reception) and the absorption (weakening) of radio waves, especially frequencies below 7000 kc. AIso commonly known, during winter with shorter days and rays from the sun received more obliquely, ionization is reduced, signals are strongel', and reflection from the ionosphere should decrease at higher frequencies. The latter is not true. Frequencies above 15 mc are rrormally reflected by the F2 layer, the uppermost portion of the ionosphere, and reflection in this region is actually improved as the earth approaches its winter solstice, the point in the earth's orbit when it is closest to the sun. Why? We don't know and neither does anybody else. Some researchers have linked this phenomenon with temperature but the theory appears to have holes in it. In any case, the result is a broader range of usable wavelengths with both higher and lower frequencies open. However, there is a second factor to consider, sunspots. Ionization, reflection and absorption all vary di"spots" rectly with the number of on tho sun now we have a dropping count. and right Result, the higher frequencies will be slightly poorer than last winter, but low frequencies will be better. Add to this little or no static on downstair channels and you have prospects for an excellent short wave season. We should say excellent for the serious listener. If you read the article Tune ln On The World in Radio-TV Experimenter f 565, you may recall that I suggested that one way to know other countries was to listen in on local broadcasts intended only for the area from which they originate. This is usually not easy. But many countries do use the lower short wave frequencies for such pur'poses, particularly in the tropics and in such a country as Russia where one transmitter must cover a good many square miles of sparsely populated territory. Of course you'll Which leaves still face a language barrier. the music. However this is sometimes more when the revealing than words particularly words are propaganda while the music is not too polished folk music. With reception of local broadcasters as

By C.M. STANBURY ll

Verificotion cqrd from Radio Clube de Mocombique, s semilocql (regioncl) broodzosler heord throughouf the World on l1760 kc, Flowever, os indicoted on rlverse side of cord, rhis QSt is for receplion on the Broodcast Bond during the peok period for lower frequencies, 1953-55, Winter I950 will represent the very eorly sloges of onother such period.

/\ocKoBCKOE PAAI4O
A^H hcn.rpdhn hoclB., pdAno l.\. N! .,._

Itsclr, Juiy C.:. stdbury leecl, II Cniilio, 24,

U$R 1954

Cry:ial

f,ear trr.

3vo.J;rt, le.e_,iiJtr !e-rc:ts c:rl :i oE or a9 ol t:-e

!E:.:: Jor vely ifc::c:;--r. :--,tl.rl

5,--::-1:: :r:-e, :i-1.: s.-::::.

! ve!i::Jri:,:. ::!l :l::s: :i : .rj!:::::.

\rell

!..-:::.- i-r:.ci/ . ; .. : -d ::_:

Verificqtion letter for Sputniks I qnd lll (no longer broodcosting) heord ql 20.005 mc.

the goal, frequencies below 7000 kc. become. all important and a dropping sunspot count can be nothing but good news. How far has it dropped? Well, the count has a long way to go but even in April two stations in the 120 meter band, H13C (2440 1*c,La Romana, Dominican Republic) and Radio lViartinique could be heard throughout the eastern Unired States. Inlernofionol Brocdcosling. If you're new to short wave listening, or you just plain want to listen and keep DXing down to minimum, then the International Bands, 31 through 13

132
3 4

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER
15 16 t7

r9
I

20
I

22 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 M c
l l I\4ETER BANDS

NIGHTTIME

DAYTIME
T A B I E A r E E S T A N D SB Y N I G H T A N D D A Y B

from Asia and the Pacific. Technicallv this would be the best time for such listenine but most broadcasts to North America are irade during the more convenient evening hours: Thus 19, 25 and 31 become bands for all parts of the world with the latter pair mosi dependable. Possibly you gathered from these predictions the increasing importance of 31 meters. As the sunspot count continues to drop it will become almost irreplaceable in international broadcasting. Unfortunately, it may have to be replaced. Crowding on this band is fast reaching an intolerable saturation, even for the comparatively hardy SWL. As an example, listen to the 15 kc spread between 9585 and 9600. During the evening we have no less than 5 transmitters in this tiny portion of the radio spectrum. Radio Canada (CKLP), Radio Nederland, Radio CulT A B L E B _ G O O D S H O R T W A V E I S T E NN G L I tura de Bahia (ZYN GOUNTRY FREQUENCY TIME* 29), Radio Moscow, (EST) tN KC/S STATION ND DETAILS A Radio Republik Indonesia (YDF6) and the W IN D W A R D r500.2115 West Indies Broadcast 3365, 15085 Seryice. Here we have the tsLAt{Ds 5010 c 1500-r730 h a p F y i r c u m s t a n c e a s e m i . l o c a l r s a i l c a s t u s i n g British of b er Broadcasting an internationaland (after 7:30). This one in. b Of this ( t e n d e d o r t h e C a r i b b e a F e d e r a t i o nB r i t i s h W e s t Corp. (GRY). f n s I n d i e s ) f e a t u r e s v a r i e t yo f l o c a l p r o q r a m w h i c h group, ZYN29 and YD a are a hlendof British,Caribbean nd American a F6 would be the newc ul t ur e s . er, and it is this conMOZAMBIQU E 11760 2230 until Another semi.localprogram in internationalterrifadeout t o r y . T h i s w i l l g i v ey o u a g 0 0 di d e aw h a t t h e E n g - tinuous stream of new l i s h a n d A f r i k a a n ( D u t c h ) o f C e n t r a la n d S o u t h tropical stations comAfrica consider entrtainment.Pfogfams n0t ind0 c l u d en e w s . R e c e p t i ow i l l b e b e s t o n t h e P a c i f i c ing on the band which n Coast. is mainly responsible C0NG0 11725 2L00.2145 RadioBrazzavilte. African newsfrom a FrenchDoint for such overloaded REPUBLIC df view. Also French usic nd Frenchessoni. l m a ISRAEL 9008 1530.1600 K o l l s r a e l ( o r K o l Z i o n ) , Z i o n i s t p i c t u r eo f N e a r c h a n n e l s . O f c o u r s e (or 9725) East news,limited anount of folk music. they have as much SWtfZfnLAlO 1fS65.9535 2030.t2f5 S w i s sd r o a d c a s t i n C o r p o r a t i o n .N e u t r a t i n t e r n a . right here as any other g and 6165 and tional news (government)t0llowed by democratic 23L5-2400 West Europeanviewpoint from Swiss newspapers. country. H a ss u n s p ort e p o r to n c e m o n t h . a The International (or N E T H E R L A N D S5 2 2 0 1 to13-r /u) Radi0Nederland.lllost interestin0 features hereare Tel ecommunications 16 meters) i n t e r n a t i o n a le w s n d t o 0 i c a lt a l k s . n a Union is taking steps lrl55 and 2t30-22t0 9590 to alleviate this situa( o r9 7 1 5 ) tion but the ITU does GREAT Several 1600.2200 General0verseas Service, British Broadcastin0 Cornot have enforcement B R I T AN I poration. Goodexample conservative frequencies of British prothroughout g r a m m i na n dt h o u 0 h t . g powers. the bands If the malady is not JAPAN 17655, 15235 1930-2015 Radio Japan. Featureson Japan and a limited cured, or at least ara n d1 1 7 0 5 arnountof Japro folk music. _ AUSTRALIA 1]710 0714.0845 Radio Australia. Most important feature here is r e s t e d , b r o a d c a s t e r s 11810 I0t4-1145 newsfrom the fifth continent.Remainder proqram w i l l e i t h e r of have to is primarilyentertainment. concentrate on 25 meA R G E N T IA N 9690 2200-2300 B . A . E . C o m p a t eh e p o l i s h e d r q e n t i n e u s i cw i t h t A m ters, in which case that (or 15345) and the more interestingLatin vatietieseasilyheard on 0000-0100 49 and 60 meters. band might soon look $ Time is oivenon the 24.hour clock- 1200 is 12 noon,1300 is I pm, 2400 is midnight,and so on. like 31, or switch their In other words,for times past noonsubtract 1200 to get EasternStandafdTime. programs to less adlisted in brackets are alternate possibilities. lf you fail to hear a programon the I Ffequencies vantageous afternoon channels listsd tirst, try these. periods.

meters (see Table A) will interest you most. That boost in the F2 layer will certainly make things better than in the summer. But reception will be slightly poorer than last winter. The 13 meter band will be open many days to all parts of the world with north and south paths having an edge. Europe will be best during daylight hours on the 19 and 16 meter bands and then at night on the 31 and 25 meter bands. Africa will follow a roughly similar pattern. The 19 and 16 meter bands may remain open the first few hours of darkness with both Europe and Asia received. Such a path will occasionally hold up most of the night with the 25 meter band providing an alternate band for evening reception of the Orient. During the hours after midnight both 25 and 31 -ete"s will produce signils

RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTEN

133

Hqndy FootSwitch
FOOT switch on your table saw or drill press may limit the damage that can occur in the event of an accident. A
foot switch comes in handy at the telephone to mute a blaring radio or near your easy chair to kill TV commercials. There are uses for the foot switch in the kitchen, too. There are several types of switches that may be employed for foot switch duty. Several commercial foot switches, some of them in the form of a mat, are available. But these switches are rather expensive. You can make basic -switch your own from inexpensive units, enabling you to choose according to your power and function requirements. You'll want either a positive action switch, which remains on orce you switch it, or a momentary contact switch, which is only on when you hold it on. A positive action switch may be desirable for a foot switch for your' wife's electric mixer; a momentary contact switch is desirable for power tools since the natural tendency in an emergency is to release the switch. Power handling ability is important too. Switches are rated by volts and amps rather than by watts, To determine the ampera-ge of an appliance. divide the wattage of the device by the voltage, usually about 120. Thus, the switch required for a 600 watt appliance must have at least a 5 amp, rating at 120 v. Another point to remember is that switches

Chossis view

of swirch before

aitoching

bock.

F O O TS W I T C H ( NORMALLY "0N" ) OUTPUT TRANSFORI',1ER R SPK .

x
INDICATES DI S C O N N E C T I O N OF TRANSFORIVER LEADFROM LOUDSPEAKER

F SPEAKERVUTING 00T SWITCH I Speoker muling foot switch' X indicotes disconnec' tion of tronsformer leod from loudspeoker'

through the grommet into the metal box. Mouni the switch, separate the parallel conductors, and connect them and solder. Wrap tape around the cord next to the grommet on the inside of the metal box as a strain relief. The box may be fastened to the floor with four small brickets attached to the sides. The connection to the line and to a specific power tool can be made permanent, too. If current is O U T L E T exceeds 5 amps, a permanent installation ll ,oo,.*,r., .,*.r,, desirable. Several switches are listed in the materials are rated for resistive loads. Devices which list. Pick the one that suits your function and involve coils or capacitors (for example, anycurrent requirements. Note that you can obthing containing a motor) usually dem-and tain a norrially on switch which will turn off currents in excess of the current computed by when you place your foot on it. This type this method. It's usually desirable to use a of swiich placed near the phone with -radio more current than the switch that can handle or TV set Connected to the outlet is handy for controlled appliance requires. turning either of these blaring contraptions The circuit for a practical foot switch is off during a phone conversation' An alternate 1. The SPST switch is conshown in Figure scheme *hiCh utilizes a normally on switch nected in one side of the ac line. A plug to mute the audio on a TV set from your is provided for easy connection to any ac outeasy chair during commercials is shown in receptacle is provided so that the switch let. A Figure 3. In this case the switch is connected applimay be uJed to control any or several in the speaker coil circuit and does not control anCes. The back view of the unit is shown in Wooos, Jn. high voltages or currents.-Fnewx Fiqure 2. The switch is housed in a small the metal box. A V2-ir'.hole drilled in or near M A T E R I A L SL I S T - F O O T S W I T C H DescriPtion No. Reo. center of the front side of the box is required switch. either a nomentary contact type, such as 72 amn' t for the switch. A 3/a-in. hole is needed in the normailyoff (Grayhill 4001) ot /2 aml, nornallv on (6ravh ll 4 0 0 2 ) o r l 0 a m p , n o r m a l l vo f i ( G r a v h i l l2 2 0 I ) o r I 0 a m p . end of the box for the line cord. Insert a rubnormilly on (Grathill 2202) or a positivecontacttvpe' 4 amp' ber grommet in the end hole. Double a cono D u s ho n - p u s h f f ( C a r l i n gI 1 0 ' S P ) ' metal box (Bud CU-210I) 1 7V4x2t/BxL5B" venience outlet extension cord on itself near dutlet extension(electrical or variety st0re) ion-veniince 1 the outlet end, and push the doubled end

l3{

RADIO-W EXPENIMENTEN

TransmitterJr|ovice for the

#'#
Novice tronsmitter shown here otop o Knighr-Kir receiver, is powered by cn externol power supply, permitting fixed or mobile use. Inset shows closeup of tronsmitter fqce.

By ALICE ROLF,KNSSEL
ERE'S a compact ?5-watt transmitter .that even a Novice YL can build. In fact, a Novice XYL did build it after her husband drilled the panel and took over as babysitter. The rig puts out a good signal on 40 and 80 meters, featuring bandswitching, and ean be used either at home or in the car with a suitable power supply. The two-tube circuit shown in Fig. 2 fits into a U.S. Army 30 cal. ammunition tin, available at surplus stores. The 31/+x6s/+x 70r/4-in. cabinet is modern enough to enhance any shack, and small enough to fit comfortably under the dash of even a foreign ear. If an ammo tin is not available, the circuit can easily be enclosed in a small commercial
CI .o47 MF X TAL 3.5 0R 70MC

metal cabinet available from radio supply houses. The transmitter is built in a Ss/axg\/a-in. hardboard chassis, with a 3r/qx]i}r/e-in metal panel bracket-attached. Use two brackets of any convenient size and sturdy enough to support the panel, which extends about 7a-in. below the Masonite. Drill all the panel holes before fastening the panel to the chassis. The power socket-, key jack, band switch, tuning capacitors, diai light jewel, and antenna jack m^ount on this panel, the remainder of the components mount on the chassis. The 80? socket-mounts on an aluminum bracket 73/+-in. high at the right-rear of the chassis, leaving llenty of
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NADIO-ry EXPERIMENTEN
ITTER MATERIALS LIST_I'IOVICE TRAI'ISM Desig.

t35

ct c2 c3 c4 c5 c5 c7 c8 c9 cr0 c11 JI J2 L1 L2 L7 La RFC I 2 RFC

Description .047 nfd 200 wv tubular ib mmfd mica iO mriitOmica .Obi nru f tv, alsc .ddi riJ i.S iv iututat tvpe Yariable(Philmore) 3tFm;id sinsle gang broadcast S-iOO mmtUviriabte-(Aud MC 1873) .-OO,iimit i tv, Oisc .ooi'miJ, ilv,'oisi .OOf rntA.t fv Oisc .00I rnfd, I kv, disc p h o n oj a c t , s i n g l ec i r c u i t ( M a l l o t y )

Desiq. Rl RZ Rt R4 51 vl' t!2 Xtal 20 l0 2

Description 47,000 ohn, t/2 wall 47'000 ohm, l-watt.. 12,500 ohm' 10 watt ? ,000 ohm, 10 watt_ _ SPST toqsle switch (Arrow'Hart & Hesnen #20994NV) tuhe 5J5 vacuum tube 807 vacuum 80. or 4O.meter crystal-for liovic band 3750 KC t0 (80 lv) or 7150 to 7200 KG (40 M) 3800 Kc scrws and nuts 6'32 x /4tt machine #8 terminal lugs s i n g l e u g t e r m i n a ls t r i p s l

tappedi on .ro* i?"illl'.';Ti iXlln.r,u w'und r" rorm, 15 turns from bottom -- 1 top .h-alfof Ll closewound over lo turns #22 enameled ,i'Ji."'ii,''i7,;ii''ii' io ti;r';!?i poio t iiisini;eleo i t1455 I8-V il lamP
lls'lirt't. iob'ntin'i'if,ole (National) wound ' ;;;.;iii;'.;;i. ; li'tri'ii-+22 oi #18 enameled f.wa:it,.iistot 6fii'Sii:oiil,

l;?ilil:#eiocret reisl
s-Prongsocket (607)

l ot lry 6 ft

hardboard x 5 x 10" (chassis) /a l/ld'steel or aluminum x I0" (p?nel) 31a (insulated 1000volts) for cable 4.wirerubber insulaied

sockets) Power ::|ii ii,t;'.i31*il'-Jii1'rni

room for the 807. Place the tank coil between the panel and the 807 (Fig. 3). Mount the socket for the 6J5 on the left side of the chassis. Clip the mounting saddle of the socket away with a pair oI snips and drill holes in the hardboard so that the socket solder lugs extend through the chassis. These holes are aligned by first drilling the tey hole for the liey pin of the 6J5. Put a drop of finger-nail polish on the pins o{ the 6J5 and piess it against the chassis with the key in the drilled hole. The polish will mark hole locations. A{ter drilling, press the lugs

in. long. L1 is wound with the connection for C5 at the bottom of the form, nearest the chassis, and the ground connection at the top. The tap for the bandswitch is placed 12 turns from the bottom of the coil. Twist the wire into a loop for the bandswitch connection and wind the other 15 turns. Coil L2 is wound over the top of L1 between the bandswitch tap connection and the top of the form. Wind it over a layer of Scotch tape with the connection to C7 at the top of the form. Coil L3 consists of 10 turns of if22 or f 18

into the holes until the socket is flush with the chassis. Bend the lugs back so that they lock the socket in place. Mount the remainder of the components on f 8 terminal lugs which are fastened to the hardboard bY 6-32 x 1/q,-in.machine screws-except for the two connections of RFC1. This choke is mounted on two single lug terminal strips in order to isolate th; hieh RF potentials from the metal cabinet. Parts laYout is not critical, but should be sirnilar to that shown in Fig. 3. Extend a length oI ft12 wire across the front of the chassis and ground it to the panel for a ground bus bar. Connect the 807 mounting bracket to this bar. Alt ground leads should be connected to this bus, the Panel, Componenls sre mounied on terminol lugs. ihe 807 socket is ol the 807 mounting bracket. mounled on qn oluminum brocket ond the 5J5 socket mounts Connect the leads to the 6J5 socket similqr to sockets in printed circuilry. A wofer-type oclol socket aird bring them to the toP of the is usedfor the crYstol. chassis through holes drilled around lamp terthe tube socket. Indicator enameled wire close-wound on a Yz-in. form; minals must not be grounded; they are supRFC 2 ean eithel be a commercial parasitii ported by two pieces of solid wire. choke of five turns of 522 or f 18 enameled copper Coils L1 and L2 are #22 enameled wire wound on a 47 ohm, 1-watt resistor. For wire wound in a 1-in. dia. form. This form the antenna jack (J2 in Fig. 2) use a rniniacan be a commercial unit with mounting ture connector jack of a coax tYPe. or plastic tube 7r/zbrackets, or a cardboaxd

136

RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTER
* i 2 C O P P E R R S T R A N D E DO ANTENNA WtRE-?SOLDER y' RECI 5U4-GA 6 / : - - . 8

ozI rr. rorue eom ron

622-FT. LONG FOR 80M

3 2 ; F T . L o N GF o R 4 0 t 1

ANY LENGTH OF73 OR T5J'l.COAX ( C A B L ET Y P E S G - I I / U O R R G - 5 9 / U ) R TO TRANSMITTER o

Power supply for novice tronsmi$er,

P O W E R U P P L YP A R T SL I S T S Desi0. DescriFtion C1 12. mfd. 700 W.V.D.C. etectrolyticcapacitor (Corneil Du. bilier BRHV712, or equiv.) GHI 7 0r 8. hy. 200 to 250 ma. filter choke (Thordarson 20C5d, or equiv. ) F u s 3 a m p f u s e ,w i t h h o l d e r La #47 pilot lamp, with holder PL L i n e c o r d , h e a v yd u t y S W I S P S Ts w i t c h ' ( 0 n . 0 f fs w i t c h ) Tt 1200 volt c.t. @ 200 to 260 ma. power transformerwith 5 v o l t , 3 a m p ,w i n d i n g ; 6 . 4 o t t , 3 i m p , w i n d i n 0 ( S t a n c o r v . PC--E414, or Burstein-Applebee Go., t{ansas City, speciat #38164, or equiv.) R e c t 5 U 4 . G At u b e M i s c : 2 o c t a ls o c k e t sc h a s s i sm o u n t i n q c r e w se t c . , , s , Note: BA #38164 transforner has 350 volt tap, at I0 ma, and 5 v o l t , a t 2 a m p . , w i n d i n g s n s e c o n d a r yT h e s es h o u i dh e i . left unconnected the unit is used. if

Antenno recommended for use with novice lronsmitter. Should be os high qnd cleor of obslocles os possible. Solder inner conductor of coox coble to one side of cenfer insulotor, ond ouier conductor to other side. Tope cqble to insulotor to relieve siroin on soldered ioints, Ground outer conductor of coble ct the tronsmitter.

