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In the Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Users & Computers MMC snap-in, you can now move

an object
from one location in the directory tree to another by using the familiar drag-and-drop method, rather than
being forced to right-click the object and select "Move", as was the case in Windows 2000. You can also now
select multiple objects simultaneously for editing or deletion, and save commonly-used queries within the ADUC
console window. Although really, if you're going to be working with more than one object at a time, I would
recommend that you get out of the MMC console anyway and use command-line tools or scripts to take away
some of your administrative burdens.

New command-line tools

Windows Server 2003 includes a number of built-in command-line tools that were not available in Windows
2000, including:

* dsadd - allows you to create objects from the command line


* dsmove - moves an object from one OU or container to another within the same domain
* dsrm - will delete an object from Active Directory
* dsquery - will return an object or list of objects that matches criteria that you specify
* dsget - will return one or more attributes of a particular Active Directory object

Added feature promotes new domain controllers into a domain

Another new feature is the "Install from Media" option for promoting new domain controllers into a domain. In
Windows 2000, if you needed to install a domain controller at a remote location, you had one of two options:

1. Travel to the remote site to running dcpromo and allow the entire AD database to replicate across a slow
(and often expensive) WAN link, or
2. Configure the database at your corporate headquarters, and then ship the DC to the remote site; this is
often an expensive process and one that runs the risk of damaging expensive computer hardware in transit.

Enter the "Install From Media" feature. In Windows Server 2003 you can initially populate the Active Directory
database using a System State backup from an existing DC, saving you both WAN traffic and shipping costs.
For those of us who run extremely decentralized environments, this is one of those "Where has this been all my
life?" kinds of features.

Enhanced replication capabilities

Another significant change, particularly for larger environments, is a replication enhancement called linked-
value replication for objects such as Active Directory group objects. In Windows 2000, a group's membership
list was replicated as one single block of information. This led to a number of potential problems, such as the
following:

1. Inconsistent replication. Consider this: you have a group called DOMAIN\Finance. From Domain
Controller A, you add the jsmith user to the Finance group. What happens if, at precisely the same nanosecond,
your junior admin removed the bthomas user from the Finance group while connected to Domain Controller B?
Without linked-value replication, this would create a replication conflict, which would either lead to jsmith being
added to the group and bthomas not being removed, or vice versa.
2. Replication delays. In Windows 2000, Microsoft published a size limitation where you could not place more
than 5,000 members in a single group object; more than this created significant replication delays since the
membership list was replicated as a single block.

Linked-value replication solves these problems by replicating these multi-valued attributes separately. In our
first example above, the addition of jsmith and the removal of bthomas would be replicated as two separate
transactions, allowing both updates to be applied without causing a replication conflict. In our second example,
only the individual changes to the group membership will be replicated, greatly streamlining the replication
process and removing the 5000-member limitation on Active Directory groups.

In a future installment, we'll talk about more Active Directory changes that came about with Windows Server
2003, focusing specifically on changes that happened when Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 was released.