Use a 3- or 4-wire cable to connect the transmitter to the power supply. The power supply should be capable of delivering from 500 to 750 o at 150 ma for plate voltage, and 6.3 o at 7.2 amps filament voltage. For fixed use, an inexpensive full-wave rectifier circuit will work. For mobile work use a dynamotor or heavy duty vibrapack. At b00 o, the input will be about 50 watts; with 750 o. about 75 watts. A power supply circuit which will serve well is shown in Fie. 4. Tesl lhe Unit on " tton--"Lllic surface before putting it in the cabinet. Plug in the plweg cable, key, and a 40- or 80-meter crystal. Switch the bandswitch to the band ihe crystal operates in. Remove the 80T and turn on the power supply. After the tubes have had time to warm up, key the transmitter and listen for the oscillator signal with a shortwave receiver. If nothing is heard, check the oscillator wiring and try a smaller value for C2. If the oscillator is working, turn off the power supply and insert the 80?. If the power supply does not have a bleeder resistor.-short the B-plus to ground before replacing tire 807 or handling the chassis to avoid shock. Connect a 60-watt light bulb to the antenna terminals and again turn on the power. place C7 at about half scale and rotate C6 while holding the key down.

With C6 at about half scale, the indicator lamp and the 60-watt lamp will show some sign of output. Adjust C6 and C? until the indicator lamp (La) glows brightest. Check the plate of the 807; if it is red, replace CB with a 50 mmfd. capacitor. This will increase the drive from the 6J5 and allow the final tube to run cool. If available, a grid-dip meter (or an absorption frequency meter) should be used to check the transmitter's frequency and harmonic output at twice the crystal frequency, and to note the keying characteristics. ii carefully constructed. the rig will be clean. After the transmitter has been tested. place it in the cabinet. Before doine this. how-ever,. driil a number of l/z-i:n. holeJ in tire rear of the cabinet and directly above the 80? tube location for ventilation. Then cement a piece of thin Bakelite plastic or three or four livers "Salan of Wrap" to the bottom of the cabinet to insulate the screw heads and 6J5 socket lugs from the cabinet's metal bottom. Secure the unit in the cabinet with two small wood screws on the underside which fasten into the Masonite chassis. Cement rubber feet on the cabinet to avoid scratching surface on which unit stands. The transmitter will work with most types of popular amateur antennas. We had eood results with the antenna r.ig shown in Fg. 5. The ground lead of the antenna conneclion should be connected to a good ground. Capacitors C6 and C7 are adjusted until the indicator glows brightest. At this point the transmitter is loaded, and with a good antenna, is capable of working just a6out anv station within range that cin Ue heard oir either 80 or. 40 meters. On 80 meters, the daytime range is 50-75 miles and night range is 800-900 miles with 40 to 75 watts input. On 40 meters, with the same input, daytime range is about 200 miles. night range is several thousand miles.

RADIO.TV EXPESIMENTER

"tontrol-impedon(e" principle Ihe simple process exploins vitol, modern this By C. F. ROCKEY
OT all amplification is electronic. Fundamentally, amplification is any process in which a great amount of power is controlled by a lesser amount. The throttle valve of an automobile, through which the full power of a several hundred hp engine is controlled by the touch of a toe, is a crude amplification system. Because electronic amplification first found wide use in radio, however, this process is firmly linked with electronics in most peopel's minds. Although technicians frequently "current 'lvoltage speak of amplication" or gain," the most fundamental form of amplification is polJJeramplification:
LOAD CURRENT
CONTROL ERISTIC

OUTPUT
VARIATION

LOAD CURRENT

g
tion has not been increased, and in practice it is usually decreased slightly. Thus a transformer. in itself. is not an amplifier, The basis of all amplification is control. No amplifier generates power, it merely makes it possible for a small amount to control a large amount. Thus the essence of an amplifier is what engineers call a control impe-d"ance,a device whose ability to pass electric current is at the direct command of a small control signal-a relatively small electrical current or voltage. In Fig. 1 the input control signal is shown as an alternating voltage generator and the supply voltage as a direct-current source, but this is by no means always the case. Amplifiers may be made to work with either ac or dc signals or supply sources. All that is needed fundamentally is an input or control signal, a eontrol impedance, a relatively large power source, and a load. The lood (represented in Fig. 1 as a resistor) may be an electric motor, solenoid coil, transformer, lighting circuit, loudspeaker, radio transmitting antenna, heating coil, or any other device capable of applying electrical power to a useful function. The high-energy source in the output circuit of an amplifier causes a steady current to flow through the control impedance and load, normally, even when no control signal exists at the input terminals. When the input control signal, either voltage or current as the case may be, increases, it decreases the opposition which the control impedance offels to the flow of current from the highenergy source, and more current flows through it and the load. The load then consumes more power, normally, in proportion to the input signal. If the control signal decreases to zero, the current supplied to the load decreases to its resting value. Now, should the control signal reverse in

Power Output
Power Amnlification: Power Input Power Output refers to the large amount of power being controlled; Power Input, the much smaller amount of power that does the controlling. Often, in industrial usage, the power input may be called the "control signal." Both quantities in the fraction may be in ergs per second, joules per second, kilocalories per second, horsepower, or other power units, but uatts or kr,Louatts are most widely used in electrical systems. Since both numerator and denominator must be exoressed in the same units, it is seen that power amplification is a dimensionless, "pure ratio," without units in itself. Power omplificqtion is considered most fundamental here because neither current nor voltage amplification can occur without the simultaneous occurrence of power amplification. This is the case in the vacuum tube, the transistor, the magnetic amplifier, and all other true amplifying devices used today. For instance, although a transformer can readily step up electrical voltage, it does so at the expense of a proportionately decreased amount of available current, Therelore the power available for exerting any use{ul funccoNrRoL A :i:i$: V
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138 PLATE ( CUT AWAY TO. SHOW OTHER ELEMENTS)

NADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

distorted. In certain scientific or industrial applications, aceurate reproduction of the input signal by the output current is not necessary, and more efficiency can be secured by purposely distorting it. Then a highly curved control characteristic is advantageous. Other GRID VAoUATED i problems, such as feedback from the output GLASS + to the input of the system may sometimes BULE arise to complicate the designer's plans for a successful amplifier. The earliest, highly successful control imMOUNTING FOR pedance applied to electrical amplificationSUPPORT BASE WITH :! .ELEMENT the device still called "the king of amplifiers" CONNECTING i] -is the three-element vacuum tube. First PINS] made for "wireless detection" bv Dr. Lee \\ DeForest in the.early 1-900's, the vaiuum tube was the amplifier until 1947. The triode yccuun lube consists first of all polarity, it will increase the opposition to curof a bulb full of nothing; that is, an evacurent flow in the load circuit, causing the load ated envelope. Placed within this envelope to consume less than the resting current iS an electrically heated wire or metal tube value. The control signal at the input tercalled the cathode. When heated to a red, or minals directly regulates the internal oppohigher temperature, the cathode boils off sition to current flor,v by the control impedmillions of negatively charged eleetrons. Surance. Since the power supplied to the load r:ounding the cathode is a spiral of wire called is the product of the cur-rent flowing through the grid. Finally a (frequently) cylindrical it times the voltage acr-oss it, changing its electrode, called the plate is mounted coaxcurrent supply directly affeets the power conially with the cathode and grid, and outward sumed by the load. And because the load from the latter, as shown in Fig. 4. current is a function of the input control Vacuum tubes of myriad shapes and sizes signal's intensity and polarity, power amplihave been made and used since about 1908, fication is the result. but the one diagrammed in Fig. 4 illustrates The confrol choroclerislic is a graph (or the principle as well as any. The connections curve, as engineers call it) relating output or of a basic triode vacuum-tube amplifier cirload current to input signal magnitude. Alcuit are diagrammed in standard schematic though the control characteristic of tubes, symbols in Fig. 5. For simplicity, batteries transistors, or magnetic amplifiers may be are shown as the dc supply sources, but they quite irregular in practice, it is represented are seldom used in modern practice. Instead, in Fig. 2 as a smooth, gradually curving line. an electronic power supply, operating from The output current magnitude is found on the commercial power line is most often subthe vertical, the control signal magnitude on stituted. Basic principles remain the same. the horizontal line. When the cathode of the vacuum tube is To show how an engineer uses the control heated, clouds of electrons collect about it. characteristic to predict the behavior of a When a positive potential (positive with recontrol impedance as an amplifying device, spect to the cathode) is placed upon the a hypothetical alternating-control signal is plate, the negatively charged blectrons are projected in Fig. 3 upon the characteristic attracted to it, and current flows between curve's horizontal axis. cathode and plate, around through the load Note in Fig. 3 that there is a specific value and plate battery and back to the cathode. of load curreart for each instantaneous value These electrons must, however, pass beof control signal magnitude. Thus the output tween the wires of the grid enroute to the or load current is under constant, direct conplate. trol by the input signal. And, since the outNormally, the grid is connected to a slightput or load power may be large in comparily negative clc potential, and this causes it son with the input signal (sometimes several hundred times larger), we have true amTiifying action. The exact shape of the control characterCONTR0u S IG N A L istic may be of the utmost importance to SOURCE TO HEATER the engineer. For instance, where voice, teleSUPPLY vision, or music signals are being amplified, =rlrlrl it is essential that this curve be a nearlv PLATE straight line. Otherwise, the output ".r.."tit R BATTE Y will not resemble the input signal, it will be 300 voLTs
\ j

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER

139

(OIt THT HYBRID

One most interestingmodification of the amplifier exists. Although it is an old idea, comparatively few people are aware of it. As everyone knows, telephone signals lose their "kick" rapidly as they travel down the line. After traversing about 30 miles of ordinary cable pair, the voice signals have been reduced to one-thousandth of their original strength. Thus, amplification becomes necessary to longdistance telephony. But the telephone is a two-way device. Mrs. Smith in Boston wants both to talk and to listen to Mrs. Brown in san Francisco. In fact, both ladies are often talking at the same time, How can we arrange a two-way amplifier that will amplify the signals equally well in both directions without complex switching, and without getting the signals mixed up? The answer lies in a special kind of transformer called a hybrid coil isee Fig. A). Two identical, carefully balanced coils, the line coils, are connected in series with the two wires of the line. A third winding, the output oil, is arranged to couple its magnetic field equally into both of the line coils. The output coil is connecfed to the output terminals of the amplifying device, which may be either a vacuum-tube or a transistor. The inDut terminals of the amplifier are connected to the two centertaps of the two line coils (see Fig. B). The two line coils have small resistance, about that of a mile or two of line, so the signal can pass through them with Iittle loss.And since the inDut of the amDlifier is connected to the two center taps, it is effectively connected acrossthe line. Thus the voice signals from either Mrs. Brown's or Mrs. Smith's phone will be fed equally well into the amplifier. These signals act to vary the battery current in the output circuit via the control impedance. Therefore, a greatly enlarged replica of either or both voice currents flows through the output winding of the hybrid coil. These strong voice currents cause a changing magnetic flux to pass through both line coils in the right direction, C EN T E R
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BATT. thus inducing a large voice voltage back into the line. This greatly-amplified signal propagates down the line in both directions, giving both parties the benefit of the
DOOST.

B e c a u s et h e i n p u t o f t h e a m p l i f i e r i s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e exact center of each of the coils, and since half of the signal is sent each way down the line, the amplifier's output voltage is cancelled out at its own input terminals. Thus, when things are adjusted properly, the voice signals may be amplified many times wifhout annoying "singing," or feedback.

to have a definite repulsive effect upon the electrons. The control-signal voltage source is connected in series with the grid battery so that its variations will add to and subtract from the negative, fixed grid voltage. Thus the signal voltage will make the grid instantaneously more or less negative with respect to the cathode. When the grid becomes less negative, it repels the electrons less strongly, and the cathode-plate-load current increases. When the signal makes the grid more negative, it repels more electrons, reducing the load current. Thus the triode vacuum tube acts as a control impedance whose internal opposition to load current flow is at the command of the grid voltage. Like all practical devices, the vacuum tube "indigestion" which interferes can develop its action under some circumstances. To with avoid this, more grids have been added which, when properly connected, vastly improve its Also, vacuum tubes ranging universality. from pea-size (for hearing-aids and microwave use) to 1O0-kilowatt giants have been built and are in use as amplifiers on all sorts of jobs today. They're made of metal, glass and special cetamics. Vacuum tubes are shot into outer space on satellites, and are operating miles beneath the surface of the ocean as

transoceanic cable amplifiers. They work. The Tronsislor. In 1947,after countless hours of cogitation upon solid-state physics, quantum mechanics, statistical theory, and (possibly) voodoo, Drs. Bardeen and Brattain, of the Bell Telephone Laboratories brought forth a remarkable new control impedance called the transistor. Unlike the vacuum tube, the transistor makes use of conduction through a special kind of solid substanee called a semiconductor instead of through a vacuum. The stuff most of the practical ones are made of today is element No. 32, gerrno,nium, an element recovered as a by-product from the combustion of certain coals. When it's pure, germanium is an almost perfect insulator. But when the minutest whiff of indium, arsenic, gallium, aluminum, or certain other elements are added, it becomes a semiconductor. By adding the right stuff, in the right amount, one may make at will ttoo difierent types of semi-conducting germanium, either N-type, or P-type. An N-type germanium conducts practically like copper does, that is, by means of free electrons which may move about inside the crystal. The P-type, however, is missing a few electrons which it should normally contain. These missing electrons, called holes, can

t{0

RADIO.TV EXPESTMENTEN gized, it_causes an alternating signal current to flow between the base and Jmitter connections of the transistor. We reeall that an alternating current can_flow readily through the coupling capacitor, but that this capaciitr acts as an open,eircuit for unvarying, dc bat_ tery current. Thus the capacitor preilents the generator from short-circuiting lhe base re_ sistor, while allowing the ac control sienal current to flow with relative ease. From one point of view, we may think of ., tne base section acting somethine like a semi-permeable wall, allowing eleJtrons to pass through it in proportion tolhe base-emit_ ter current. When the signal source current acts in such a direction as to add to the steady,base current, its permeability is in_ creasecl, and more current can flow from the emitter to the collector through the load. On.the other hand, when the sftnal current suDtracts lrom the battery current from base to,emitter, base permeabillty decreases, the colleetor-load current is forced to decrease i_nproportion. Thus the load current is at the direct control. of the base current from the signal source; the transistor, like the vacuum tube, acts as a true control imped..r"u. Arrd since the magnitude of the baie signal current change is always much less thai the cor_ responding load current change, transistors are effective amplifiers. -It_is most important to observe here that

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COUPLING COLLECTQR CONTROL SIGNAL q n rt o ^ F

EASE RESISTOR

SUPPLY BATTERY 9 VOLTS

move around inside the crystal and conduct eleetricity too.-^However, siirce they're i *i""ing .electrons," they're positively charged partlcles and move in the opposite direction througtr the system. But ttiey still conduct, nevertheless. The art of semiconductor fabrication has advanced so far as to allow different zones of the sonle chunk of germanium to be made into either N- or P-type material. In fact, su_ch technique is necessary in tti" ,;"ti;; fabrication of a modern transistor. A modern "junction" transistor, the presently most com-mon and practical type is made of a small bar.of germanium about /a in. long and about L116 in. square. This little bar is divided into three alternate zones of P- and N-type material. The finished bar is sealed in a neat case, while the ."u^.r* tube attd iL" t*"rrJi*J for convenience and securitv. are both control impedances, and thus ampliAs Figs. 6.4. and 68 show, two tvpes of fiers, they differ drastically in one importint junction transistors are thus possibleipNp operational aspect, Whereas the vacuuh tube and NPN, Both oper.ate upon the same basic is a voltage-controlled impedance, the trantheory, the main difference being in the polarsistor is a current-controlled device. Thus, ity of the supply voltages. while these two devices may often do similar in schematic terms, an jobs, they-are by no means interchangeable, -_Iundamentally, NPN transistor is connected into its most either in theory or in praetice. generally practical amplifier circuit in the Both the vacuum-tube and the transistor manner shown in Fig. 6C. The magnitude of have. particular_amplifying jobs to do at the.voltages and current shown apply to the wnrch each excels. At present, high_quality powel typical experimenter's transistor. vacuum tubes are relatively inexpensivi, transistors are made whieh are capable of easy to manufacture on a mass scale unidealing with much greater voltages ind curformly, and operate well when the control rents when necessarv. signal changes rapidly with time. that is. at Connections madJ to the ends of the bar high frequencies. On the other hand thev are of N-type germanium are designated the relatively bulky, mechanically fragile," and emitter and the collector, while the thin require e-xcessiveoperating powe.r in the form layer of P-type material in the center of the ot cathode-heating requirements. bar is called the bose. In normal operation The transistor is exceedinqlv compact. ooan electron current of about one milliampere erates well with a low-voltage supply source, flows from the grounded side of the supolv requires no -heating power, and laughs at battery into the emitter end of the transLior. mechanical shock that would shatte, i ,racand up toward the base. Here, within the gqm !rbe. But, transistors are exceedingly transistor, it divides, about g5% of it flowine difficult to manufacture to within close till through the entire bar and into the loal erances. Every production run includes a through the collector connection. The rehigh precentage of rejects which do not meet maining 5/6 fl,ows out of the base connection. government and c omm e r c i a I standards. through the base resistor, and back to the (These culls are what you and I buy for expositive terminal of the battery. This is the perimenter's projects today, unless we pay resting state of the circuit. over' $5 pel unit.) Furthermore. transistors When the control signal source is enerare extremely subject to quick and fatal elec-

RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER trieal damage if wrongly connected or alIowed to become too warm. Truly effective high-power or high-frequency transistors remain extremely expensive, if indeed they are available to ordinary mortals at all, while vacuum tubes capable of supplying hundleds of watts at hundreds of megacycles may be bought over the counter for a few dollars almost anywhere. Mognefic Amplif,ers: While the vacuumtube or transistor is still necessary for amplification of signals which change magnitude appreciably in less than one-thousandth of a second, slower signals may be effectively handled by the magnettc ampltfier. This interesting device depends for its operation upon the fact that an iron-alloy core, similar to that used in transformers, can' so to speak, pass only a limited number of magMAGNETIC IRON CORE

C O N T R O LW I N O I N G

lil
t

POWERFUL A,C.SUPPLY

so! Rc.E

C ON T R O L WINDING T E RM IN A L S (INPUTCIRCUM

(OUTPUT IRCUIT) C
T B A S I CA R R A N G E M E N O F S I M P L EM A G N E T I CA M P L I F I E R

netic force (flux) lines per square-inch of cross-section area. When such a core has been fiIIed with magnetic flux it becomes very difficult to force any more to pass through it. The heavy alternating current to the load is made to pass through the load winding (see Fig 7), while a small, possibly slowly changing unidirectional (dc) control current passes through the control windings. - Eecause the two control windings consist of the same number of turns effectively wound in opposite directions, the heavy load current induces equal but opposite voltages into each winding, which thus effectively cancel-out in the conlrol circuit. By this means, effective electrical isolation is maintained between control and load circuits. On the other hand, the control currents may still magnetize the core, and exert control action. A more easily understood schematic diagram of a simple magnetic amplifier circuit is shown in Fig. 8. Assume that the control resistor is of such high resistance that neglieible current flows through the control wlnding. The ac load current then flows througli the load winding, developing-a large and constantly changing magnetic field within the iron core. This continually changing magnetic field induces an opposi,ng ac voltage back into the turns of the load winding. This ooposing. self-induced voltage subtracts from the ac generator voitage, thus, reducing the

current in the load circuit to a small number of amperes. In other words, the load winding "choke coil" in the oc load acts ai an efficient circuit, opposing the flow of current therein. But now let us pass a small current through the control windings. This current now adds a second set of magnetic flux lines to those present due to the load current. Eut, as we have just said, the iron core can only contain a certain maximum number of total magnetic lines. Since an appreciable amount of the core's magnetic capacity is now being used by the dc control flux, the oc load current can no longer produce as great a changing field within the core as formerly. Since the opposing voltage induced with in the load winding is directly proportional to its own changing field, and this must be appreciably less than "choking' effect formerly, the load winding's more load current to flow. is less, illowing Increasing the steady current further leaves "space" within the core for the still less changing flux about the load coil, so th-e choking-effect of the latter is reduced still further. Finally, we may increase the control winding current to the point where it almost fills. or="saturates" the ilon core. Then, even though the oc load current is still changing as rapldly as before, it can produce little or no changing flux within the coil. Thus we see that the magnetic amplifier is really nothing but a variable choke coil, whose current:opposing effect is at the direct control of a small direct current in the control windings. Though relatively slow-in,response, it is a powerful amplifier, finding much use in multi-kilowatt applications. By its use, thousands of horsepower involved in of a large steel plant may the rolling-mills be perfectly synchronized and contlolled in an automatized steel-plate production system' OI course, numerous improvements at'e possible, and are frequently appiied in magnetic amplifier practice. By inserting a recti"one-way valve" between fier, or electricll the control source and the control windings, a magnetic amplifier may be made to amplify low-fiequency- cc control signals. Also, a feedback circuit by which some of the output power is reapplied to the input circuit, inav-improve the-iction and response-speed of itre device. Where its inherent slowness is not a disadvantage, the magnetic amplifier is certain to find increasingly wider use, since it is the simplest, longest-lived (praclically immortal), most rugged high-powered amplifier we have available at present.

t12

NADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

WRIST ADIO R

Lell, the versctile curl clip is lostenEd to the cqse with screw qnd wqsher. Holes in end oI cqse qre lor phone clips cnd qnlennc coil. Above, underside ol chsssis. Virtuolly cll wiring is done with pigtcil lecds ol circuit componenta.

lighter, than a diminutive hearing aid whose manufacturer advertises his unit as tiny enough to be hidden in milady's hair. Only slightly larger than a book of paper matches, it still has up to twice the volume and selectivity of ordinary transistor or transistordiode circuits. In spite of its tiny dimensions, all parts for the set are readily available. The poiystyrene plastic case you'll find on the "Cosmetics" counters of any dime store. There also you'll find the versatile clip which attaches to the case, The trade name is "Lady Ellen Curl Clips." Get the l-7s-in. size. For the chassis, we

SATTER' CUPS

super-small set can-honestly-be called I a Wrist, CIip-On, or Pend,ant Rodio,. its miI nute size lends itself to these applications without forcing the name upon it as is done so often with sets that should have been Iabeled Pocket Radios Onlg. It's one-third smaller, and TSVo

-|HIS

used a 177\671\5/16 in. piece of linen impregnated Bakelite. Thin fiber or cardboard can aiso be used. Lay out and punch the 17f6in. hoies (Fig. 2A) with a paper punch and pierce the /.32 in. holes for diode and transistor with a needle. If you use cardboard for the chassis, dip it in shellac, remove and allow to dry after making mounting holes. Repeat if necessary to give the cardboard the sti.ffness that fiber or Bakelite has. Insert the germanium diode and tran"pigtail" sistor leads into their mounting holes and bend to right angles on the underside of the chassis (Fie. 3).

This gives rigidity to circuit components without resorting to ultra-miniature clips and sockets. Make the battery clips from strips of brass, copper or tinplate as in Fig. 28. To hold the brass cap end of the battery securely, dent or dimple one of the clips with a Ye-in.flat punch, or

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

t{3

SLL'G.TUNED corL

+r{v SCHE[4AIIC

L MATERIALS IST-WRIST RADIO Description No. I Plasticutility box,2/e x Lya x T8 in. 1 G e n e r ap u r p o s e i o d e ( I N 3 4 , 1 N 6 6 , I N 4 8 , o r 1 N 6 5 ) l d I T r a n s i s t o( C l ( - 7 2 2 ,R R - 3 80 r 2 N 1 0 7 ) r e , c L F e r r i t ea n t e n n a 0 i l ( M i l l e r , S t a n w y c kG r a y b u r n e ,t c . ) I Ceramicfixed capacitor(120 mmf. to tune 1590-860 kc.; 220 mmt. to tune EE0-550kc.) e e o m c L P a i r s t a n d a r d a o n e t i h e a d p h o n e sr, m i n i a t u r e a r p h o n ( 0 . C . r e s i s t a n c e 0 u l db e 2 0 0 0 o h m sn r i n i m u m ) sh M i n i a t u r el l a s h l i g h tb a t t e r y ( R a y - 0 - V a c# 7 L 6 o t a n y o t h e f I u n t s i z e" N " L / 2 v . c e l l . l f m e r c u f y y p e c e l l s h o u l d . b e s e d . o t e t t a t c a p i s n r i r u s .n o t p l u s a s w i t h r e 0 u l l r l r a t t e f r e s ) from octal wafer socket Tube pin c0ntactssalya(,ed 3 screwsand nuts 5 2-56 x l,/s in. brassmachine r s I 4 - 4 0 n u t o r 4 - 4 0 k n o bf"o r i t u n e ra c"r e w f ction l paper lip) c c ] S m a l la l l i q a t 0 r l i p ( 0 r w h I 3 f t . l e n u t hl i 0 h t . f l e x i b l e 0 0 k - u p i r e "Lady Ellen" curl clip,7z/a" size 1

DtODI

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machine screw. To prevent the smooth, zinc shell end of the battery from sliding out of position, pierce the other clip with a prick punch or nai1. Fasten the battery clips to the chassis with 2-56 machine screws and nuts not more than Ys irr Iong and the phone clips with 2-56 screws. The set uses either standard-size or hearingaid-size magnetic phones. Standard-size phones have cords fitted with tips, but with the miniature phone you'll have to add them. To do this, carefully remove about 1A in. of the insulation from the cord to expose its tinsel conductors. Then place a common pin parallel with the tinsel conductors, and bind pin and tinsel together with a single strand of ordinary stranded fixture end of the pin and wire, snip off the protruding solder. Suppose you use standard-size phones-then what about the jacks we used? We1l, these are nothing more than the pin clips used in cheap octal wafer tube sockets. A 5y' socket yields 8 of them if you don't have an old socket from which you can salvage the 3 used in this project. If your standard-size phone tips don't fit, simply compress the clips with a pliers until they do. Except for the coil connections, wire all components on the underside of the chassis with the transistor and diode pigtail leads (Fig. 3); sepWhen arate hook-up wire is not required. soldering to the screw terminal points, use a wad of wet cleansing tissue thumbnail-size pressed over the pigtail lead so that heat is not

ff#;

'8, Set wifh cqse open. Il meqsures only 2Vaxls/ax1/B transmitted up into the diode or transistor. Just as soon as the solder sets, move the wad over the hot connection so that it will cool rapidly. This protects transistor and diode from damage. Electrical connections are shown in Fig. 4; physical connections, in Fig. 5. In order to provide the most efficient match between the high-impedance resonant circuit of coil and capacitor and the iow-impedance diode in turn, feeds into the low imdetector-which, pedance transistor-the ferrite slug-tuned antenna coil is tapped 16 turns from the outside Using the coil shown in end of the winding. Fig. 3, which has a progressive type winding, you needn't count off turns; just unwind 21 inches of wire. This is equal to 16 turns. Carefullg scrape off the cotton insuiation and form a small loop, then rewind the coil wire as closely as possible into its originai space and pie-layer arrangement and reconnect the end of the coil to the terrninal lug, No great harm will result,

":;it4<4{?:Jlt?fPffY;i:ii!r-r*4:i-

-,i-i'

144

NADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEN Try the antenna clip on metal lamp bases, however, if you "scramble wind" the turns back screens, bedsprings, etc., but you will probably on the eoil form. With two short lengths of light stranded, plas- find you can let it hang free and still get good reception. tic-covered hook-up wire, connect one coil lug With the set tested, it's ready for mounting in and the tap to chassis components. With a third the case. Drill two r/s-in. holes for the phone length, connect the inside coil lug to another hole for mounting the tuning octal socket clip. This is the antenna connec- clips and a r'1'y6-in. coil (Fig. 1). Drill a1//ts-in. hole in the back of tion. A 3 ft. length of wire fitted with a small the case for securing the curl clip and slip a alligator clip and brass weatherstrip nail or phone tip attaches to it. Removed from the set iia-in. dia. washer over a 2-56 screw and clamp the clip between washer and case. The chassis when not in use, this type of antenna eliminates with its wiring friction-fits in the case. dangling wires. The antenna lead passes through a niche filed A fixed ceramic capacitor connected across between case lid and cover. (Fig. 6.) When not the coil lugs completes the wiring. Its value will in use, it's tucked inside. Since the case is depend upon stations operating in your area. If transparent, a snapshot, colorful floral print or stations tune in between 1590 and 880 kc., the decal can be inserted under the lid when the value of the capacitor should be about 120 mmf. To tune from 880 kc. to the top of the dial, 550 set is used as a Pendant Radio. There is a Ye-in. hole in the curl clip to which either a ribbon or kc., use 220 mmf. Solder a 4-40 brass nut to the chain may be attached. As a Wrist Radio, a end of the threaded coil slug, or a small bakelite plain leather strap is all that is required-the knob with a 4-40 lock nut, to turn the coil's set clips to the strap-and as a Clip-On Radio, tuning slug in and out. 'When it clips to tie, shirt pocket, belt. testing the set before installing in its We've obtained fair results with an aluminumcase, attach the alligator clip to the finger stop foillined hat as a walking antenna, receiving 50 or metal box of your telephone. If wiring is corkw. stations located 20 airline miles away. For rect, and the correct size capacitor for your area so tiny a receiver, mobility is asking a lot, but is across the coil, you may find that powerful in many areas this stunt is possible. Note that local stations are so loud that the earphone is no ground connection is required for normal reoverloaded and reception distorted. If this happens, remove the alligator clip from the phone. ception. In remote areas, of course, a ground may be connected to the battery's minus terThe volume will still be loud, but the set will minal.-Tnouas A. Br,ercnlno, be free of distortion-and quite selective.

I do drqw I don't obiecl lo your doing-it-yourslt-but needles!

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RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTER

Praclico Code 0scillator

fwo codeprotticeoscil' Ihe ortitle destribes lofor kits thot ore eosylo build, instrucfive, ond inexpensive
ODE practice oscillators are compalativelY simPle electronic devices' The simPlest use only a single transistor or tube. The outPut is an audible tone, genet'all1. between 400 and 2,000 ciycles per second, which the user can hear in an earPhone' KT-72 kit is The LafaYette available for $2.99 from Lafayette Radio. 165-08 LibertY Avenue, Jat:::n,.,iS:.r*i maica 33. New Yolk. It comes but the headcomplete with keY, nhone must be bought seParatelY' hhu t<ttigttt 83Y239 kit is available from Allied Radio, 100 N. Western At"rr,ru. Chicago 80. Iilinois. for fhe $3.95. The keY and the headPhone aru not included in the kit and cost $3.33 more' --itt"o"y. A small signal voltage at the input rn to the base of the first transistor shown at produce a larger sign-a-l the seci.ie. t*ill rr ond transistor (TR2) output'- Now e\',en at the input ot the ampllitel" there's no signal there's still a very small signal- at the flr'st geniransistot collector made up of noise within the tlansistor and the circuit ;;;1;e This noise is amPlified bY the ;;;;;";;6. -'ii; second transistor. *"t" t" feed the output of this amplifiel back to its input (thlough a resistance pat'v to keep the low-impedance input lrom ihe higher impedance output) ' ii"ffv lftoiti"g this noise would pass through the ampllner-' It would again appeai- at the output-ampltit would continue to refied this time-and in this way until it r'vas prevented ;it""i;;
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oloved in the cilcuit. ^ Oia t intentionally use two tlansistors to illustrate this? Yes. The transistor cilcuit used in the circuit of Fig' 2 is "o"fldt"tio" "uii"i u commoll emittel circuit because one terminal and one input terminal (in;;t;; uv ttt" ground svmbol) a'e connected ;i;;i;e rn. amplifier: in Fig' 2 conir"irr" "*iti"t." sists of two cascaded common emitter connected transistors.

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RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

The common emitter circuit configuration is more popular than the common collector and the common base circuits shown in Figs. 3A and 38 because the common emitter circuit has greater power gain and because onlv one battery power supply is required to op'_ erate it. But the common emitter circuit inverts the_signal (see Fig. 2). Thus, if we fed some of the output of a single transistor back to its input, the signal would subtract and cancel the.tendency to oscillate. This type of reeooacK ts descnbed as degenerative. However, if two of these tiansistor stases are cascaded, the signal will be inverted" a second time, and when a portion of the out_ put is fed to. the. input o[ tl-ris two-stage am_ plrhr, the signals are in phase. This results in the build-up required for oscillation. . If a resonating circuit consisting of an inductance (a pair of headphones inlhe case of this code practice oscillitor) and a suitable capacitance ac voltage divider combination lor feedback is provided, one transistor will produce oscillations. In this case the LC (in_ ductance and capacitor) combination tends to oscillate -at a given frequency depending on the product of their values. But-the inl ternal dc resistance of the headphone windings- dissipates energy, and the combination needs a reculring kick of energy-from some_ where-{or continued oscillation.

A single transistor can furnish the kick. This typ-e of oscillator is generally known as _a Colpitts oscillator, and this circuit is yfilizSp in the Lafayette KT-72 code practice kit. The circuit is shown in Fie. 4. The osciliator circuit of the Knight kit also utilizes a resonant LC circuit, but i-n this case feedback is introduced with " t.u"rf*-".. The circuit is shown in Fie. 5. _ The instruciions which come with the Lafayette code practice oscillator kit include a step-by-step wiring sequence. Many of the connections are made without any soldering and rely instead on screws and nuts ant Fahnestock clips. - The components are mounted on a perforated Masonite board before anv wirins is attempted. The shaft for the volume conlrol must be cut to about 3/s-in. length before it is inserted in the volume control. The 50-K volume control is connected as a rheostai (only two terminals are used) instead of as a potentiometer (where three terminals would be used). The K_night transistor code practice oscillalgt kil fits in a compact Bakelite case lsla x 2t/ex4 in. with an aluminum front panel. It operatesfrom a single 172-v penlite cell. Termrnals for connecting key and headphones are provided on the front panel. The parts in both kits are covered bv a

RADIO.TV EXPEBIMENTER

t47

2 K A CONNECTING EYS AND PHONES

EXTENDING CODE PRACTICE OSCILLATOR UTILITY

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Fig. 68. This kind of operation is a lo-t oi fun a.rd it will help you and your friends learn the code faster. In comparing the two kits, I find it difficult to recommend one over the other. The Knight Kit is simpler to construct and can be built in less time. It is housed in a very attractivo functional package. The Lafayette 5it, on the other hand, ii less expensive and it includes the key.-F.H.F.

Soldering

"Pen" Absorbs Heol

transistors unless you too bulky in the coron minia-

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r Soldering iron heat can ruin and other imall electronic parts, use a heat sink. Pliers are often and heavy for the job, especially ners of chassis wiring, or working

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' E,,;l.l.,,,''ll Front-ponel view of the Knight TrqnsistorizedCode PrqcticeKit.

standard RETMA 90-day warranty. Any,defective parts will be replaced within 90 days provided the damage was not due to carei""".r"r" or abuse. Each of the suppliers will iroubleshoot your kit for a nominal cost if vou can't mak" it work yourself, br'rt the .hun"" that you'll have trouble with either is verv small. Almost any kind of magnetic headphones of 1.000 ohms or greater impedance may be used with either oscillator. Lafayette recommends a single headphone which may be-ordered from ih"* ". AM-15-1 at $1.18. Allied recommends a unit which sells for $1'08 (59Y112, their catalog numb-er). The-k^ey for the Knight Kit may be Allied's ?6 PO53 at $2.25 or Lafayette's MS-309 at $1.25. ' If vou wish to use either code practice oscillator with another person' another key and headset may be added as shown in Fig.-6l\' If you wish to get as many as four people into the circuit. connect the keys rn parallel ano the headphones in series-parallel as shown in

turized cilcuits. Remove the ink eartridge from an old ball point pen, and saw off the tip about '/z-in. ft'orn the end. Then heat the back end oi a Mueller #88 test clip and force it into the pen han<ile. A drop of cement completes this handy tool. "third o Draftsman's tape makes an excellent hand" to hold electronic components together during assembly or soldering.' Due to its high insulalion, the tape can be left on permanently' or can be peeled ou ""t3;. A. McRo'rnrs

Drqftsmqn's TdPe Holds Tight

148

RADIO-W EXPENIMENTEN

AdqpterUnitChecks Tubes With Your Multimeter

This.adapter enabfes unit you to checktubeswith your voltohmmeter, makesa'fine filamen+ source experimental for setups, and provides multi-ac f apsf or measurement d an calibrationwork
Figure 2A shows the filament continuity test in schematic form, If a neon tube is connected to an appropriate_ voltage source, t],rrough a tube filament, it wili glow brightly. If the filament is open, the neon tube will stay dark. Simi_larly, if any of the elements

are shorted, and the neoniube ir-";;;;;i;; thlough both of them to its source, it will glow again brightly (Fig. 2B). UJ"lly ;; are interested in shorts to cathode. beiause they are the most commonly fo"rrd'.fiori, i, tubes.
.Wlen a tube is in good condition, the cathode is capable of emitting all the electrons which can be demanded by plate and grid voltages. Actually, the catirode can deli"ver many .more electrons, but there is a finite lrmrt, the saturation current. When a vacuum_ t_ube cathode starts to deteriorate, the first indication is a drop in saturation current. Thus by testing what the saturation current is. we can pretty well determine the condition of the tube. We do this by tying the cathode to ground, heating the filament normally, and applying an ac voltage to all tJre other'ele_ ments together. Then we measure the current through the tube, this is the emission test. (See Fig. 3.) Since this measured emission cunent is the total of that received bv all of the elements, when we remove orr" o-f th"from the circuit, there will be a sllght drop in cuuent. Not much, but enough 1o be perceptible and enough to indicate whether-the element in question is open. The recommended mari,mum time to take a reading is three seconds. Multimefer R.equirenents. The schematic is shown in Fig. 4. The transformer for the adapter unit is a tube checker transformer with many voltages tapped off. The tapped voltages are supplied to jacks. There are- hve jacks to a _red lead; these supply ac to the elements of the tube under test. There are three black pin-jacks; these are grounded.

Adcpter

unit ot left obove (ond below) used wirh volt-ohmmeter for checking fubes.

By TOM JASKI THp most common and one of the simplest I lylq tests which ca.ngive reasonably re. lraole rnrormatlon about a vacuum tube is the emission test. Together with tests for continuity of the filament, shorts and opens of the elements,these are the tests that are made when you take your tube to a service shon for a free tube test, and these are also thL tests which you perform on do-it-yourself tube testers. With the unit described here and with your volt-ohmmeter you can make these tests yourself.