1. What’s the difference between local, global and universal groups? Domain local groups assign access permissions to global
domain groups for local domain resources. Global groups provide access to resources in other trusted domains. Universal groups
grant access to resources in all trusted domains.
2. I am trying to create a new universal user group. Why can’t I? Universal groups are allowed only in native-mode Windows
Server 2003 environments. Native mode requires that all domain controllers be promoted to Windows Server 2003 Active
Directory.
3. What is LSDOU? It’s group policy inheritance model, where the policies are applied to Local machines, Sites, Domains and
Organizational Units.
4. Why doesn’t LSDOU work under Windows NT? If the NTConfig.pol file exist, it has the highest priority among the numerous
policies.
5. Where are group policies stored? %SystemRoot%System32\GroupPolicy
6. What is GPT and GPC? Group policy template and group policy container.
7. Where is GPT stored? %SystemRoot%\SYSVOL\sysvol\domainname\Policies\GUID
8. You change the group policies, and now the computer and user settings are in conflict. Which one has the highest priority?
The computer settings take priority.
9. You want to set up remote installation procedure, but do not want the user to gain access over it. What do you do?
gponame–> User Configuration–> Windows Settings–> Remote Installation Services–> Choice Options is your friend.
10. What’s contained in administrative template conf.adm? Microsoft NetMeeting policies
11. How can you restrict running certain applications on a machine? Via group policy, security settings for the group, then
Software Restriction Policies.
12. You need to automatically install an app, but MSI file is not available. What do you do? A .zap text file can be used to add
applications using the Software Installer, rather than the Windows Installer.
13. What’s the difference between Software Installer and Windows Installer? The former has fewer privileges and will probably
require user intervention. Plus, it uses .zap files.
14. What can be restricted on Windows Server 2003 that wasn’t there in previous products? Group Policy in Windows Server
2003 determines a users right to modify network and dial-up TCP/IP properties. Users may be selectively restricted from
modifying their IP address and other network configuration parameters.
15. How frequently is the client policy refreshed? 90 minutes give or take.
16. Where is secedit? It’s now gpupdate.
17. You want to create a new group policy but do not wish to inherit. Make sure you check Block inheritance among the options
when creating the policy.
18. What is "tattooing" the Registry? The user can view and modify user preferences that are not stored in maintained portions of
the Registry. If the group policy is removed or changed, the user preference will persist in the Registry.
19. How do you fight tattooing in NT/2000 installations? You can’t.
20. How do you fight tattooing in 2003 installations? User Configuration - Administrative Templates - System - Group Policy -
enable - Enforce Show Policies Only.
21. What does IntelliMirror do? It helps to reconcile desktop settings, applications, and stored files for users, particularly those who
move between workstations or those who must periodically work offline.
22. What’s the major difference between FAT and NTFS on a local machine? FAT and FAT32 provide no security over locally
logged-on users. Only native NTFS provides extensive permission control on both remote and local files.
23. How do FAT and NTFS differ in approach to user shares? They don’t, both have support for sharing.
24. Explan the List Folder Contents permission on the folder in NTFS. Same as Read & Execute, but not inherited by files within a
folder. However, newly created subfolders will inherit this permission.
25. I have a file to which the user has access, but he has no folder permission to read it. Can he access it? It is possible for a user
to navigate to a file for which he does not have folder permission. This involves simply knowing the path of the file object. Even if
the user can’t drill down the file/folder tree using My Computer, he can still gain access to the file using the Universal Naming
Convention (UNC). The best way to start would be to type the full path of a file into Run… window.
26. For a user in several groups, are Allow permissions restrictive or permissive? Permissive, if at least one group has Allow
permission for the file/folder, user will have the same permission.
27. For a user in several groups, are Deny permissions restrictive or permissive? Restrictive, if at least one group has Deny
permission for the file/folder, user will be denied access, regardless of other group permissions.
28. What hidden shares exist on Windows Server 2003 installation? Admin$, Drive$, IPC$, NETLOGON, print$ and SYSVOL.
29. What’s the difference between standalone and fault-tolerant DFS (Distributed File System) installations? The standalone
server stores the Dfs directory tree structure or topology locally. Thus, if a shared folder is inaccessible or if the Dfs root server is
down, users are left with no link to the shared resources. A fault-tolerant root node stores the Dfs topology in the Active Directory,
which is replicated to other domain controllers. Thus, redundant root nodes may include multiple connections to the same data
residing in different shared folders.
30. We’re using the DFS fault-tolerant installation, but cannot access it from a Win98 box. Use the UNC path, not client, only
2000 and 2003 clients can access Server 2003 fault-tolerant shares.
31. Where exactly do fault-tolerant DFS shares store information in Active Directory? In Partition Knowledge Table, which is
then replicated to other domain controllers.
32. Can you use Start->Search with DFS shares? Yes.
33. What problems can you have with DFS installed? Two users opening the redundant copies of the file at the same time, with no
file-locking involved in DFS, changing the contents and then saving. Only one file will be propagated through DFS.
34. I run Microsoft Cluster Server and cannot install fault-tolerant DFS. Yeah, you can’t. Install a standalone one.
35. Is Kerberos encryption symmetric or asymmetric? Symmetric.
36. How does Windows 2003 Server try to prevent a middle-man attack on encrypted line? Time stamp is attached to the initial
client request, encrypted with the shared key.
37. What hashing algorithms are used in Windows 2003 Server? RSA Data Security’s Message Digest 5 (MD5), produces a 128-
bit hash, and the Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), produces a 160-bit hash.
38. What third-party certificate exchange protocols are used by Windows 2003 Server? Windows Server 2003 uses the industry
standard PKCS-10 certificate request and PKCS-7 certificate response to exchange CA certificates with third-party certificate
authorities.
39. What’s the number of permitted unsuccessful logons on Administrator account? Unlimited. Remember, though, that it’s the
Administrator account, not any account that’s part of the Administrators group.
40. If hashing is one-way function and Windows Server uses hashing for storing passwords, how is it possible to attack the
password lists, specifically the ones using NTLMv1? A cracker would launch a dictionary attack by hashing every imaginable
term used for password and then compare the hashes.
41. What’s the difference between guest accounts in Server 2003 and other editions? More restrictive in Windows Server 2003.
42. How many passwords by default are remembered when you check "Enforce Password History Remembered"? User’s last 6
passwords.
43. What is a default gateway? - The exit-point from one network and entry-way into another network, often the router of the
network.
44. How do you set a default route on an IOS Cisco router? - ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x [where x.x.x.x represents the
destination address]
45. What is the difference between a domain local group and a global group? - Domain local groups grant permissions to objects
within the domain in which the reside. Global groups contain grant permissions tree or forest wide for any objects within the
Active Directory.
46. What is LDAP used for? - LDAP is a set of protocol used for providing access to information directories.
47. What tool have you used to create and analyze packet captures? - Network Monitor in Win2K / Win2K3, Ethereal in Linux,
OptiView Series II (by Fluke Networks).
48. How does HSRP work?
49. What is the significance of the IP address 255.255.255.255? - The limited broadcast address is utilized when an IP node must
perform a one-to-everyone What are the required components of Windows Server 2003 for installing Exchange 2003? -
ASP.NET, SMTP, NNTP, W3SVC
50. What must be done to an AD forest before Exchange can be deployed? - Setup /forestprep
51. What Exchange process is responsible for communication with AD? - DSACCESS
52. What 3 types of domain controller does Exchange access? - Normal Domain Controller, Global Catalog, Configuration Domain
Controller
53. What connector type would you use to connect to the Internet, and what are the two methods of sending mail over that
connector? - SMTP Connector: Forward to smart host or use DNS to route to each address
54. How would you optimise Exchange 2003 memory usage on a Windows Server 2003 server with more than 1Gb of memory?
- Add /3Gb switch to boot.ini
55. What would a rise in remote queue length generally indicate? - This means mail is not being sent to other servers. This can be
explained by outages or performance issues with the network or remote servers.
56. What would a rise in the Local Delivery queue generally mean? - This indicates a performance issue or outage on the local
server. Reasons could be slowness in consulting AD, slowness in handing messages off to local delivery or SMTP delivery. It
could also be databases being dismounted or a lack of disk space.
57. What are the standard port numbers for SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, RPC, LDAP and Global Catalog? - SMTP – 25, POP3 –
110, IMAP4 – 143, RPC – 135, LDAP – 389, Global Catalog - 3268
58. Name the process names for the following: System Attendant? – MAD.EXE, Information Store – STORE.EXE,
SMTP/POP/IMAP/OWA – INETINFO.EXE
59. What is the maximum amount of databases that can be hosted on Exchange 2003 Enterprise? - 20 databases. 4 SGs x 5 DBs.
60. What are the disadvantages of circular logging? - In the event of a corrupt database, data can only be restored to the last
backup.
61. delivery on the local network but the network ID is unknown.
62. 4.What is global catalog server?