RADIO-W EXPERIMENTER One of these must be used for one side of the filament, one for the cathode and one is a spare in case you want to ground the suppressor grid also. There are two jacks for the meter, one red for the positive prod, one black for the negative meter prod. The neon tube circuit was shown in Fig. 2. Each lead of the group of nine flexible black leads with phone tips on the ends is connected to a numbered pin on the tube test socket S. Lead one connects to all the ff1 pins, lead two to all the S2 pins, etc. These are plugged into the appropriate jacks when you are using the uhit. The meter must have at least a 100 rno scale and preferably a higher one. If your multimeter does not have a scale as high as 100 rna, make a shunt to use with whatever scales you have. If you have only an ordinary 1-rno meter, you can use this provided you make a shunt for it which has a resistance of Yqgth of the meter internal resistance, for the 100 rn& range, or %gsth for the 200 ma range. The reason your meter needs these high ranges is that the saturation current of cathodes is con(In siderable. in some cases over 200 ma. regular emission tube checkers, this is comTABTEA AND TE5I VOTIAGE OF EMISSION CURRENT TUBE5 REPRESENTATIVE
fo. smittion Similority Fcr other tuber, reler lo tub mcnuol. tert G.n be ludged from mqximum dissipotion, moxlmum plole cr mor. Gothode currenl. Gurrenl ond vohoge (For duol tube', refer lo eoch the figurer with the other section snconnected.) tection tePqrotely

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pensated for by a dc voltage circuit which counteracts the deflection of the meter.) Plug in the adapter unit, but do not yet turn it on. Find the base connections of the tube you wish to check from a tube manual. (Electronic supply stores have good tube manuals available for from 25Cto 75C.) Plug one of the filament terminals into a black pinjack, the other into the appropriate voltage jack. For split filament tubes, use the entire filament. For example a 12AX? can be used on 6.3 and L2.6 u, but in this case you would use the 12.6-o tap and apply it to either pin f4 or pin f,5, rvith the other one connected to the ground jack. Next, determine what the cathode is. On 7-pin miniature tubes, for ex-

150
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RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTEN

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ample, it will usually be either pin #2 or #7. Plug it into a black pin-jack. IT the suppressor grid is internally tied to the caihode. ignore its pin # lead. If it isn't, plug it into a reo JacK. Norv plug all the remaining element leads which are appropriate into red jacks. Of course on a 7-pin tube you will have two unused leads. If a tube socket has no connection to, say, pin $6, this lead will not be used. Hang the leads away from the box, in case there is an internal connection in thc tube. Insert the meter prods, and make sure the meter is at least on the 700-ma range. Observe meter poiarity. (Note that so far we have done nothing with the red lead which supplied oc to the red jacks.) Turn the unit on, and let the tube warm up for about a minute. Then select the proper ac voltage and plug in the red tip to that particul"ar jack. In table A, a representative group o[ tube types are listed, together with the ;oltage which should be used to test them and the current the meter should read for a good tube. Tubes which belong to the same tamitv can be found in your tu6e manual. For example a 12AY7 is tested with the same voltages as a 724U7, draws a bit more current. _ As soon as you plug in the red lead, read the meter and unplug it again. Don't leave the red lead connected any longer than necessary._ If _yo_u don't want to plug and unplug a -"te;t" hot lead, build in a normally open pusllbutton so that this lead can 6e plugged in ahead of time and pushed on as needed. If the tube reads the approximate current listed, in Table A, or a value you calculate must be about right from similaf tube listings, it passes the emission test. If it reads onlv 60% of these values, the tube is doubtfui. If it reads only 50/6, reject the tube. Consiruclion, Front paneJ. layout is shown

in Fig. 1; internal construction in Fig. 5. The flexible leads are anchored on the tie-point strips, so -could, SK thev won't pull out. You I soJdel thern dilectly to one of the tu,be sockets. but then they must be made lonser. There ii nothing critical about the layout, SK just make sure the leads are long 2 enough to leach all of the jacksl A bayonet type socket is included for testing pilot lamps. If you expect to check other types of tubes, SK with different bases. there is noth3 ing to keep you from including as many different kinds as are availRED JACKS able-simply use a larger box. The shorts and filament continuity tests have not been discussed in detail, but once you know how to set up a tube for the emission check. it is obvious from Figs. 2A and B what must be done for the others. Simply plug in the appropriate leads, one at a time on the shorts test. Don't be alarmed if the neon tube glows siightly when you test the cathode to filament short (which is done by simply plugging the cathode lead in the "short" jack). There is always some leakage between cathode_and filament, and only if the tube lights up brightly should the tube be rejected.
MATERIALS IST_ADAPTER NIT L U N o .R e q ' d Description I transformer (T1) Stancor P-1834.3-tube checkertransf o f l n e r( o r e q u i v a l e n t ) I o c t a ls o c k e t I 7.pin miniature ocket s 1 9"pin miniature ocket s p h o n e . t i pa c k s j 2L phoneips 10 t r e s i s t o r ,( R l ) 1 0 o h m s , w a t t s 2 ( r e s i s t o r . R 2 ) 1 0 , 0 0 0o h m s , , w a t t 7 pilot lamp socket,bayonettyfeN E 2 n e o nl a m p D P S Ts l i d es w i t c h( 5 1 ) gfrp-cap 0nnect0r c 3 l t extra flexibletest lead 2 5 - p o i n tt i e - p o i n ts t r i p s I 3x4x6,t box hardware,wire and solder, decals pushbutton 1 switch for "Test" (optional)

, r 8 6,tt

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Under-chossis view of odopter unit.

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTEB

t5t

Electric 0ne-string Guitar

How one slring and on eorPhone m.rke music for You
TRAUFFTR EYART
\ / ELLOW. rich and vibrant "tu the tones Produced bY f\/l I Y I this experimental unit. It can be built in an evening, and will play notes ranging through 1Yz octaves. the magnets in an Ordinarily, earphone cause the diaPhragm to vibrate, making sound. This instrument uses fhe same PrinciPle in reverse: when the steel string (Fig. 1) vibrates, voltage induced muslcar in the corls procluces iir [he'coils produces a musical tone when fed through an amPlifier, You can pluq the unit into fier. You can plug the unit into the phono jack of a radio, TV set, phono amplifier or tape recorder, and when you move the sliding

tli"n'fll"it , ''';';r','':,.'',., '-"-,',i"i*,.i1i,fi ,,fu.f t|; lllf tlk']l ' string'

a pieceof straight1 x 2-in. Efit
about 28-in. long. Sand it

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lumber

omplifier,rodio. TV set, or lope recorder.Be sure lhqt your set perfectly smooth (the block must for is properlygrounded sofety. "lid" "."ily), and ihen give it two coats of varnish or shellac. About supplied with a loop or factory mad-e c-ollar f*; each end center the lr/+-in.long rh ii;. at one end. Fasten this to one end ot the wood screws. These screws allow for height th^" nail and washer assembly board, *iq .nd their slots support the strtg .ai"rt*""t shown in Fig. 2. above the board. you can use either a "IJ" or "E" steel The tie polt which holds the other end of -is m-ade of a roller rn'indow shade the string Obtainable in any music store, these "tri"e. Drill the center hole out mounting.bracket. ";; ili; il; nignuit pitched strings on ;;;G; -Usually to Ya in., bend the bracket as in Fig. 2, and giitar. they are " rt"-"a"ta 6-string
O SOLDER NE LEADTO OUTSIDE S H E L L O F P H O N OP L U G L A M P C O R DO R S H I E L D E D P H O N OC A B L E \ METAL STRIP I I M B E D D E DN S L O T PHONO PIN PLUG CEMENTPHONE TO WOOD R H W O O DSCREW

Connect the one srring electric guitor to lhe phono plug of your

BEND ROLLER SHADE BRACKET

WING NUT t

onu-r-d'
HOLE

STEEL GUITAR S T R I N GE ( I S T ) . O R

# l e ot e *
HEADBOLT

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RADIO.TVEXPERIMENTER
M A T E R I A L S I S T - . , O N E . S T R I N G L E C T R O N IG U t T A R , , L E C Amt. DescriFtron

l I r I I I r I

li'.X.iil,;"'o i ilz; :i::, r/4" xS itr'w'ood3;,n, i':,:'),'Ytrn'r"iJ irews ? i Vc',x 5 rh wood screws 2

t/a-20 wing-nul Y 4 x 2 0 x I , , b r a s sb o l t , h e x . h e a d r o t t e r . s h a db r a c k t e 1,, finishinq ail, or fh nail n 36,f dia. washer hjgi-impeda.nce magnetic earphone(1.000-2,00O ohm, higher

cabre 9 ft i'l#;trttilt:Ttt#,).,oro or mike ,nono phono

Din lluo Gibsonsteel q-uitarstring (E or B)

cuts the lines of force between the poles and induces a small e.m.f. (electromotiie i;;t in the coils. This c.m.f. is amplitieci bv an audio amplifier. or by the audio .e"tio""of a radio or TV, and then rcproduced by a ioud_ speaker. -The tone you hear depends on the rate of vibration of the string. A 1000 c.p.s. tone means that the string is- vibratine 1b00 times per second. The amplitude of thE tone depends on the strength of tt " "irirre; ,it.* tion, the gain of the audio amplifier. and on the spacing between the stiing ind the magnets.

mount it on the end of the board with two s/a,-in.rh wood screws. Now drill a %a-in. hole for the string through the head of a t/4-20 x l-in. hex-head screw. ' The pickup is made of a discarded earplgne 9f high impedance, between 1,000 and 2,000 ohms dc resistance, and with magnet coils in good working condition. Remove the outsidS screw cap and the metal diaphragm disc. Then cement, or screw the phone oito the wood board about S-in. from one end. If your earphone has cord terminals on the back side, you may have to cut grooves in the board for the cord. This connecting cord can be made of ordinary lamp cord, witf, a phonopin plug soldered at one end. However. if you find later that there is objectionable hum pickup, you may have to substitute shielded phono or mike cable. ^. Y.\u the sliding wood block 1 in. wide by 3/ain. high and about 2 in. lone. With a thinbladed hacksaw, cut the sloiin the top to accept a thin strip of sheet metal. Stretch the strings over the heads of the supporting screws, thread the end throush the hole and twist the end securely. Turn ti-re wing -nut slowly until the string is taut enough to produce a medium pitch. For best results-the space between the string and the tops of the magnets should be as-small as possible, but not so the string hits the ohone when it is plucked. Plug thJ phono tip into the jack of your hi-fi amplifiei, a radib, TV or recorder. The instrument is now readv to play. Safety note. In most types of ac-dc radios (having no power transformer), the chassis is hot and hence, if the power is not polarized, the string of the instrument could also be "hot," and serious electrical shock could r.esult. Be cautious about using this instrument on, or near damp floors, or near radiators. etc., and if in doubt, have your phono inoui jacks checked for safety by a radio r"rufo"man. How lt Works. In theory, this one-string "guitar" works like a musician's electric guitar with magnetic pickup. When the steel guitar string vibrates in the magnetic field of the earphone pole pieces, the itring

Qlomp Holds Wire for Soldering

-When tinning the tips of electric wires and ;oldpring on lugs, use a large paper clamp to nold the wire still and keep it from rollins -ihE while you touch the iron and solder to wire's tip.-JoHN A. Cousrocr<. o

Drilling ChossisHotes
r When drilline holes in the meta] chassis of electronics gear, there's a good possibility that some of the metal chips will fall between contact points on the underside of the ehassis and cause a short circuit. .To prevent this, apply a wide strip of masking tape to the underside of chassis where the drill will come through, to catch and,hold the chips. Once the hoju'h". b""" onlted, remove the tape, being especiallv careful not to spill the meial chip's.

SOTUTION O T ETECTRON TUBE ANAGRAM Poge I30

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BADIO,TVEXPERIMENTER

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The for-flung connections mode by the connectors in the foreground of the photo ot right ore oll brought into one plane for eosy hondling in the potchponel. A potch plug ond pctch cord ore shown plugged in fo connect inputs of one unil io outpuls of others, On the chossis, lettering stonds for: R ond [, stereo heod; Hl ond tO M-AG., AUX, TAPE lN, MlC., ond TUNER, terminolions found on reor ponel of o DB-l l0 omplifier; AM ond Fiil ore t u n e r o u t p u t s , o s i s R E C O R D E RO U T ; RECORDPICKUP iock connects ro mon. ourol disc heod; AUXIIIARY AMPLl. FIER, Hl qnd [O refer to inpurs of o second amplifier for stereo; AUDIO lNPUT FROM ond AUDIO OUTPUT TO refer lo color coding rhor simplifies moking connections.

Audio Patch-Pa
Buildthis $10version o broodtost stotion of pofchboord brooden use of your hi-fi to the componenls DOI{ BY SCHROEDER
Conslruction. The patch panel shown in Fig. 1 was designed for use with a Bogen DB-110 amplifier. It therefore includes all those jacks that are present on the back of that model amplifier. It will probably be necessary to change these to suit your particular amplifier. The important thing to bear in

to wire in an evening, this audio J-ASY patch panel wiil enable you to set up I l- practically any combination of audio components without delay, and without fumbling for matched cords and connectors. For many years, audio engineers have used patchboards to quickly connect combinations of equipment in broadcast stations, recording studios, and theatres. These panels offer not only convenience, but a complete variety of possible combinations. But the broadcaster has a great advantage over the hi-fi enthusiast in that most of his lines are low impedance and thus less vulnerable to screaming or hum. This article describes an easily assembled high-impedance patch panel that will greatly facilitate the connection changes required for straight play-back of records, dubbing discs onto tapes, or any other connection it might be desirable to make. With it. all innuts become accessible in one location, eliminating the need to pull amplifiers off shelves or out of cabinets to get access to lear or underside ter:minals. It also sirnplifies the adapter fitting problem that plagues most audiophiles because all changes are made with RCA type plugs.

Inierior wiring is not difficulr ond is further simplified by the use of double jocks. All shields ore grounded in the bsx bui only one is grounded ot fhe plugs going lo qny one unif, io ovoid ground loops ond hum. Two poirs of jocks ore connecled together oi the right. These toke core of the tuners which usuolly come equipped with on output cord.

NADIO.TV EXPENIMENTEff

8 .-ias"7i

^- .:

M A T E R I A L SL I S T _ P A T C H P A N E L

No. Reqd. Descriotion t0 Hardi-Grip pin plugs, solder type BA +f12A904. Mfg. by WorkmanTV I D o u b l ep i n j a c k . B A # 1 2 A 5 7 6 , M f O . b y H . H . S m i t h , s0 ft.
Ib

fwo plugs ore soldered together to mcke the potch cord (left), the inner connectors being ioined wirh shielded wire. Note rhot only rhe righr plug connects fo rhe shield on the poich cord, the other end being insulated with tope to prevent ground loops. At right, potch plug.

nl2L4 miirophonecable, Belden 841I, BA #2AI02 gray afuminumbox, I x 3 x23/+il, 8A F20A50t, LMB tI37 binder headscrewsand nuts 6-32xWt, BA #198863 and 19A1014 conneclorsto match inputs and outputs of existin0 components system. in Suppliersparts nunbers aboyeare for Burstein.Applebee,1012 McGee St., Kansas City, Mo,

mind is to keep those combinations most likely to be in constant use above and below each other, For instance, the magnetic input will most often be connected to the masnetic cartridge. Therelore those jacks rep."s"nti.tg magnetic input and magnetic cartridge should be vertically aligned. The same is true of a tape input and a tape output. Double jacks are used to keep hole drilling to a minimum, two less mounting screws being necessary. Handi-Grip plugs were used on the patch cords to make plugging easier. Several of these plugs were soldered directly together to providd easy vertical patching. Betwegn patch and interconnecting cords a considerable amount of shielded wire strinping is required. For this I usually use a dull knife, a scriber, soldering aid, or nut pick, and a pair of scissors. Cut a ring around the outer jacket about 1 in. from the end and pull the piece of jacket off the wire. Now unravel the shield, pull the strands to one side, and twist them together. Where no termination is to be made to the shield, fan the wires and cut them off. lhen wrap with two turns of any kind of tape.'With as iittle pressure as possible cut a circle in the inner plastic insulation-no pull closer than 126 to the earlier cut-and in. the plastic off the end. It is now possible to unravel the protective threads. Bend the inner wires to one side. Then, gripping all the threads, cut them ofl at the plastic. Often in the course of soldering, an excess of heat melts the plastic insulation. Skill is the most effective means of avoiding this but a clean, thoroughly tinned and heated soldering iron is a great help. If you use a soldering

gun, trigger it and allow it to get hot enough to melt solder before touching it to the wire. Sirnultaneously touching tip, wire, and solder together allows the rosin to run on the wire, giving maximum flux when it is needed. High heat, rapidly applied and quickly removed, does far less damage than prolonged heating at subsoldering temperature. To minimize the danger of hum from ground loops, shields were connected only at one plug of all patch cords, the other end being carefully insulated with a piece of plastic tape. The same was true of lines running to the units when more than one line ran to the same unit. Only one of the wires going to the amplifier is grounded at both ends. Again these iines were carefully insulated with plastic tape against accidental grounding. Generally a good rule of thumb with highimpedance lines is that they should not exceed 20 ft. in length. Actually, the shorter the better, If your equipment is spread around the walls of the room it might be wise to regroup it to keep line lengths to a minimum. Should hum occur it can sometimes be relieved by use of the larger Belden #840I shielded wire in place of the smaller Belden ff8411 specified in the Materials List. Aside from the care required in grounding, construction is straightforward and no difli"Audio" culty should be encountered. Teknicals wele used to put the finishing touch on the unit These are applied like any decal, wetting the surface to ease positioning. Careful blotting with a dry rag sets them in position. After at least 12 hours drying time the decal can be permanently attached by a very light brushing with clear "Cutex" nail polish. If you have been having a battle keeping track of your audio terminations, try this unit. It pays big dividends in frustration reduction.

RADIO-TV EXPENIMENTER

155

Radio-Phono Portable
rodio Here'slronsisforized und o thol opphonogroph turntoble You luke ofi erotes botleries. con it, onduseil, onywhere L. By HOMER DAVIDSON

In the home, on fhe beoch, in the oir, overseos-wherever you hoppen to be or go, rhis rodio-phono combinoiion con go with you.

Belting ond cotch on cose ore ovqilqble in dime stores.

RF section of the radio circuit of this portable J-HE I consists of three RF transistors and a fixed diode recr tifier (see Fig. 3). Transistor TR1 is the oscillator mixer stage, TR2 and TR3 are IF amplifiers. The intermediate frequency is 445 kilocycles. This IF signal is rectified to audio frequency by the fixed crystal diode. A 3 x 11-in. printed cireuit board is used as a subchassis for the RF and audio circuit (see Fig. 5 for RF section

Desi0.

cr, c2 c3,c4,c6,c7,c8 cl0, cu, c12 c5 c8 c13

R l , R 5 ,R 5 R2 c14 cl5 R10 Rlt R12 R}' R14 R15,R16 TR4 TR5TR6 , T4 t pt. I

L B MATERIALS IST-PORTABLE ADIO.PHONOGRAPH Descri Desig. Ption Description RF SECTION R3 330 ohm, /2 watt resistor v a r i a b l e a n a c i t o rB F s e c t i o n . 3 l o L 2 3 . 1 c . 6 4.7k ohm, /2 watt resistor R4,R7, R8 m m f d ; o s c . s e c t i o n5 . 7 t 0 7 6 . 2 m f d 2700 ohm, Z2 watt resistor Lafayette M5261 R9 33k ohn. t/c watt resistor .01 mfd disccapacitors RIO ant. loop, 700 mh (LafayetteM5-264) L1 osc. c0il (LafayetteMS-255 or equiv.) .005 mfd disc capacitor L2 Meisnert6-9002 455 kc lF transforner 10 mfd 25 v elec. capacitor ft, T2 f3 Meisner16-9014 455 kc output lF transformer 50 mfd 25 v elec. capacitor ( R a y t h e o n N 4 l . 4 At r a n s i s t o r s P N P ) 2 100k ohm, Z2 watt resistor T R l ,T R 2 T R 3 , 1 diod R a y t h e o n N 2 9 5 f i x e dd i o d e 1000 ohm, Z2 watt resistor

AUDIO ECTION S

T5 8 mfd 25 v electrolyticcapacitor .05 mfd 200 v paper capacitor SWI control, with sw 10ft Yolume Batteris 470k ohm, l,/2 watt resistor SPk'jack t2k ohm, tZ-watt tesistor I 3000 ohm, l/2 watt resistor 68 ohn, t/2 watt resistor 1 I0 ohm, Yz watt resistor 2 N 1 0 7 G E t r a n s i s t o(rP N P ) SW2 2 N 1 8 8 G E t r a n s i s t o t( P N P ) d t A R 1 0 9 A r s o n n er a n s f o r m e rr i v e rP R I 1 0 , 0 0 0 f o h m ; s e c .2 0 0 0 C . T . PRINTED IRCUIT C PE.5 liouid etchant I X X X P c o p n e rl a m i n a t e d o a r d ( 3 x 1 I " c u t I t 0 l l b from 12" piece)

ARt19 Atgonne output transformerPRI 500 o h m C . T . ; s e c .3 . 2 o h m SPST switch on rear of R10 9-volt (Eveready #276 o( equir') standardfemale phonojack pickup arm and crystal (PK.89 ph0n0 arm and cartridge, Lafayette) 6.voft phono motor, 45 rpm, 33Vs, 16 tpn (Lafayette) r o t a t i n oD P 0 T s w i t c h y 6 . v o l t h a t t e r y ( E v e r e a d# 4 0 9 o r e q u i v ' ) PRLT ball point Pen tape resist

156
ANT, c o rL
LI

NADIO.W EXPEilMENTER
T2 T3

switched into the phoriograph circuit, with a rN2s5 , A - separate battery for ezl Ai this circuit since the radio operates ofi 9 r-r. ct2 .0i Prinfed Circuif. Wash the copper side of the I 10 ,' AUD]O PC board with soap R3:l R4 R5 I R 8 < and water, and their ","i t 3 a o< 4 . 7 t00 7AO:. T ] lco X I ".trace on it the RF and I 101 drisI I I I audio circuits through I carbon paper. Unroll resist tape and apply, c9 o using a sharp pocket knife to cut all corosc. ners. Dots can be made coiL L2 with a ball-point resist paint by simply press@ t rooK ing down on the ball RI t00K point of the pen. a4 5 When the circuits have been completely c i3 .ol 50 laid out on the printed RF SECT]ON SCHEIIIATiC MF IT board, pour enough etching solution into a and Fig. 6 for audio section portions of the tray to sufficiently cover the board. The soluPC board). The audio circuit consistsof an tion should be agitated or rocked back and audio amplifier with a volume control in the forth to quicken the etching process. It will base circuit of TR4. The last two audio stages take about one hour to complete the process. are opbrated push-pull for greater amplifica- Wash the finished board in cold-running wation. This little portable has two 5 x 7-in. PM ter, wash out the etching tray or dish, and speakers in the output and pulls only 10 rno pour the remaining solution back into the with full volume. A 6-o nhono-motor is bottle. It can be used again. Remove the tape

r!_e

l6-9002

TR3

r 6- 9 0 t 4

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T O A N ' . C O I LL I SECONDARY

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8- 9V

c).

ot
torRF StCTION f P.C. (SEElG.3l

t
TR2

( A O T U A LS I Z E )

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

157

RF SECTION TR4 fR5 and pen resist paint. A2Nr8s *'r z'u,ot "au, rroa* Now drill all holes in oK "l' _ l].o. ___1-"+-r.. z{-t c 5 the printed circuit .05 board before mounting eLac( any parts. A very R16 [) io small drill should be .:'l l1 GQEE\ Illlt ll llo''o' used for all small parts such as resistor, capacSPEA(ER JACK - - - " . itors, and transistor l l l r l l l l wires. The phono and ' | | | | !'r l lcED I speaker jacks take 3/s-in. dia. holes. At R A D r o l l +l + + l I the two ends of the printed circuit board P H o N o l l | | I I: "r ' J A C K\ l t l R r | - oo drill Y+-in. holes for l\5 i | >.47o I o , Y . r K l r n the PC ( mounting swtTcH I board on the wooden cabinet. Y MountingCornponenls. l + I All the small parts are BA T T E R Y i 9 VOLTS mounted as they are A tD r os E c - t o N c h E V A T t c s wired into the circuit. !"o"0[ Wait until the last I I/0r0RI thing to solder the transistors into the cirdo the IF and RF receiver alignment. (See cuit so that excessive heat on a given point "How To Align Superhet Circuits," p. 66, Rowill not ruin them. The variable capacitor dza-TV Erperi.menter, No. 559, 75C from and volume control are bolted to the printed Science and Mechan'ics, 450 East Ohio-Street, chassis, as are the phono and speaker jacks. If not, the local radio and Chicago 11, i[.) The smatl antenna is temporarily taped to and television shop can-easily do__aprofessional the printed board while alignment job of alignment of the small portable re-or-,tting is done (see Fig. ?). If you have ceiver. a signal generator, you already know how to

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RADIO-W EXPENIMENTER

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PHONOMOTOR

C U TO U T

TOP PANEL SPEAKER -.\ OPENING I I

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SPEAKER OPENJNG i.:"r]..r:i.i.Liiir, :i, r : ;.1-;-r:r*, :--..,-i i, . li'ji;i;*r,i I\44IN

9qqr
looking up into cobinet. Speokers mount ot opposite ends of cose.
I_ ,,^, _^

BOTTO[4 PANEL

Test the audio portion of the printed circuit board first. Do all alignment and testing of the chassis before it is mounted in the cabinet. Turn the switch on and the volume up half-way, and plug the crystal pickup arrir into the audio phono jack. A noise should be heard. Rub your finger over the needle and a scratchy sound will be audible. The radio portion can be checked by simply turning the switch to the radio position, and aligning first the IF stages with a signal generator, then the RF section. Cobinet Conslruction. After the receiver and phonograph printed circuit board has been thoroughly tested it is ready to be mounted into the cabinet. The cabinet can be made h'om 3/s-in. plywood. If you already have a case, be sule it is large enough to take both chassis and speakers. The speakers mount at the ends of the cabinet (see Fig. 8). A piece of r/+-in. Masonite was cut and drilled for the top panel to

IIASON ITE

EIffi

f@ .or'r., .o*.ror..,on,

hold the record player and phono pickup arm, and another pieee of 7a-in. Masonite was cut and drilled for the bottom, as in Fig. 10. Cover the cabinet with plastic grille cloth, stapling it to the case. Apply glue around the speaker holes before stapling. Both Masonite panels and the top phono-lid were sprayed with red enamel paint. The small batteries were bracketed to the bottom Masonite panel. A small wooden block and No. 8 wire form a holder (see Fig. 9) to secure the phono arm to the cabinet when transporting this portable.

NTDIO.IV EI(PENIMENTEN

ls9

0f Liquid Conductivity Measuring the

LAMP F TERMINAL OR TERIVINAL S COPPER TRIP

TO
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TERMINAL FOR COPPER STRIP

6-32 / SCREW WASHER

I c l r n n' o

PLAsTlc BASE

LAMP T 0 i l o - t z oV TERMINALLINE \

Adding o feospoonful of solurqled solulion common solt from beoker of left to tesf ior of wofer, upped voltmeter reoding from l0 fo ll2.

25 WAIT L A i VP

PORCELAIN
SOCKEI

OME liquids conduct electricity better than others. You can test this fact with the setup shown in Fig. 2. Two strips of sheet copper secured to the underside of a plastic disc are immersed in the liquid to be tested. A meter connected across the lamp telminals indicates voltage applied to the Iamp. With this setup, we fcund, for example, that the voltmeter registered 10 volts with pure water in the peanut butter jar. We then

HOLE WIH PRESS FIT ON S O C K E T\ t " . I v zxz" ,

#r18oR 20 PLASTIC ]NSULATEFLEXIBLE D W I R E ,I 8 ' ' L O N G TOA,C.+ VO TMEIER L P A N E LT Y P E , 0-150 v

PLASTICDISC C O VE R S LIVE I E RIV IN ALS 6

BAKEL ITE OR CLEAR PLASTIC

I
t

I' I

P E A N U TB U T T E R
JAR

I
CONDUCTIVITY

WIDE STRIPS OF SHEE R O O F I N GC O P P E R

r f, r-oHo

Teospoonful of soturofed bicorbonote of sodo resulted in o lighted lcmp ond 108-volt reoding.

added one teaspoonful of a saturated solution of common salt to the pure water (Fig. 1)' The voltmeter reading jumped up to 112 volts, and the lamp burned brightly. No wonder medical technicians use salt-soaked pads when attaching various types of electrical equipment to the body! Figure 3 shows an experiment using a teasooonful of bicarbonate of soda from a saturited solution placed in a fresh jar of water' Here the voltmeter registers J.08 volts, as against 112 for salt. Figure 4 shows how a teaspoon of vinegar results in 58 volts to the lamp, indicating conductivity better than water but not nearly

t60

RADIO-TVEXPENIMENTER

ruoRf
PICTURE POWER

'ff1

riorrrn#loNGUE
Y-24 POW.R BOOSTER
Teospoonfulof vinegor produced reoding of 58 volts.

' itzsa poweffyl booster . . . or &n etnplified coupler !

'straight-thru'eircuit providesup to 10 db gain as a powerful one-set booster 'couple-two'circuit provides up to 5 db gain (per sei) as an amplifiedtwo-set coupler 'straight-thru'circuit and B-T 4-setcoupler provide no-loss4-set distribution system
Employs new frame-grid tube 6DJ8, new circuitry to achieve highest signal gain and "lower-than-cascodet' noise factor. Provides full broadband ampliffcation covering low and high VHF channels. Features "NO-STRIP" 300 ohm terminals for positive, electrical connections in seconds. Has ttonloff" switch. Improve TV reception today on lr 2 ot more TV sets with a single antenna.

so high as either salt or soda. For accurate comparisons, use the same quantity of each additive, e.g. a teaspoonful. You'll find salammoniac (ammonium chloride) similar to salt in conductivitv. A few drops of dilute sulphuric acid (battery aeid) will show a surprising degree of added condtrctivity to water. Cqulion: Do not tr.y any but aqua solutions -an in{lammable liquid could easily be touched off in contact with the copper electrodes. Also, don't leave your test setup plugged in, or out where youngsters can poke around its live terminals under the plastic guald ring.-Henor,o P. SrnaNo.

Film Spools As Wire Srqnd-Offs

proyides clear pictures sharp, TU on lr 2 or more sets only antenna TU with I

. Those plastic spools that 120 film comes wound around can be made into low-loss, noBIoNDER-TONGUE LABORATORTES, cost stand-off insulators for wires such as tNC. 9 Alling Street, Dept. RX-60,Newark2, N. J. radio lead-in. Cut the spool in half, drill a ln Canada: Telequipment Mfs. Co,, Ltd,. London. ont. Erlort: hole through the inside and insert a long Morhan Export Corp:,N.Y. 134N. a hi.fi componehts. Y. UHF'con. . . verters master systems industrial cameras tm.AMladi0s wood-screw. . IV TV Wrap one turn of the wire around the insulatbr near the flange as shown.
Available at parts distributors. For details wfite:

:'':.'.'),,u'. :

,,

Every efiort hqs been mgde lo eqsure occurocy gf the informclion lisled in this pub' licotion, bul obsolule cccurocy ii nol gocronteid and, of iourse, only informotion ovcilcble up lo press-time could be included.Copyrighr l?@ by Sciencesnd Mechonics Of f P u b l i s h i n gC o . , o . s u b s i d i c r y oD o v i s P u b l i c o t i o n s , l n c . , 4 5 O E o sh i o S l . , C h i c o g o l I ' l l l .

INDEX QUICKREFERENCE
U . 5 . o d d C a n q d i o nA M S t o f i o n sb y F r e q u e n e y . . . . . . t 5 l U.S. qnd Gqnodion AM Stofions by Locolion. . . . . . . .l7O F S United iotes MStations..... Gqnqdisn FM Stotions. .. . . Unifed Ststes TelevisionSfotions. Cqnqdion TelevisionStqlions. .....180 .............178

r82
.... . .182 . . . . . . r .. . . . . . . 1 8 4

Sldtions Shorf-Wave Wqrfd-Wide e ; . C o n o d i c S h o r t - W o vS t o t i o n s n

U. S. rlnd Conqdion AM Stofions bt Frequency

U.S.sfotions listed olphobeticolly by stotes within groups, Conodiqn sloiions precede U.S.
W,P.,wqtt powei; d-operoles doytime only. Wove length is given in meters Abbreviotions: Kc.,ftequency in kilocycles;
w.P. Wove Lenglh 1000 Cal..-lO0O. 5 0 0 d KFXM San Bernardino, Colo. 5 0 0 0 KCSJ Pueblo, . WKBN YounrstovnOhio 1000 5000 WDLP PanamaCily. Fla. WNAX Yankton,S.Dak. 5000 5000 WPLO Atlanta, Ga. WFAA Dallas. Tex. 'rriie-ilan 5000 5000 K G M B H o n o l u l u H a w a i i , sooolQfR4 gttaYa'.o-nt o'ilco, catit. 9990 WBAP Ft. Worth, Tox. 5000 Kirkla-ld Lak;6'.ort. 5qg0 KLUB Salt Lakc CitY, Utah 5000 K I D l d a h o F a l l s , l d a h o . lSl[L W'eiio cyiimsi GirdenC,5000 5000 WVLK Lexington, Ky. ouen Sound,Ont. Florida 50000dlCFOS !qgo KVI Soattlo. Wdh. 5000 250 WEEI Boston. Ma$. Sqqqd WlllAM ilarinctto, Wis. 5000lwooF Dothan,Ala' Ga, WDAK Columbus, 5000 WKZO Kalamazoo. Mich. KYUM Yuna, Ariz. --KBRV Sodaspriiss, ldaho 500d1 !gq0 580-5t 6.9 5000' WOW Onaha. Nebr, l000dl!(9Eo-san FEn:' Calit. rt. odole, tbya rwnf flqo C,FX Antigonish,N.S. 5000 WBOW Albany, N.Y. 5000 qqqo poionot-eCity, Md. 500dlKLZ Detrver,Col!! \IOUV 5000 W G T M w i l s o n , N , C . 5000 CKEY Toronto, Ont. N-V. .-250dlUQ-Arl^Miami, Lla. *aie'titip, 9990 CKPR Ft, William, Ont. 5000 KUGN Eugene,orco, 5000 2 s o d l w l N D C h i c a c o l,l l . - 9 q Q 0 OKUA Edmonton, *citc-Cii6nsrurl, pa. t0000 WABM Scranton.Pa. Alta. 5000 500d ts0dlwMlK Middlsboryr iioin ciiilsvnie, ruin. [v1000 50000 WMBS Uniontoun,P& gQqo CKY Winnipe& Man. 1000d lWq4!- lortland'- -Maino *nid-nlihtinos, Va. 5000 500d KTBO Austin. Tox. Ala. IWHYN SDrinsfield,Mas5. 1000 WABT Tuskeg@, lolx) 5000 KSUB Cedar City, Utah I(TAN Tucson,Ariz. M o n r o M i c h . , lwillc i q q d KMJ Fr6no. Calif. 550-545.t 1000 5000 WLVA Lynchburg,Va. 5000 IwEBC Ouluth- Minn. 5000 KHQ Epokane,Wash. 5000 N.B. 50000lKWTo Sprincficld, Mo. 5000 KUBC Montmsc,Colo. CFNB Fredericton, 5000 , 10001 oFBB sudbury, Ont. KMON Great Falls, Mont, 5000 W D B O . O r l a n d oF l a . 5000 600499.7 CHLN Throe Bivore, Quo. 5000lwcAl Elizabethcity, N,C. 1000 WGAO Aususta,Ga. 5000 5 0 0 0 KFXD Nampa, ldaho , P c K P G P r i n c e G c o r c e B . C . 2 5 0 l w F l L P h i t a d G l D h i a ,a 5oo0 5000d cFiF Montreai, Que. 5000lWtS Columbia,S.C. Alaska 5000 WILL Urbana,lll. KENI Anchorago, 1000 5000 CFCH North Bay, Ont. 5molwHBA Memnhis,TGnn. 5000 KSAO Manhaftan, Kans. KOY Phonix,Ariz. 5000 5000 CF0C Saskatoon.Sask. WIBW Topeka, Kans. 50Q0 looolKFDM Beaumont,Tex. KAFY Bakrsield.Calif. 5000 B.C. 5000 CJ0R Vancouver, La. l000lKPO wenatcheo, 5000 KALB Alexandria, wash. KBAI Graic, Colo. l{x)o 5000 CKCL Truro, N.8. 5000lwJLs Beckloy. .Va. W 5 0 0 0 WTAG Worcestcr, MaEs. W G G A G a i l e s v i l l e ,G a . 1000 Ala. t 0 0 0 wlRB EnterDrise. M WELO TuDelo, iss. 10001 K M V I W a i l u k u .H a w a i i 5000 500d I(CLS Flaostaff, Ariz. N.C. WAGR Lumborton, 1000 , K V C V R e d d i n sC a l i t . 5000 wHP Harrisburg,Pa. 5000 5000 KFSD San Dioso, Calit. frsri"st]"L'i,,iirlivrri."*' EodolcxErcranhrooLq.c. -Euri;.-'rilolia. lSqq WKAQ San luan, P.R. tlIlo 500d WIOC Bridoepoft, Conn. tooolcrcq ou6nel'.8.c.-iaoFu !9.00KOBH Hot Srrinss, S,Dat. 1000d WPDO Jacksonville, 5000 Fla. Tnn. 5000lclFM..E!mundst0n,.N.B. ii-ci'eunatd, r,l.v. !990 WBKH Rockvood. Tex. 500d WMT Codar Raoids, loya 5000 Ala. sodilwAAx Gadsden, !q0 KDAV Lubbock, ii6iim siiiiivilte, tt.c. lo{X}d 5000 WYFE New Orlsans,La. W.Va, Arturas, calif. ... !p90 WCHS Charloston, i<r-vC'eii;iiiid-fu.Dii. -btriii- 50001!!9ry9 -ci-riCiriniii, 5000d 5000 wFST caribou, Maino Wis. calif' 5000 WKTY Lacrosse, ioooI rlac Los Ansol6s, iirhrc 50q0 wcAo Baltimoro, Md. D.G. 59990 iooolw-e4s-wasrinston' iitiAdco'r'iitiii,-'itriri.-ei6oinll;urg; l00od wLsT Escanaba,Mich. 590-508.2 p,090 Ga. 500 wAcL wavcross, tsa. ittilu ' | 1000 1000 W T A C F l i n t . M i c h . CFAR FlinFlon, Man. Paduga!!Kv. 5000lwKYB *FAB- Po'i;;, F.B. .lSqo CKAR Huntsvills,Ont. 2000 1000 KGEZ Kali$ell. Mont. l000dlwvMl Biloxi'Mi3s.-*FAw'piirticrii,-n.t. lqqqd CKRS Jonquicre,Que, 1000 WCVP Murphy, N.C. , lm0d lo00d KGBTlqs d1gco9' 50001 iex.'i<cn'C-triioii-nd,ry-M-ox. l0m0 VOCM iex. 5000lwucA Ncv York' !.Y. iaiCA san Anlbnio, lQqo WBAG St. Johns,N.F. 1000d Ala, qqq0 Carrollton, N.Y. 5000lwsYRsvracusG' ilblV *iieionrv,'vt. I5I 5000 KBHS Hot Springs,Ark. r5000d WHITE'S BADIO LOG ttl.C. *SVA tiliiisontir:rc,va,' 5000lwwilc Asheyilte,

Wovelenglfi Wavet eagtft W.P.| fic. f,c. . wausau' wis. 540-555.5 ,lwsAu

Wave Length *.e. l(c. W 5000 S H E R a l o i o h ,N . C .

W.?. Kc.

fi?f'*,filllhi,t*':i'. 'u&tr1!!G--535'4 -.

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$,[Er #ffitl:',fiit:r's33 |!19--521

il'fgi:

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oattas' ,sBBSli(sri rix' $ildn,rd""',1l,l;#jg;:'-. p.R. rcaol570-447.5 *AEL Mayaru.z, ,nF'EB chiras', g,ry,Jjl;r.*,r !33glwuno ur. iiEFE Tex' ri'""i"ti,_r;i."'ssiil580-440.e 'oool KTBB Tvler'
t"ao 610-491.5
, C K I ( L T h o n p s o nM a n . O CKTB St. Catharinos,nt W S G N B i r m i n g h a mA l a . , KAVL Lancastor, Calif. KFRC San Francisco, Calif, . W Q K Rl d i a m i , . F l a . al W D E B P e n s a c o lF,a .

Wova lengil Wave Lengfuh W.P' l{c. I f(c. Ga Ont. -5000d -svaiqslom! lcBL Toro-nto, -lqssqlw-l-AT 'ri6t tooooa ortfis;-6, | iiEid A;;t;ii;t;iii.' | *iior

lcHLo st. lll.. ? I 9 q l - K S S ,P , o r t l a n d , o r e s . _1 0 0 0 d q t" quo. l3'*%% #"11' i33ffi "-'}ii""','.:''ii:" ,6331| 8l"1ll:T3:'" 13331 New cHNc carrisre, *ooI(NBCYil"li'?f3; SRB? |WFRB Frostburl. Md. WBBA S.C, 1000 50000 250dI WEAB GrerCJAT Trail, B.C. San Fran., Calif. | | 250d
1 0 0 0 l W P l NS t . P o t e r s b u r g ,l a . l 0 0 0 d lW T A O C a m b r i d i M a $ . F 2 5 0 d 1 D E H S v e o i w a t eT e n n , , W i. 5 0 0 0 l W C T TC o r b i n , K y . 1 0 0 0 1 P B M C a r l s b a d , . M o x . l 0 0 O CK D D o D u m a s . T 6 x . N l K 5 0 0 0 l W C B MB a l t i m o r e M d , 1 0 0 0 0W G S M H u n t i n s t o ni,l . Y . 1 , l 0 0 0 d l x e u X B r i q h a hC i W . U t a h -' 10001 50000 WMBL Morehead WNAC Laurenco,Mass. City, N.C. 1000d *SVS Criie. Va. | I 500Q WDBC Escanaba, 1000 WPAQ M0untAiry, N.C. 10000d Mi{h. I | lyXgg Huntihqton.W.Va. 5 0 0 0 l K F E QS t . l o s o p h ,M 0 . . . 500q1 RMG Tutsa. kla. 5 0 q q q l- -D a X W i u p i i a , t j V i s . O K w1 0 0 0 W V C H C h o s t e rP a , 5 0 0 d W I N R B i n g h a m l o nN . Y . , 1000d I | , I 100001*iiG Tuttahonia,tenn, 'ftouston, 10000 iliiJ{ | '-"' tsr 500001 idddd | 750L399.8 _-, 2 5 0 d 1 G O S a n F r a n c i s r oC a l i f . K 50000 WABW Annapolis'Md. I City, Mo. I KCMO l(ansas | vibY s,irrenidiary,-h.v. 1000d 250d 2E0d t000d 100{d t000d 1000d 50000 250d 50000 b0000

Edmonton, AIta. r h o m a s ,n t . o

'*'l[u'if iTil,lilliHl.or' ]friiil$ir's't!:.ti'Y'i'l:"'t,. iii8l iooor 500001 ff.,fi::.r9.il:'. ff_&Bssf.1i. :if&.|{EEf.ffii;i,,!:"Ifi} i8tti 3liiih,..lii. 'Tr31 okla city, okta. i333$ [?J[ Bl'*.',"1ti,1i: lS"-53 ldaho 5000 KYME Boisc, 500d KJEM 250d I I
l00qlwvlry qlnoy,

W.P. lo00c

r0g33l 0-370.2 WSEE Minn. 91' 933$ Buttr; Pa. Hi*iil"f iil',"i 50001 f"ti;i':h.t:"' u'o3331 IWFYP wLx"*"fl"'.''li:i,l'Jl'."I81 Victo.la, B.C. 250dI iiltij"H;mboit, fenn.KDAL Duluth, wtSR 250dIGFAX
WDAF,I(ansas ity, Mo, C KOIM Havre, Monl: wclR Manchestor, -Ait-,iiiu;;dud'r'i.iuex. N.H. riid'{iii 5 0 0 0 l W A P AS a n J u a n , P . R i c o , 1000 WMPS Mem0his, Tenn. | 50001 '-" KENS San Antonio, Tex, 50d0| i(o-iii4,-6;;i; Wiii.