A global catalog server is a domain controller it is a master searchable database that contains information about every object in
every domain in a forest. The global catalog contains a complete replica of all objects in Active Directory for its host domain, and
contains a partial replica of all objects in Active Directory for every other domain in the forest. It have two important functions:
i)Provides group membership information during logon and authentication ii)Helps users locate resources in Active Directory

DNS FAQ

MORE INFORMATION
DNS is the backbone of Active Directory and the primary name resolution mechanism of Windows 2000 and
Windows Server 2003. Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 domain controllers dynamically register
information about themselves and about Active Directory in DNS. Other Windows 2000 and Windows Server
2003 domain controllers, servers, and workstations that are part of the domain query DNS to find Active
Directory-related information. If DNS is not set up correctly, domain-wide issues can occur such as replication
between domain controllers. You may also be unable to log on to the domain or to join the domain from a
workstation or server.

Question: What are the common mistakes that are made when administrators set up DNS on network that
contains a single Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 domain controller?

Answer: The most common mistakes are:


• The domain controller is not pointing to itself for DNS resolution on all network interfaces.
• The "." zone exists under forward lookup zones in DNS.
• Other computers on the local area network (LAN) do not point to the Windows 2000 or Windows Server
2003 DNS server for DNS.
Question: Why do I have to point my domain controller to itself for DNS?

Answer: The Netlogon service on the domain controller registers a number of records in DNS that enable other
domain controllers and computers to find Active Directory-related information. If the domain controller is
pointing to the Internet service provider's (ISP) DNS server, Netlogon does not register the correct records for
Active Directory, and errors are generated in Event Viewer. In Windows Server 2003, the recommended DNS
configuration is to configure the DNS client settings on all DNS servers to use themselves as their own primary
DNS server, and to use a different domain controller in the same domain as their alternative DNS server,
preferably another domain controller in the same site. This process also works around the DNS "Island"
problem in Windows 2000. You must always configure the DNS client settings on each domain controller's
network interface to use the alternative DNS server addresses in addition to the primary DNS server address.