,_^ E888lero-.rlrs ,""^"lV.E"ri-fl,',,;,p.1,yu.-. WfJi 81ff*i-"1;,tf; vancoui'er, fiffjlWiif iliil 5000lcBU Pa. t*.i,""t.tji,d:: wlP Philadelrhia' 1000uKgt6.t crandtstard,N6b. ri B.C. 1 soooliEF25000
rx. KlLr Houston, r&iiiiiiii,'oiil',.

620r4s3.6 lliF[i,h{fr?,il1h'f"' ii$Il#{:;;:l"or"o*u''

, CFCL TimminsOnt,

Wrvm san Juan, 16661 _iigQ,lrwHse portsmouth, 5Ett{ d,-;i;"oF;""' ezo-_reP.B' r;istb- N.H. .aflflfl s.e 1i{i{{tJli*;,,.[Vlir:,'1ru*:xn:". fHiH A$flfl] .. "*tl*lttil":i*ii,ti**

s;;9 ftfiff Ff",#i,carir. KNG5Hanrord,

u t 0 0 0 0 l W A U SA n s o n r a , o n n .

iibis-i'iiriiio"'ii"c' ' rooo'i'l [$F-" petersburs,Fta. f,r,x }:.T"dlili'ir,tf lzzq=Lqt *i;,fln.r";g"t1ih. st. Louis,Mo. lftf{ r$i$! tlinneapolillilinn. l000dl KUoM lvsuN st. 50001|(sTL
wr8p Lacranse,Ga. KWAL watraco,tdaho iiuiiSsiorii diti, lirva wrMr L.uisvilo, t(y. *r-ei glnqor, liai'id

ffili'fifj-1'.!.l"lli'i{rfiir raa.rro iiqli eiiliro-6.t. roool

on0tutu, a H 1 1 I X e U H o n o t u l ! ,H a y a i l 'i!^t}ttu; Dii;;ii;-'M'.cr'.-6 a 6 6K t K t Hoiiii'"rii'v a i i -ioool tvirir soxxil

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w-ere Ft'-wrrth' Tox'

50000 50000

.',.."f;:l'[ Wl""n,T $fii: ffiflfiili ilil:';,].f1 wHEN syracuse,.N.y. soooliiEiri il;i;;;w:ft.

N wDNc Durham,.c. **lr*,r. "

Mlnn. !90q4lwcqq !!innoaD0!i3! 50qq{| (BqA Ktnnett' -Mc -I wcAL Noilhneld, ltlinn. I IQQQa roooo 4Fcq Prineville,oJeg'I roooI t<qso, vermitlion, S,Dak. lqqq{ | wiw St, Louis, Mo. __ 1000d WNYC Noy York, N.Y. l 0 0 0 g l l ( o B A l b u q u r q u oN . - i l e x . 9 0 0 0 0 1 -, i 0 0 0I l ( H E Y E l P a s o ,T e x . tex. soqo-q840-355.9 Yo'rr..1.v. _t--mes1 -3,5S iiAEi'[;i I | soooI i(ifi l000l .-?Iqq l KxA seattlo, wash. sooolrzEY- r-vl9! JoL' wrre Mobite.Ata.

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qharhan,

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s0^^"lwHAs s t r 0 u d s b uP!a ' r ' rbbblwvro

r000d ioooo N;i'Eiir"iri..conn. | !"(lELouisville' 50000 Kv'

250d

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u" | y1-*'11']t'"'

50000 r000d Eii,?fii'"#jti'rr. cKRoE '[838 I Denvr, 50000

c j E r - s m f t h . F a l l s ' - o n t . l 9 S q l w l B t a n s l sc i t v , [ t ! 0 .

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R s a o i n s ;q . F

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1000

gs[sl3q_:t*... 50000 rhomasville, r{ffilr;+ Ai.(, ilslt il"sl,r;nu.zsou. wg^t."x**ilt$:" chicaco,lll. .""""lwiu.v:il,*liiff5.-$,i lwTNc ry-c^. tglfJl iiw-nr *n6'i, si1a)6lwcN iiio-rj e-6'rse'tdho
ttD{i'E'i;:"bt:-F;iii, iiltj( st.' a;iris.M'0. -Bas;;;;; .iiev,F M;;t. 'riox nmi,-r,r"v. i<[En-'ib'iin'sii'd, N.[aex, iiiEd Hi;i.;ii.'n.c:"'-iidii Fi,iin-."S.oaii.-' rx.

I 2 | $,it? '[[!glwrri"-s";iiior, 8003HWiijfu numtma,-4e.- tqq$lcJ.Bg-Tol0nto,..ort'. 50000 I ,m|ffifi.yir1fliffi ififlilWi[I_dff:i','jji'" wis. [1"""*'1"]it*il.*jl fl.,ti_ rii.8t
A f ( l N OJ u n e a u , l a l k 3 Ark.KVMA Uasnotia,

I s _ I Q Q Q I n V E d i n b u r T, x . rU lgQQqt rrno seatlo, wash.

i:lii:liii;:''kv.

1666 860-348.6

wig,iilit'"t*Xl'h . Eif3lzro-rro.zt . B -r,r6''ii*ii, , w l M s t r o n w o o d , ' i'riiinn. t 0 0 0 l C J N R t i n dR i v e ro n uic

"'c' 'isii WH,'.o#ll,T,ill'fl ;339lHJIf .ifiilll:jji; .,- ru.llfl| *rirh-e roreit,ilriss. Il,',iliill'k;"ii' i3331l.iiilp lackson, .illllHiE!fil*"fiii,11'lfl';T""',333$ va. ,iiFir-oFioi,iaerice.-n.r. sSSa I wsro Mount s00d -tsoliiir.lic lil;-iliw-il4;iioiiriiij.-kv. -'
640-468.5
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*LA* Laurenccville, Ga. WLAW r.iwrincdvilri, -' ea. -*Lrtk oek;rb,-iii.-' *LeK D;ia;rl;;-in. wvuc wvMc Mt:'caimol; WVMCMt. Caimel, ltl. til. r(xGr i<*e rt. Madison, t(xctr- Ft. iriaiibii, towa Madison. rowa iriiJa Ft. Fla. 250 d;6i-n0nir;,'L;, .o 5 b 0 ; r w F r L Laudordalo. rsbisioiri'citv,'r6irir s b i s i o i r i ' c i t v , ' r 6 i r i - ' s o i r o l * Y ! r E a t o nn u s !('; ' 23o Fla' -idoilwRHc i(-{fo-ei-rloria-61 KBro Et Dorado, Kans. riris-. 5ss6lli51.t-fftiiiti6n; !t0.''ddd;lWhTft Ft' Pierco' Fla' SdddlWSI.ipori ffril'i6"; i'to.' 1[[[ilwtna Jacksonville' 250 Port Huron,tllich. 100 tliioi', iiiit. r00ool{iilJl t000dlwrU wFLw Monticello, i.i'Flw titoniicetli, iii.Kv. 250 La. roooaliiiii-e"fiiti"i"i'!iinii.''"' 1[[[ilweBY Perrv'Fla' roooaliiiii_e"rii'i,,i..i'!iinii.''"' r{!qdlVE!! sanlord' KDBc Mansntd,La. KDB. Mansnrd, 250 Mifi; i000;lwrRR i000:rwrRR Alma' Fla. '5od;lwcos '5dd:I wcos l(AqE KvlM Newtberia,La. rooooiiioti wilot;, Mii;; 250 Ga' iiriiiiioii''iiiiis. I soooliiioti iiriiiiioii,'iiiiis. sooo KrLD ratlulah, KrLD ranurah,La. 25o '."5b66 ldddilwscc ouuuo rooooltt,u-g!^i<?il'i:iEid"-ltii. l[ddilwsec M a c o n 'Ga' roooolrt,u-g!^i<?il,i:iEid,'-Iiii. ; b i l l w N E x Elberton' ' wEBB Dundatk, w tsEE uunqar(,Mo. 250 ca: Ga | Zso L , ss , o o o l'ri*k-S1'.-ttu-ii'.riib.."".' - ' f$trlW[,Ei '3333trl.lVi--'!"nieiite,'rt'err.wN liloultrio' ' ol(*1.s-t-!uii"l"riib'wtiru v n nM aMd.. w L Y N tvnn,"niiii.-r000t1[Y#;'fufg1ti;.'d;;. EX V_acon,. 25o 250 Ga' Ga' ;fr;liiinGA'tiioultiio; Karamazoo, wKMl k{ll;1133]'r'.n. sooolii.rlyh--E"ldieiite,'lt'elr. 5dd;lWMGA Wk[n! Mich. Nwnan' G& I lWA!i-? KLRs Mountain iil*s Mountain 'rrrl}i-fl$,iv ' V ; ; i i : iri:i:'. Ei6;dwcoH4$1'"llil'n:fq. 2fi9 Mo. rio.. ^ " . 1 crove, eiove, r000d* e r , i x :aii'ph;1-ti'i : V ii*'+al-t t+. trE$lWtS!' q l ' ttd hhoq 1 5i'6 l!y9: P1 1 j|fr N; 3: wNIl !o!ton, N,J. KABT Jerome, 9QQ4lri[oS-Airriviirir-,'-h.d," ?s0 v.ineland, -_ lqqqlwfoB Wii,-std;:$i;t, x.C. s00il ww-B_z N.r-.. td4to. ?50 "'-' 6ooilKRPL Moscory,lde.ho wKoP Binshaqrtgn, N.Y. .-sS!qlWivlz [o]li-ri,"orriii-' ?50 si6;l-(_s-?I-sendeoin!, wM.N_s N.Y.__o.lean, lQqlql*eRo viiviiiv,'ijiio 'i6dilwClL qalesbur-r, rddoilWDlls_ctratrpaisn,..lll. ?5o 2-ia Hill,!u.c. l0qqqlftS*o'r-i.ii-,i,il'olii. wcHL chapol lll._ 5 0 0 0 l i i i t U Sr r i i i b s e e , " o k l a . i 0 0 i l w E o A E v a n s v i l lIe ,d ' n l ( E Y z w i l l i s t o nN . D . , ?50 i ohio 5000li(iicti iiieiri-G-(e, wsAr cincinnati, IWBAT Marion._.lnd. ?50 iirec. t{idd; KCoGcntenille, lgva 500dKSRVnnr'.in nren wwow connaut, ohio anh I t !00 lova l(.U_l-K_H-illrboro, toqq4liiib-e-r<iitian-iiiir,"ia. lddo'ilrvro Fort Dodc.e' ores. B.O. ?50 CFUN Vancouver. Kans. wMcK ruckeg.sjior!?a. ?5o WALA Mobilc, Ala, lqqql*AiZ tt'atn;aadid,'p.j. i000:lKvqE Emporiq' w;;ili(_"ldii.i: isssilSwR teFA-Foiiiviiie,_Fa. _tsesl,ijiiFi ti1i.n,5il,'.*". ?33KTCS Fort Smith, Ark, l000dl*At-S_Bis!;tJiii;:^b-_e:iq!Q:rwlerwELP Eastey. s.c. KERN Calif. " 250 KRML Bakemflold, Ky. Etizabethtoyn, toood wLcM Lancaster' s.c. Carmol,Calif. l(9in-t-pidtiiv.s.iiir."- " . qo:rwrre London, 2so t(y. 1000d wNAH Nashvill, Tenr. Marysvillo, tdoi.^, l iajET BdumontiiJi. ,"r"" Hamnond, 250 KMYC Redlands. Calif. La, sooolrewoJrownqooc,- -Calif. KRAYAnarillo, Tx. l6yt rnor rer. 250 KCAL Ft. Collins,Colo, La. rrx. tss9{| lsgll gla!;;f;I:' KCOL KA_c_r_ Andrevs, r00!yr wnoo Lakechartes, 250 WPOP Hartford.Conn. Aususta,Maine l(wBA Baytown, Tex. KTSME! paio,rex. i0001 1qq0l Zso IVDOV Dover,Del. iiib;E iiiierrii,i. iiiiiiii qsrplrs chrijri, Tx. !E-01 KMUL Muresh6o, fel. 500dliiwfii d;iti;;;;,-Mri; !(gyg lso Myors, preasantoir, r(xo|- Ft. worth.Tox. 5000lx_Bop Tei. tsas{I,frAii- rlti-.iiivril,iiiiis. zso WMYB LFort b u r cF l aFla, ees , va. . .wBoB Garax, Vt. s000liiit_x Loiven"iiisi.---' !!994lwsve Builand, iso W B I L McRae,Ga. . WDAX y!_BG !arrisonburs,-va.. sqqqdlw$.8_,c_3icrrmoid,Va.qSqSli{E-i,iFji;,liiliniiiiojr', rr,ra*. iao WLAQ Rome,ca. ,vuuu t^h^u KFDB Grand wash.l000dlK-RKo C0ulee, Evemtt,-Wlsh.' Eyerus, wasn,luuu I WELL eiiilo-dielil Mich. "' -"' "- -'-' zso leSqlWEII BatflO Creek, iliicri. 250 W B M N E l s i n , l l l . qgqq KMo racoma, wash. wash._ Boloit, Wis, soooWr-ie-5;tn;it.-iliicfi. 5000liir-ie DJtrcit,-rrtitiii. _99Q9lweetiso lwBEL Boloia;'Wia; l 0 0 0 d l| WHJC Ma Matawan, . V a , W r / twHnF. H.nnhr.n ui.h 2in WH_r_q. t a w a n , W.v-a.-- llqqq4d l 1 3 9 0 - 2 1 5 . 7 t50 WTI M Tayloryille,lll. x-,iirlriioirlriilcrr. I iii-n-o-F lova W M O VR a v n s w o o.d , a . l o Q o W V l * M l e i r u n i s i n o . i c h . - 2 5 0 KGRil Grinnell, o v a M , KLEM LeMarsl

250 250 250 250 1000d KTUC Tuc8on, Tucson,Ariz. 250 I KVOY Yuqra, 250 !q00ql(Yqy Yuma, Ariz. ?50 l 0 0 0 d lKELD E l D o j a d q ,Ark. . K E L D El Dorado.A r k 250 ?50 250 1000 KCLA Pine Blufi, Arlc | 5000lKWYNWyrne,Ark. r 250 ' 100041 !!BE,Berklev1c.qlif. ?50 r00d| !!8_Eq lndio, cauf, __ ?50 2-rQ 5 0 0 d !(994 E e d d i l s ' Q a l l . - . 500d| K S D A Reddins,Calltf . .-I ?50 l 0 0 0 d l l ! 9 . P ^ 4 g a n t a P a u l a - . " c a l i t. 2 5 0 1400 KHoE -Truckw,cglif. 50001 250 25o 5000lKUK| ukiah' calif. 250 t, sooa !!9lt-Q Sdod lISI'IG- visalia' .calit'l ?50 urrv'uo! 250 colo' )olo, 59OOl!!!LNuanon sd'inl!!!!t!L NQa1-on 00nrKH 750 ll(Dra Dolta'Qitv' colo' 250 amd I I(DTA Dolta, Colo. 500d SSdlSPIL 250 Col0 5qq0Ki I M -rooool!Y5l-q ii-ai'iii,lno, -s00dl$.qi$.c-airorrlrldii 500n IlIEIU.Ft.-Horsan'-col 1000d w -50iii| !YK-J_GFt. Wayle, Ind, !1. 250 lulta! c010. o. ioivi iooblrEZl I Kcir,t cairott,f!*l$,8+3 l=a 250 zbu conn' I Cenqal 5001 lwsrc stanr'rd' uonn' ciiv, Ky. citv, -xv. -iqqd City,-Kv. -500dwsrc stantord' [n. sooa b00dlWMTA lWtU.!f-Qe.ltrit lw!!tI-4-Qp.tlgal conn. wjlli.mantic'^o^ol 250 w-illi-mantic' wlfrchlJtei'tit-.' rdooi WLt--t. tood l1{Lt--t. '5-0-0;lwFrL tooou I Sonnl ?s0 rooor '50a)0lwv!-( tlfrchgJtei'tit-.' ltOo;I WW-ISJ loootIWW-rSJ llw-ti-Y ]uidcrrgsiei-,'riv-.' lulLLJ,

. lqgq KSFLV I Sitka,Ataska 10000 I KGLF Clifton, Arlz, KGLFCtifton. Artz. qgggKXIV Phoonix, 5000 Kxlv Phoonix, Ariz. Ariz. | KXIV I

lwjhB 53lii,i"1Tif'" tg3

2s0

s;;i;;;"'n'!iei';' ?b0 ru"r*"i.c.'000lttsi-t'3333lir<-i* Wi#u,qi3il"?l"ri'lg.'' iii,"r,ie'Mnmoi,ia, wis. 1s6661fr!-lilri;i;iii"i,lAp. iisilW?tT.r l!3 ?t;"J8i3Bne,l9l'h,,n.

10000 5000 500d 50O 500i1 5000 1000d lulo 5000 1000d 5000 1000d. i 1000d 1000 50Od 1000d 50Od 1000d KCLO LeaYenworth, Kans, 50qld KWBB Wichita, Kans. 5000 5000 i<Vnsnocr wio. tooolfP9* g'-9-1'-"n,^4.'k',19991 spiings' Fiiiiiiiiuiirir-.''zso WLBJ Bovling creen, l(y, 5000d xEVt'r-i,i'ri I WHLN Harlan, Ky. KDBS Alexandria. La. l000d "iiil.;jl, 100( Calif. I KTUR Turlock,-caiir. l6ts_BDnver, lurrock, lssqWSLE i r l i n i a ' 'fii;h:'""' 2 5 0 ,W GR D Litchffeld,p . ,M i c h . l 0 o 0 d tts6KLFD G r a n dR a Minn, Minnv I , colo.. t 0 0 0 fI w H L B s^og^1":il.!t'.lu:t' WB.Y-Ea t e r a ,A w B y E -calera, t a , Ala.lgQQ{ t 0 0 0 d lK F M L D n v e rc o t o . c 500d l.l_(.tt'l.l !SSSq t50 iiiii.KBucc Q o r o n a , c q l i f - 1000 rwAvp Avon n P a Fra. A t a a atiiElpl i i ea,,;;iifiG, {Iiir, 3:R WDSK Cleveland, Miss. 1000d K q u corona. carir.' 1 S S S I y A y f v . opark. r k , F l a . roooi lYRI^P^c e i 6 i , i r i i ; ; ' M t ; ; ' iso qar csllf, , 500d c_hicq!|g,_ll.lj. !aa9lW'ion HiiiGtlr'i,'-rr,l'is. zso W B K N N e w t o nM i s s . I(EEN. roser .!SqqlW-qE-s1000d N.J. KGENrulare.calif. 500d 6 zso WHTG Eatontovn, I wFlw _Fairnold,_lll. .I9e4liijo-d'tiirr:6;.-iliiri,-'--. Fla. l000dlWJCD Seymour, l000dlWICD l000dliii{-B-Ci,i;;;;: iil;:l l000dlii'tr,t-Bt-[i;;;;: WHYS ocala, WHYSOcala,Fla. Seymour, Ind. Ind. 500 z5o 2s0 W D O E D u n k i r k ,N . Y . iii;: 1000d iiFhu Citriii'riii. uo. lq9qq iiFhu ciiriii'riii.'uo. Ft!r. Fta clint0n, rowa. lowa N.C. 1000d wco.A Pnsacora,. I WCqA Pnsacola, .q00q zso zso WEGO Concord. .q9!q KcLN Des Moines,-,l0wa l5a!! clint0n, I 'ui -' , 1000d tio W S R C D u r h a m N . C . WAXE yoro Beach,FIa. !gg!q l[CCC_ !gg0 | iiiiiu s-ii."iiirn Kans. co.ncordia, WBGR ,osup, ca. 5000 zso WING Dayton, Ohio !S0g{l.{,ry9.S, !SS{ | iiiis Siiii-oriird,'rilo. wFDR Manchester.Ga. l000dl!!|AN^Y.Albany,.{y. 5000d t1o KPAM Portland,Oro!, tqaa4li(idN--tiiiiriin-'min1. 1000dlwl(lc Hazard,Ky. 5000dlii;idii die-iTriirsl'-lii6irt. Pa. 100fi1 WKLE washinston,ca. Z5b WLSH Lansford. q 0 q 4 lK N O E M o n r o e ,L a . 5 0 0 0 1 C O W A l l i a n c c ,N e b r , 60m W P R Q l i n c o l n ,l l l . 2 5 0 KQV Pittsbursh, Pa, K qFnqe,_!ua:!. , 1000d 50qql.WQ4Iwrrs Bloomlriston, lnd. zso W Y M B M a n n i n cS . C . !!-0g4liiilli'Li'i;fi:-i\t;il:" qqqqd.l l000d 500dlW.lLU Pymourh,-!!a$. 250 WCMT Martin, Tenn. kBttii tt"ntiiioii,' ttiv. WGRY Gary, Ind. M l 0 0 0 d li a w N h W i n n i m u i c a . e v . l000d l ( D T H D u b u q u ol,o w a t 0 0 0 l W C E RC h a r l o t t e , i c h . 2 5 0 KBUD Athens.Tex. N '500d M 5 0 0 d l W T S L H a n o v e rN . H . 5 0 0 0 l K R F OO u a t o n n a , i n n . K G N O D o d s e C i l y .K a n s . 2 5 0 KBAN Bovio. Tex. . 5 0 0 0 d l W R O A u l f p o r tM i s s , l000dlKGFL RosuollN, Mex. K G , WGOH Grayson, y. 2 5 0 KVLB Clevoland, Tex. 500 . lI0 0 0U O I W | CU o r i d ira n M i s s .. O U d l W Q q I M r o a n,, r s s c 000d1 5 u u u o lK T R C Sa n tta F e , N . M e r . z 0 2 5 u KXIT Dalhart,Tx. 500d K A P B M a r k s v i lllleL,a . HE x r e, , Gs an a I 1 0 0 0 I K E N N Earmln0t0n, d N N,lUSl, 5 0 0 0 KCHS T r u t h o r C o n s e q u e e es, 500 M Md. WKIK Leonardtovn WKIK Lonardtovn, , d . - l000dl KENN F a r m i n o t o n , , M e x , qqgql1 C H S Truth or Conseqlen n c- s , KADO Marshall,Tx. K 2 5 0 KRIG Odcssa, ie 1000 Nev Mcxico W G H N G r a n dH a v e n M i c h . 5 0 0 d l W E O KP o u g h k o e p sN .,Y . l 0 0 0 d l , Tex, l 0 0 0 l w R l v R i v o r h a d ,. Y . l 0 0 0 d lK T N M T u c t r n c i r i ,N . M e x . 2 5 0 M N KsuM Fairmont, inn. 250 1 0 0 0I W F B L S y r a c u s , N . Y . d W D O B C a n t o nM i s s . , 5 0 0 0 I W O N DP l e a s a n t v i l l e , . J , N 167 . 260 WHITEIS RADIO LOG N,C. Mo. l000d|WFNC Fhyetteville, 5000IWABY Albany, il.Y, KWRT Boonville,

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f,c.' tvcze''Lengui w.P.
500d 500 5000d 5000 1000 KBAL 8a Saba,Tox. l(llA|. Vlctoria, Tex. lvFtg Bdanoke,Va. WKBH Laerosss, Wis. .KWYO Stcriqqn, Wyo..

'

':d:l

I(c. Wove LczgfD W,P. WZEPDoFmialSnrints,

t420-2tl.l
I O.XPT Poterbomush,Ont. 1000 1000 OJIIT Chicoutimi, Quo. CKOII Saskrtoon, Sask. 5000 r,YACT Tuscaloosa. Ala. 5000d K H F H S i e r r aV i s t a ,A r i z . 1 0 0 0 d KPOC Pocahontas, Ark. 1000d KSTN Stoolton, Califr 1000 WLIS Old Saybroot, Conn. 500d fWBRD Bmdonton,Fla. l0{0 VDEFI Delray Bcaci, Fla. 500d WSTN St. Augustine,FIa. 1000d lWAYO Avondalo Estats, Ga. 500d "WBBL Columbus, 5000 ca. WLET Toccoa, Ga. 5000d WlNl ilurphyEboro, lll. 500d Wlltls Michisan City. ltrd. 1000 WOC Davenport,lowa 5000 KJCK JunctionCity, l(ans. 1000d YYTCRAshland,Ky. 5000d WNPI! Harrodsburt,Ky. 1000d 1000 lvVIS Ovonsboro, Ky. 1000 KPEL Lafayotto, Lr. SESU Ntu Bodtord,Ma6s, loo0 WBEC Pittsffeld. Mass. 1000 WAMM Flint, Mioh. 500 5000 KTOE Mankato,Minn. VYSUH Oxfod, Miss. 1000d 1000 WQBC Vicksbur!, Miss. ilo, 500d KBTltl Neosho, 'l(O0O Omolu, llebr. 500d 1000d UAI'Y Herlimr, N.Y. -.WAGK'Nc*ark,ta.Y, 500 1000d UrLflA Pskskill,N.Y. 500 WllYil ilayodan, N.O, -N.O. 500d WGAS S. Gastonia, 1000 W V o T W i l s o n ,N : C . livtlK CtoYeland. 5000 Ohio 1000d KTJS Hobart,okla,. 1000d KYf{G CoosBay, Otg. 5000 Pa. WCOI Coatsvillo, r'VCED DuBois. Pa. 5000 1000 P;R, W'EUC Ponce. 1000d WCRE Cheravfs.c, 1000d KAiBR Aberd6n. S.D. 5000d WEMB ruln! Tonn, 1000 ,WKSR Pulaski, Tenn. Tex. KFY[{ Bonham. 250d l00s KrBE Lutkin, Tox. t{eu Bmunfols,Tcx. 1000d KGNB (PEP San Anselo,Tex, l00od WWSB St. Albans,Vt, 1000d va. loood ,WDDY Gloucoster, 5000d WKCW Warrnton, Va. 1000d KlTl Chshali!,Wash. 5000 KUJ Walla Walla, Wash. 500d WPLY Plymouth,Wis.

Florida 1000d WMBB labksonyittc, fla. i 5000 WDMF Buford,Gd. 1000d WBOY Garni, lll. 1000d WKAM Goshen. lnd. 1000d WOCH North Vernon,lrd. 500d KSO D6 Moines, lowa 5000 KCRB Chanute, Kans. 1000d WRVI( Mt, Vernor, Ky. 500d WAIL Baton Bouq, La, 5000 . KBSF Springhill, La. 1000d WBET Brockton, Mass. 1000 WBBN Bis Bapids, ich. 1000d M WPON Pontiac, Mich. 500 KDMA Uontevideo,irnM 1000 WELZ Belzoni,Miss, l0d0d KADY St. Charles, t{0. 5000d KRNY Kearney,Nebr. 5000d KENO Las Vesas, Nov. 1000 5000 WOKO Albany, N,Y. WVOX Neu Rochclle,N.Y. 50{d WHEC Bochestor, 5000 l{.Y, WFVG FuquaySprss.,N.C. l(xxld WIIMH Marshall,N.O. 500d WaNS Coluntfus, Ohio 5000 WPVL Painesyille, 500d Obi0 KPI-K Dallas,Oreg. 1000d WMBA Ambridle, Pa. 500d WCMB Harrisburg,Pa, 5000 WBCU Unior. S.C. 1000 WGOG Walhalla,S.C. 500d WJAK Jackson, Tnn. 1000d WEEN Lafayette, Tnn. 1000d I(BBZ Froeport, Tex. 500d KLLL Lubbock, Tox. l000d WAGo Waco, Tex. 1000 WPBW Manassas, Va. 500d WRAD Radford,Va. 5000 Kl MA Yakima. Wash. 5000 ' WRAC Racine, Wis. 500d

1470-204.0
CHOW Welland,Ontario 500d '. CFOX Pointo Ciaire, Quo, 1000 WBLO Evor[reen, Ala. 1000d KBLO Hot Sprinls, Art. .1000d KBMX Coalinga, Calif. 5{X}d KUTY Palndale, Calif, 1000d KXOA Saoramento, 1000 Calil. W M M W M o r i d e nC o n n . , 1000d WPOiI PomDano Beach. Fla. 5000d WDCL TarponSprcs., Fla. 5000d W A A G A d e l ,G a . 1000d WDOL Athens,ca. 1000d WoLA Claxton, ca. 1000 WRGA Rone, ca. 5000 WIIIBD Poorla, lll. 5000 WCBe Ande$on, lqd. 1000d KTRI Sioux City, losr 5000 KWVY WaYerly,lowa 1000d KARE Atchison, Kaffi. 1000 WSAC Fort Knox, Ki. l000d KPLC Lakc Charles,La. 5000 . 5000 WLAM Lcuiston,llai[e WJDY Salisbury,Md. 5000d 1000d WTTfi Westminster. Md. WSRO Marlboroudh, Uass. ;1000d WN BP Nvburyport, Mass.. 500d ' 1000 WKMF Flint. Mich. WKLZ Kalamazoo. Mioh. 500d KANO Anoka,Minn. 1000d WCHJ Brookhaven. Miss. 1000d WNAU Nw Albany, Mlss. )500d KGHM BrooktrEld, Mo. 500d KTCB Malden,Mo. lmod 1000d WTKO lthaca,N.Y. WPDM Potsdan,N,Y. 1000d WBIG, Grecnsboro, N.C. 5000 1000d WPNO Plymoutft,N,C. lC00d W\TOESprucePine, N.O. 1000 W O H O T o l e d oO h i o . f(VLH PaulsValley, okla. 250d. s00d KVIN Vinita, Okla. 5000 WSAN AllontoYn, Pa, 1 ,1000d W F A R F a r r e l l ,P a . WOIC Columbia, 5000d S.C. 1000d WEAG Aleoa,Tenn. Tenn. 1000d WH ER Momphis, 1000d WVOL Nashville, Tenn. 5l)00 I(BBC Alrileno, Tx. 500d Tex, KWRD Honderson. 250d I(ONY San Maroos,Tox. 5000 I(ELA centralia, Wash. KSEM MososLako. Wash.i 5000 WPLH Huntinoton:W.Va. 5000d 500d w B K V W o s tB o n d .W i s . 5000 KTWO Osper, wyo.

14?0-209,7
CKFH Toronto,ont, 5000 1000d ryFH K Pcll Oity, Ala, KfIBM Monticello, A.k. 1000d 1000d I(AMP El Centro.Calif. KARiI Fresno,Calif. 5000 KALI Pasadena, 5000 Calif. Calif. KOSI Aurora, Colo. 5000 KSAN San Frandisco, 500d KROG &nora, Calif. WSD& Homostead, Fla. 5000 KVEN Ventura,calif, WLAK. Lakoland,Fla. KAGR Yuba City, Calif. WPCF PatranaCity, Fla. 5000 , 1000dK G I W A l a m o s aC o l o . WOFS Covirqton,Ga. Colo. 1000d KYOU Greeley, WBCD Dalton. Ga. t WWGS Tlfton, Ga. 5000d W N A B B r i d g e D o rC,o n n , W I L M W i l n i n s t o n ,D e l , 500d WCMY Ottava, lll. , fflRE Indianaoolis,lnd, 5000 W O L W d s h i n s l o nD . C . F 1000dW W J B .B r o o k s v i l l e ,l a , KASI Ames,lova Beach,Fla. 500d WMFJ Oaytona KMRC MoruanCity, La. 1000 W S K P M i a n i . F l a , WilAV Annapolis;Md. Fla, 5000d WBSR Fnsacola, WHIL ilodford, Mass, Fla, 5B0d WSPS Sarasota, WION lonia.'Mich, WSTU Stuart, FIa, Y{BBB Mt. Clomens, Mich. 500d WTNT Tallahassoo, Fla. 5000dW G P C A l b a n y , IYLAU Lauml, Miss. ca. , Wl,L St, Loui8, Mo, 5000 ca, .KRGI Grand lsland, Ncbr. 1000 WBHF Cartorsvillo. 5000 WCoN Cornelia,ca. WNJB xovark, N.J. WENE Enrticott-fr.Y. 5000 IryKEU Griffn. Ga5000d WIINC ilorlartolL N.C. 1000d N.c. WRXo, Rorboro, 1000 WFOB Fostoria.Ohio 500d WCLT ]{evark, Ohio 500 KALV Alva, Okla. 5000 KTUL Tclsa, Okla, 5000d KGAY Salem,Ore0. 1000 WVAII Altoora. Pa, 500d WFRA Fmnklin, Pa. .WBLB Batosburc, 8.C. WATP Mariotr, S.C. l(BBK Brookinls,S, Dak, WEIO Urdison, Tonn. TTVHER ilemDhis,Tsnr. Tex. KSTB Breclenridge, KSIJ Gladevater; Tex. KCOH Houston, Ter. KLO Oiden, Utah KBBC Mt. vrnbn, wsh. VEIB ryciltotr, w.va. I'VBEV Board Dam, Wis.

1480-202.5
WABB KHAT KGLU KTCN KIEM KYOS KWIZ KTUX WAPG WEZY wTHR wTHR 5000 Mobile. Ala. 500 Phoenix. Ariz, 1000 Safford, Ariz, lfi)O Beryville, Ark. 5000 Eureka, Calif.. 5000 Merced, Calif. 1000 Sdlta Ana, Cali!. l000d Pueblo, Colo. 1000d Arcadia, Fla. 1000d Cocoa, Fla. Panama Beach,Fla. fl)o! Beach. Fla. 500d Paoaina

wglr,s.BADIO

WYZE Atlanta. Ga. WBDw Autusta, Ga. WTHI Terre Haute. lnd. WRSW WaBaYf lnd.

5000d 5000 1000 500

' j "

: .

lVoYe Leaollr WAve Length W.P. (c. W.P. f,c. Wave LeiEth , W.P. W.P. (c; 1000 KLVI Vivian, La. 500d KUSH Cushin!, Okla. 1000d 5000 (LAK Lakauood,Colo. 1000 KASH Eudene,Oro!. 1000 1000 WKEN Doyor,Del, , 500d WINX Rockvillo. ild. 5000 WHOL Allontoyn, Pa. 500d WKTX Atlantlc Beach,Fla. lfi)od WBOS Bmqklino. Mass. 500d 5ll0 WTYM East Longmoadov, 1000d WKWF K6y Wst, Fla WEZN Elizabsthtoun, Pa. 500d I000d Biviera Bach, Mass. WFIS 5000d '5000d WH EWWintor Gardn,Fla. 1000d WHBV Ann Arbor, Mich. fl)00d WGUSFountainInn, S.C. 1000d 1000 WOKB N. Au0usta, 500 Fla. S.C, 1000d WTFU Muskegon,Mich. 5000 WHBT llarriman, Tnn. 5000d 1000d WGKA Atlahta, Ga. H 1 0 0 0 d W K D L . C l a r k s d a l e . M i s s . 1 0 0 0 dWKBJ Milan, Tenn. 1000d 1000d W C G OC h i c a s o q t s . ,l l l . : 5000 I(BBB Borgr,Tex, 500d 500d KATZ St. Louis, Mo. 1000d WMGW Haryard.lll. 500d KBOB Bruvnsvillo, Tsr. 1000 500d KTTN Trnton.Mo. W'BTO Linton, Ind. City, NebL 500d KWEL Midtand, Tox. t000 1000d KNCY Nebraska WARU Peru. Ind. l 0 0 0 d KCFH Cuero, 50Od Tox. , 1600-187.5 5000d W O N G O r e i d a ,N , Y . KLGA Algona,loua woodsido, N.Y. 5000 l(MAE McKinnoy,Tex. wwRL 1000d 5000 KCRG Codar Rapids, lowa F000 WGIV Charlotte, CHVCrNialara Falls. Ont 1000d KOGT Orante, Tex. N,C. 1000 500d WIDU Fayotteville, 5000d KMDO Ft-Srott, Katrs.. Ala. WEUPI HuntsYills, N.C. 1000d 1000d Utah 50Od W F B C R e i d s v i l l oN . C . 'WAPX Montcomory, 1000 WNES CntralCity, KY. Ala. 1 0 0 0 KBBC Contorvillo, , (y, \,VBOFvirginia Bch., va. 1000d ' KOST Frostro, 500d WKSK W. Jeff60n,N.C. 1000d 1000d WSTL Eninence, Callf. 5000d 1000d WBLY Sprinsfield,ohio l0q0d wHLL Wheolin!, W.Va, l00o KFNV Frriday,La. l(wow Pomora, Cali|' 5000d 500d WCWC Ripon,Wis. La. 1000dWTTF Tiffn, Ohio 1000 KLFT GoldonMeadow, .KUBA YubaCitv, calif. ttove LcngIh . t(c. KYoK ilouston, T.r. kCBO Lubbook. Tor. kBUg Meris, Ter. NTOD Sinton,TeI' Va. WEZL Bichmond, KllX scaftto, Wash. : WSWW Ptattovillo'Wis. .WTEW Tvo RiveFJwis. WYo. . KCIIY Cftoyonne, t

U. S. qnd Cqnqdicrn AM Stqtions by Locgtion

qfiiliotion-A: Americon BroodcostingCo., Abbreviorions, C,[., coll lefiers; Kc., frequency in kilocycles;N.A., network l,- ,, C: Columbio BroodcosiingSystbm, Inc,; M: Mutuql BroddcostingSystem;Nr Notiopcl BroodccstingCo', Inc.
tocofion

Baytovn, rer.

G.L. l(c' l{.4.

,l$El ,933

BADIO LOG 170:. WBTTES

KOSI 1430 WMBO 1280 K A U S 1 4 8 0M KNOW 1490 A KTBC 590 C r(oKE 1370 M KVET ISOO KBIG 740 Avalon.Calif. WAVP 1390 Avon Park. Fla. Estates. GB, wAvO 1420 Avondale KNDE 1340 A z t s c .N . M e x . WBAB 1440 N.Y. Babylon, wGLt 1290 WLEW 1340 Bad Axc, Mich. B a i n b r i d q cG a , W M G R 9 3 0 , wAzA 1360 KBKR l4S0 B a k r .O r s ! , Bakosfeld. Calif. KAFY 550 M r(Bls 970 KEBN I4IOC KGEE I23O KUZZ 800 KLYD I35O KMAP I4SO I ( P M C 1 5 6 0A Baldsinsvillo, N.Y. wSEN 1050 KRUN 1400 B a l l i n l o r ,T o x . W B A L 1 0 9 0N B a l t i m o r oM d . , WBMD 750 . wcAo 600 wcsM 680 c WFBR 1300 wtTH t230 wsrD t0t0 A wwlN 1400 -M WWBD 790 Bamber!,S.C. B a n o o rM a i n o W A B I 9 1 0A - M , w G U Y t 2 5 0C WLBZ 620 N KPAS 1490 B a n n i n c ,C a l i f . Ky. wBVL 950 Barboursvillo. WBRT 1320 Bardstovn, Ky, Barn6boro.Pa. WNCC 950 WBAW 740 Bernuoll. S.C. wsNU l4bu W S N O1 4 5 0 Barre, Vt. B a r r e ,V t . Brrrie- ontCI(BB 950 CKBB S50 Barrie. Ont. KWTC l23O A BaEtov. Calit, Bartlcsvillo, Okla. KWON 1400M WBA B 1460 Bartov. Fla. KTRY 730 BastroD.La. ' KVOB t340 WBTA l4s0 M Blnshamton,N,Y. WINR 680 il Batavia, N.Y, WBLB 1430 wKoP 1360i,l .Batesbur!, S.C.i :Bat6vill. Ark. l(BTA 1340 WNBF tg90 c Batesville.Miss. WBLE 1290 Birminrham.Ala. WAPI 1070 N WM MS 730 wBRq 960 C Bath, Maino CKBC 1400 Bathurst. N.B. wcBT t260 A ' t t" Baton Boure, wEzB 1220 *t[fi,,k ll33 w E N N t 3 2 0t t w l B Rr 3 0 0 WATV 900 l WJBOl50 N wsGN 610 w|-cs 9lo ," WYDE 850 wxoK 1260 690 wvoK Battls ilich.wBCK 930 gisboe, Creok, KSUN 1210 A W E L L I 4 O OA Ariz. WHAB 1260 Baxley, Ga. KIBS 1230 A Bisho!, calif. Bay City, Miclt, WBCM 1440 A BishoDYille, S.C. l\tAGS 1380 wwBc 1250 Bisnarck, N.Dak. KFYB 550 il KIOX 1270M KQDI 1350 BayCity, Tox. Bay Minette, AIa. WBCA ll50 Bisnarc[. ilandao. fti,odh,rrO WEI{A 1560 Bayamon,F.B. Aurora, Colo. A u r o r a .l l l . Austin.Minn. Austitr: Tx.