For more information about the Windows 2000 DNS "Island" problem, see "Chapter 2 - Structural Planning for
Branch Office Environments" in the "Planning" section of the Windows 2000 Server Active Directory Branch
Office Planning Guide at the following Microsoft Web site:
http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/planning/activedirectory/branchoffice/default.asp

Question: What does a domain controller register in DNS?

Answer: The Netlogon service registers all the SRV records for that domain controller. These records are
displayed as the _msdcs, _sites, _tcp, and _udp folders in the forward lookup zone that matches your domain
name. Other computers look for these records to find Active Directory-related information.

Question: Why can't I use WINS for name resolution like it is used in Microsoft Windows NT 4.0?

Answer: A Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 domain controller does not register Active Directory-
related information with a WINS server; it only registers this information with a DNS server that supports
dynamic updates such as a Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 DNS server. Other Windows 2000-based
and Windows Server 2003-based computers do not query WINS to find Active Directory-related information.

Question: If I remove the ISP's DNS server settings from the domain controller, how does it resolve names
such as Microsoft.com on the Internet?

Answer: As long as the "." zone does not exist under forward lookup zones in DNS, the DNS service uses the
root hint servers. The root hint servers are well-known servers on the Internet that help all DNS servers resolve
name queries.

Question: What is the "." zone in my forward lookup zone?

Answer: This setting designates the Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 DNS server to be a root hint
server and is usually deleted. If you do not delete this setting, you may not be able to perform external name
resolution to the root hint servers on the Internet.

For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
229840 DNS server's root hints and forwarder pages are unavailable
Question: Do I need to configure forwarders in DNS?

Answer: No. By default, Windows 2000 DNS uses the root hint servers on the Internet; however, you can
configure forwarders to send DNS queries directly to your ISP's DNS server or other DNS servers. Most of the
time, when you configure forwarders, DNS performance and efficiency increases, but this configuration can also
introduce a point of failure if the forwarding DNS server is experiencing problems. The root hint server can
provide a level of redundancy in exchange for slightly increased DNS traffic on your Internet connection.
Windows Server 2003 DNS will query root hints servers if it cannot query the forwarders.
Question: Should I point the other Windows 2000-based and Windows Server 2003-based computers on my
LAN to my ISP's DNS servers?

Answer: No. If a Windows 2000-based or Windows Server 2003-based server or workstation does not find the
domain controller in DNS, you may experience issues joining the domain or logging on to the domain. A
Windows 2000-based or Windows Server 2003-based computer's preferred DNS setting should point to the
Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 domain controller running DNS. If you are using DHCP, make sure that
you view scope option #15 for the correct DNS server settings for your LAN.

Question: Do I need to point computers that are running Windows NT 4.0 or Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft
Windows 98, or Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition to the Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 DNS
server?

Answer: Legacy operating systems continue to use NetBIOS for name resolution to find a domain controller;
however it is recommended that you point all computers to the Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 DNS
server for name resolution.

Question: What if my Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003 DNS server is behind a proxy server or firewall?

Answer: If you are able to query the ISP's DNS servers from behind the proxy server or firewall, Windows
2000 and Windows Server 2003 DNS server is able to query the root hint servers. UDP and TCP Port 53 should
be open on the proxy server or firewall.

Question: What should I do if the domain controller points to itself for DNS, but the SRV records still do not
appear in the zone?

Answer: Check for a disjointed namespace, and then run Netdiag.exe /fix. You must install Support Tools
from the Windows 2000 Server or Windows Server 2003 CD-ROM to run Netdiag.exe.

For more information about how to check for a disjointed namespace, click the following article number to view
the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
257623 The DNS suffix of the computer name of a new domain controller may not match the name of the
domain after you install upgrade a Windows NT 4.0 Primary domain controller to Windows 2000
Question: How do I set up DNS for a child domain?

Answer: To set up DNS for a child domain, create a delegation record on the parent DNS server for the child
DNS server. Create a secondary zone on the child DNS server that transfers the parent zone from the parent
DNS server.

Note Windows Server 2003 has additional types of zones, such as Stub Zones and forest-level integrated
Active Directory zones, that may be a better fit for your environment.

Set the child domain controller to point to itself first. As soon as an additional domain controller is available, set
the child domain controller to point to this domain controller in the child domain as its secondary.

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