Locotfon

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ohio - -v!.s 89q Alcorumbus,

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'y^tli,l " I ,91t wsBc 1240

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iini Icoral cables,Fla. wvcc 1070

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Bums. Of6r. Buil.i, Ala: KBNS l2s0 WPBN 1220

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KATY I34O CFBC s30 _lt-il-q _9{ - | SEint John,N,B. R i c h m 0 n dn d . l, W K B V 1 4 9 0A I CHSJtt50 W E K Y 1 3 4 0 l S t . J o h n '-s .N f l d . M Richmond,y. K CBN 640 ' g3O WANT 990 | R i c h m o n d ,a . V CJON WBBL t480 | voAR 1230 livEzl 1590 | vocM 590 W L E E 1 4 8 0N l VOWR 800 W E E T 1 3 2 0 l S t . l o h n s b u r vV t W T W t $ 1 3 4 0 . W i I B G 1 3 8 0A l S t . l o s l h .M i c h . W S I M 1 4 0 0 W n N L 9 1 0 M l S t J o s o b hM o-. KFEQ 680 ; WRVAll40 Cl KREst5s0M WXGI 950 | KU3N t270 R i c h n o n d i l l , O n t . C J R H l 9 l 9 l S t , o s o D h ' A l n a-, Q u e . H d Richvood, .Va. WVAR 1280 | W CFGT t270 Ridsocrsst, Calif. f!-c-{ leqS I Et, Louls.M0. KATZ t600 KRKSt240 | Kfuo 850 CJBR 900 | R i m o u s k lQ u . . , KM0X il20 c B i o P i e d r a sP . R . W R I O 1 3 2 0 | , KSD 850 N wwww 1520 | KSTL 690 R i D l e yT e n n . , WTBB l57o I KwK r38o R i p o n ,W i s . W C W C1 6 0 0 | KXOK 630 N,Y. WRlv 1390 | Bivorhsad, WEW 770 M Rivsrsids, Calit. KPRo 1440 | WIL 1430 A KACE 1570 lSt. Louis Parlc ltinn. Riyerton, Wyo. KWRL l45OM I KBS| 9i0 jSt. Mary's. Pa. RivisraB@ch,Fla. WH EW 1600 WKBI t400 Riyierodu LouD,Que. CJFP l40O I St, Paul, Mlnn. KSTP 1500 N R o a n o k o ,l a . A WELR 1360 | KDWB 1590 M W D B I 9 6 0 C l S t . P e t e r .M i n n . Roanote, a. V KRBI tst0 W R I S l 4 l 0 M l S t . P s t e r s b u r !F t a ,W P t N 6 8 0 . WHYE 9t0 | wsuN 620 A - w R o v 1 2 4 0A l w L c Y t 3 8 0M WSLS 610 il I 8t, poteEburc Beach, _ R o a n o kR a p i d s N . Q , o , | Ftt. WtLz t590 Mlst. Thoms, ont. . -WS-qM9Q cHLo 6s0 Roarin! Sprgs.,Pa.WKMC1370 lSto. cenevi;v0.tilo_t(sCtrt 0s0 Roberyal, CEF_I= Que. WNYS t590 .9!g Isalamanca,N:y, ll!, Sstom,ilt.' WJBD t3s0 Bob.inEon, VTAY !5Zg -.1 R0ch0st6r, Minr. KROC ls40 N l a;t;: iti. wStru riio K W E B 1 2 7 0 l S a t e m , a s- . M s W E S X t 2 3 0M ggg __| satem.iro. Rochester, N,-t. t(sMo t340 wulI Bochostr, N.Y. WBBE 950 lI lSii;m,- ' ori:s. rSLM ieso I '' -'-* WHAM ll80 tllk6zv i1e0 N W H E C 1 4 6 0O I kcAV t4i0 WRVM 680 lsalem, Va. ri;elrj i460 WSAY 1370 lSattda, olo. C KVRH t340M w v E T 1 2 8 0A I S a t i n a ,x a r i i . KSAI |4s0 M R0ckford, lll. rooN i+60 lvRqK l4tq A I saiint!,'diiii. WBRR 1330 lK - a gAt i e g 6 M -woi t ' R o c kH i l l , s . c , iisb l l B l { l ! 3 4 M l s a t i n o .M i c h . wTYc il50 WBOC A60 lsaiisbi,t Mi. Bockincham, ll.C. WAYN 900 lWtcO t32ri.A R o c kl s l a n d .l l l . W H B F 1 2 7 0C l wrnv r47o Rocklad4 Maino !v.E(9 !!CS Alsatisbury, N.C. *-sii i4bo na Rockmart, Ga, WPLI( 1220 lWSaT a28oa '06ir ' RockSprinss,Wyo. KVRS 1360il I Satmon, KE'dA tdaho Bockvillo,lld. WINX 1600 lSalt LakoCIty, Utah R o c B w o q d , T c n nW R K H 5 q q | , , kALL 9t0 M RockyFord,Colo, KAvl 1320 Ktpx t320 tir M R o c k y o u n t ,N . C , W C E C 8 l O - | KLUB 570 A WEEDt390Al KNA|( t280 A KING IO9O WRMT 1490 | KSL il60 C Rocky lt4ount, Va. 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KSML 1250 K G F L 1 4 0 0M I KcKc t3s0 ToYnshi0, KBIM 9IO I K F X M 5 S O Seneca . s.cwsNw | 150 Rouyn, Quo. CKRN 1400 | KRN0 t240 Tenn. WSEV 930 Roxboro, N.C, WRXO 1430 | l(lTO l2S0 M Seviervillo. C-A RoyalOak. Mich. WEXL 1340 lSandersville, ca. WSNT 1490 Seuard.Alaska KIBH 1340 In WJCD1390 Soymour, d. Rumford,Me. WRU M 790 I San Diolo, Calif. I(CBQ | 170 KSEY 1230 Tx. Rupert,ldaho I(AYT 970 | KFMB 540 O Seymour, WISL 1480 Pa. La, Bushton, I(RUS 1490 I KFSD 600 N Shamokin, I(BYP l58o Tox. KTLU 1580 | Busk,Texas KGB 1360 A Shanrock, WPIC 790 Pr. Russoll,Kans. KRSL 990 | KSON 1240 Sharon, Shauano. Wis. WTCH 960 R u s s o l l v i l l A,l a . W W W R 9 2 0 | K S D Ol l 3 0 . Ark, KXRJ 1490 | Sandpolnt, ldaho I(SPT 1400 S h a v i n i s a nQ u e . c K S M 1 2 2 0 Bussellvillo, Ml KGFF 145-0 Okla. Russllvlllo, Ky. WRUS 610 lSandusky, Ohio WLEC 1450M shawno. ^ wis. R u t l a n dV t . , W H W B 1 0 0 0 l S a n F r n a n d o , a l i f . K G I L 1 2 6 0 sheboysan, C SilBTt'3gB . 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Loc,oflon

bcdtion C.t. Kc. N.A. Wynne, Ark. KWYN 1400 WytheYillo, Va" WYYE 1280 Yakima.Wash. KIT . K I M A 1280 1 4 6 0C KUTI 980 I ( Y A K I 3 9 OM Yankton, l(YNT 1450 S,D. WNAX 570 C Yarmouth,, N.S. CJLS 1340. Yazoo City, Miss. WAZF 1230 Yellovknife,N.W,T, CFYK 1340 York, Nebr. KAWL 1370 York, PaWNOW 1250 woRK t350N . W S B A 9 I OA - M Yorl, s.c, wYcL tb80 Yorklon,Sask, CJGX 940 Youncstou, Ohio WBBW 1240 A , W F M J 1 9 9 0N WKBN 570 C Yrka, Calif. I(SYC 1490 Yuba City, Calif. KUBA 1600 KAGB I45O Yuna, Ariz. l(oFA 1240 KBLU I32O KVOY t400 A I(YUM 560 N Zanesville, WHIZ 1240 N Ohio Zarophath,lt,J. WAWZ 1380

Unired Sfotes FM Stotions

Abbreviolionsr Mc., megocycles, oslerisktil indicoteseducotionqlstotion\ C.L, *lc. Locolfon C.1,. Hc. focofion Mc. C.1,. I(MYC-FM 99.9 wFMF 100.3 D. C. K B E E . F M t03.3 WFMS t07,5 Albsrtville WAVU-FM 105.1 104. I WFMT 98.7 K T B B - F M *88,5 washinlton WASII.FM 97.1 A l o x a n d oC l t y W B F S . F M 1 0 6 . 1 M o u n t a i n i e s r KFJC wKFtt| 103.5 V wFAt{ 100.3 Andalusia WCTA-FM 98.1 Oakland K A F E 98.1 W G M S - F M1 0 3 . 5 W M A Q - F MI O I . I Amiston W H M A - F M 1 0 0 . 5o n t a r i o wNtB 97.r WMAL.FM 107.3 K A S I ( . F M 93.5 Athons WIOF 104.3 Oxnard KAAR 1n4.7 woL-FM 98.7 wsEL 104.3 W A P I - F M 9 9 . 5 Palm"Springr Birmingham { W R C - F M S 3 . 9 Docatur KPSR 92.1 wsoY-FM t02.9 W B R C - F M t 0 6 . 9 Pasadona wToP-FM 36.3 DeKal b wNlc *9t.1 KPCS 89.3 wsFM 93.7 BivoFido wsEt 95.7 w w D c - F M t 0 t , l Efrn0ham K P L I 99.I / El0in Clanton WKLF.FM 100.9 WEPS *88.t K A C E .F M 92.7 gmvood Cullnan WFMH.Fil l0l.l Park K D U O 97.5 wxFM t05,9 FIORIDA Dolatur EVansr0n WEAW 105.1 KCRA-Fltl 96.I WHoS-Ffr'l 102.1 Saffamento Homovood WJLN 104.7 wNUR *89.3 K F B K - F M 96.9 Coral Gabl6 WVCG.FM 105.1 Huntsvillo WAH R 99.I K E B R r00.5 DaytonaBeach WNDB-Fm 94.5 Harrisbur0 WEBQ-FM 99.9 Mobil WI(RG.FM 99.9 wLDS-F[i t00.5 K J M L 95.3 F o r t L a u d o r d a l o W I L . F M 1 0 3 . 5 .lacksonvi lls W TuEcaloosa WTBC.FM 95,7 ., KSFM 96.9 G a i n e s v i l l o W R U F - F M r l 0 4 , l J o li e t wjoL.FM 96.7 wuoA *9t.7 wwKs *9t,3 K X R O 98.5 . l a c k s o n v i l l o W I A X - F M 9 5 . 1 Macomb WLBH.FM 96.9 K X O A . F M 107.9 w z F M 9 6 . 9 Mattoon Mt. San Bornardino wMrx-FM e4.l KVCB * 9 t , 9 W M B R - F M 9 6 , I Oak Vernon ARIZONA Park woPA-FM t02.7 K F M W 99.9 M i a m l W A F M 9 3 .I wvLN-FM 92.9 KWJB.FII 100.3 E a n D i e s o K F S O - F M 94.I Globo wcKR-FM 97.3 olney Paris K F M B - F M t00,7 wPRS.FM *88.5 98.3 tlsa KBUZ.FM l(}4.z . w G B S - F M 9 6 . 3 Park Ridgo WMTH *91.7 Phoonix KELE 95.5 K G B - F M t 0t . 5 ' t V Ww rB . s M 0 1 . 5Peoria P HF 1 WMBD-FM 92.5 K I T T t05.3 KFCA *88.5 +88.3 quincy W G E M . F MI O 5 . I KSDS KFMM 99,5 Tucsor Miami Boaoh WKAT.FM 93.1 . WTAD.FM 99.5 KALW *91,7 San Francisco WMET.FM 93.9 Bockford w R q K - F M . 9 7 ..5 K B A Y . F M tI)4.5 o r l a n d o W D B 0 - F M 9 2 . 3 Bock lsland AR,KANSAS W HB F - F M 9 8 8 FM 98.9 .KGBSw H o 0 - F M 9 6 . 5 Spri ngfiold ge.t WTAX-FM t0S.7 K D F C t02.I t<lCn-fm Iitythovillo wKrs-FM t00.3 wtLL.FM *90.9 K E A R 97.3 Paln Beact Ft. Smith KFPW-FM 94.9 WOXT-FM 97.9 Urbatra K G O 103,7 T a l l a h a s s o e W F S U - F M * 9 1 . 5 KBTIII-FM 101.9 Jonsboro K N B C .F M . t(Asu 9t.9 Tampa WDAE-FM 100.7 INDIANA K R O N . F M s6.5 ItlammothSDfinos KAIttS 103.9 WFLA-FM 93.3 K S F R 94.9 KOTN-FM 92.3 Pin6Bluff WFIU *103.2 WPKM 104.7Bloomincton giloan Sprinos KUOA-FM 105.7 K Y A . F M 93.3 WCSI-FM 98.3 WTUN *88.9 C o l u m b u ! San ,oso KSJO-FM Wintsr Park WPBK '91.5 Connorsville WCNB-FMlO0.3 K R P M 9&5 CEwfordsvillo WBAS.FM 106.3 T CALIFORNIA S a n L u i s O b i s p o( A T Y - F M 9 6 . 1 Elkhart WCMR.FM 95.1 ; KCSM *90.9 . GEORGIA WTRC-FM 100.7 Afaneda 92,7 San Mateo KIAZ * 8 9 . 7 ganta . ' Ana l(WlZ-FM 9 6 . 7 I Wl KY-FM 104. I Arlinlton KNFP . W G A U - F M 1 0 2 . 5 Evansvillo I(RCW 97.5 A t h e n s Santa Barbara wEvc *9t.5 Athorton KPEil l0l.S *s0. I Atlanta WABE *90.I KSCU wPsB 90.7 , Bakdrsflld :KERN-FM 94.1 Santa Clara w P L O . F M t 0 3 . 3 Fort Wayno KEYM 99.I WPTH 95.1 l ( Q x R 1 0 1 . 5 Santa Maria W G K A . F M 9 2 . 9 Gary r02.5 WqVE +88.1 Borkcley I(PFA 94.1 SantaMonioa K S M A - F M *89.9 wsB-FM 98.5 KCBW shn WGcS 9l.l K P F B * 8 9 . 3 Stockton * 9 t . 3 Augusta W A U G . F M 1 0 5 . 7 G oe o h c * t l o KCVN Gr WGBE *9t.7 102. l ( B E - F M *88,99 WBBQ.FM I03.7 Hammond K R AK . F M 92.9 92.3 W J o B . F M *91.9 KSPC Claromont W R B L - F M 9 3 . 3 Harttord City W$t CoYina KDWC 98.3 C o l u n b u s wHCl KUFM 93.3 El Cajon G a i n e s v i l l o W D U N - F M 1 0 3 . 9H u n t i n q t o n WVSH *91.9 KRED-Flll 96.3 Eureka Lagmn0o W L . A G - F M1 0 4 . 1 l n d i a n a n o l i s "Frcsno W A J C* 1 0 4 . 5 KARM-FM 101.9 Macon W M A Z - F M 9 9 .I WFBM-FM 94.7 K M J . F M 9 7 . 9 Boulder W,BIE-FM101.5 K B N W 97.3 M a r i e t t a WFMS 95.5 K R F M 9 3 , 7 ColoEdoSnrinls 19r.3 Ncwnan KBCC WCOH-FM 96.7 wtAN r90.1 Glendalo KFMU 97.1 ". K F MH 96.5 Savannah WTOC-FM 97.3 J a s p e r WITZ-FM 104.7 KUTE IOI.9 W.lAT.Fltl 101.7 t r | a d i s o n K S H S *s0 5 Swainsboro WORX-FM 96.7 lrglsvood l ( T Y M . F M 1 0 3 . 9D e n Y o r K F M L - F M 98.5 T o c c o a WLET.FM 106.1 Ma.ion WMFI-FM 106.9 Lon! Beach KFOX.FM 102.3 . K D E N . F M 99.5 Muncl WMUN 104.1 KL0N *88.1 K L I B . F M t00.3 wwHl *91.5 KNOB 97.9 HAWAII K T G M t 0 5 .I ilcw Albany WI{AS *88.1 . LosAnlelos K A B C . F M 9 5 . 5 ManitouSprinls KCMS-FM 102,7 Honolulu K A I M - F M 9 5 . 5 N wC a s t l o WCTW-FM 102,5 KBBI IM.5 t(uoH *90.5 WYSN*9r.1 KBCA 105.1 CONNECTICUT K V o K * 8 8 . 1 South B6nd WETL *91.9 KBMS t05.9 Terre Hauto WTH l.FM 99.9 K C B H 9 8 . 7 Brookf eld WG tl F 9 5 , 1 Wabash WSKS *91.3 l(FAC-FM 92.3 D a n b u r y W L A D . F M 98.3 llUNots War8av WBSW-FM 107,3 K G L A * I 0 3 . 5Hartford WHCN t05.9 WFML 106.5 WBAr-FM 92.7 Washington KHJ t0t.l W D R C . F M 102.9 A n n a *89.3 A r l i n g t o nH o i 0 h t s W N W C 9 2 , 7 KMLA IOO.3 ' Ii, RTC. F M KilX-FM 33.I W T I C - F M 96.5 B l o o m i n t t o n W J B C - F M I 0 l . 5 WBOY-FM 97.3 KBtQ t04.3 Msriden W B M I 95.7 C a r m i wot.FM *90.r W D W S - F M 9 7 . 5 A mes KPOL-FM S3.9 Now Havon W N H C - F M 99.I C h a n p a i c n t ( R H M 9 4 . 7 Stanford W B B M - F M 9 6 . 3 Boon KFGQ *99.3 WSTC-FM 96,7 C h i c a c o w B E Z * S t . 5 Clinton K B K D ' F M * 9 6 ..3 Stor6 KR0S.FM 96.1 WH US r90.5 91 5 KUSC woc.FM 103.7 w c L M 1 0 1 . 9Davonport KDPS *88.1 KXLU *88.7 W D H F 9 5 , 5 Dos Moines DELAWARE wEBH 93.9 KHoF 99.5 wHo.FM 100.3 : Dover WDOV.FM 94.7 wDBO t03.3 w E F M 9 9 . 5 Duluque KSUI *9r,' Wilminlton WDEL.FM 93,, W E H A 9 7 . 9 loya Oity I78. WHITE'S RADIO LOG K G L O . F M , t 0 1I. wlBR 99,r w E N B . F I n 9 4 . 7 MaEotrcity

lacstlon G,L. ! ALABAMA

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MARYIAND

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Kinlsport WKPT-FM Abllone

TENNESSEE.. . l, ,Brisror

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WBI(V-FM 92.5 wFHB-Ffir t09.3

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United Stotes Television Sfofions

&ocoffon

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(Territories ond possessions follow stotesl. Chon., chonnel numfer; osierisk (*) iniicotes educofiondl 3totion. G.L, Gion. Locctior C.t. Cio'n.

CALIFORNIA
Baksrsfeld"

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ARKAhSAS

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c.L. Cfron'lLoccllon C.L. cfron,lLoccllon

G.t. G.t.

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43 ,!lV#["'-'""' #"8o'.-Iil ,11"..* i3 wsBA-rv ...YlfrIX {[By_lif

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Minnaeoris R0'hester
Roohester St. Paul

7 | scnnecrady

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TEXAS

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