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Biology
Biology (Human) Question Leave
Number Blank

Advanced 1
Unit 4C Core and Option 2

Human Health and Fitness 3

Tuesday 21 June 2005 – Morning 4

5
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper 31
Total

Materials required for examination Items included with question papers

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Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and 9
signature. Paper 32
The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper. Total
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.

Information for Candidates

The marks for the individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
The total mark for this question paper is 70.

Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and
arguments clearly and logically, taking into account your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.

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Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

1. (a) The table below compares three features of nervous and hormonal coordination.
Complete the table to show the differences between the two types of coordination.

Feature Nervous coordination Hormonal coordination

Method of transmission

Speed of transmission

Duration of the response

(3)

(b) Give one similarity between the methods of transmission involved in nervous and
hormonal coordination.

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(1) Q1

(Total 4 marks)

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2. In humans, physical exercise results in the breakdown of glycogen in muscle tissue.

(a) Name the hormone that is secreted in response to the anticipation of physical
exercise.

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(1)

(b) This hormone causes the breakdown of glycogen which is stored in the cells of the
liver and the muscles. Some scientists think that the effect of the hormone may be
greater in the muscles than in the liver.

Suggest why this effect would be advantageous to someone who is about to undergo
some exercise.

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(4)

(c) Name the hormone that will lower the blood glucose level, if it is too high after the
exercise.

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(1) Q2

(Total 6 marks)

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3. The flow diagram below shows some of the steps involved in glycolysis and the Krebs
cycle. Some ATP is made directly. Hydrogen is also released and this can result in the
production of more ATP.

Glucose

Triose phosphate Triose phosphate

2H 3ATP

2ATP

Pyruvate

2H 3ATP

Acetyl CoA

Krebs cycle

1ATP 8H 11ATP

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(a) Describe how the hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle results in
the production of ATP.

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(4)
(b) Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced
from one triose phosphate molecule.

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(1)
(c) As well as carbohydrates, triglycerides can be respired. The first step is to break
down each triglyceride molecule into glycerol and three fatty acids.
Each fatty acid is broken down into acetyl CoA molecules. The acetyl CoA
molecules then enter the Krebs cycle.

(i) Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules
produced from one acetyl CoA molecule.

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(1)
(ii) Suggest why fatty acids can only be respired under aerobic conditions.

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(3) Q3

(Total 9 marks)

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4. An investigation was carried out into the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on urine
production in a mammal. The rate of urine production was measured over a period of
30 minutes. Five minutes after measurements began, ADH was injected into a vein of the
mammal. The results are shown in the graph below.
Injection of ADH

5–
c
Rate of
urine
production 4–
/ cm3 minÿ1

3–

2–

1–

0–
–

0 10 15 20 25 –
30
5
Time / min

(a) Name the gland that releases ADH.

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(1)
(b) Describe the effect of the injection of ADH on the rate of urine production in the
mammal in this investigation.

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(c) Describe the mechanism by which ADH produces the effect seen in this investigation.

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(4)

(d) In a similar investigation, an injection of sodium chloride (salt) solution was given
after five minutes instead of ADH. This injection was observed to affect urine
production in a similar way to ADH. Suggest how the sodium chloride brought about
this effect.

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(3) Q4

(Total 11 marks)

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5. Give an account of the location and functions of each of the following areas of the
mammalian brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla.

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(Total 10 marks)

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Option C: Human health and fitness.

6. The electron micrograph below shows a longitudinal section of a muscle fibre.

B
Dr Don Fawcett/Science Photo Library

(a) (i) State the number of myofibrils shown in the electron micrograph.

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(1)

(ii) Name part A.

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(1)

(b) Calculate the magnification if the section labelled B is actually 1.6 µm wide. Show
your working.

Answer ......................................
(2)

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(c) Describe a practical procedure to demonstrate that ATP causes muscle contraction.

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(3) Q6

(Total 7 marks)

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7. The diagram below shows the possibility of developing tuberculosis (TB) when people
are exposed to the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Exposure to
bacterium

Not infected Infected

(70–90%) (10–30%)

Dormant TB (90%) Active TB (10%)

• never develop TB • half develop TB within 2 years
• not infectious • half develop TB more than 2 years later

Untreated Treated
• half die within 2 years • most survive

(a) Name the organ which is the most commonly infected by M. tuberculosis.

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(1)

(b) Suggest why 90% of people who are infected by M. tuberculosis never develop TB.

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(2)

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(c) Outline the treatment for those people with active TB.

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(3) Q7

(Total 6 marks)

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8. (a) Ventilation rate changes in response to different levels of physical activity. Explain
how these changes are brought about.

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(4)

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(b) The graph below shows changes in the ventilation rate of an athlete before, during
and after a 10 minute period of strenuous exercise.

Ventilation rate
/ dm3 minÿ1 Period of exercise

140 ±
u u
120 ± u
u
100 ± u

80 ±

60 ±

40 ± u
u u
20 ± u u
u u u u
0±
±

±
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Time / minutes

Describe the changes in the ventilation rate in the two minutes before exercise and
during the period of exercise.

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(3)
(c) Suggest how the ventilation rate, during and after exercise, would differ in an
untrained individual completing the same type of exercise for the same length of
time.

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(2) Q8

(Total 9 marks)

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9. The diagram below illustrates some aspects of the regulation of heart rate.

Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors

Cardiovascular centres
in the brain

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
(accelerator) nerve (vagus) nerve

Increase heart rate Decrease heart rate

(a) Complete the flow diagram by naming the part of the heart that receives impulses
from the two nerves.
(1)

(b) Strenuous physical activity will increase the volume of blood flowing through the
venae cavae and into the right atrium. This will trigger a reflex action.

(i) Name the reflex that will be initiated.

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(1)

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(ii) Using your own knowledge and the information provided, explain how this
increase in blood volume in the venae cavae and right atrium causes a change in
heart rate.

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(3)

(c) The coordination of the heart beat is disrupted when the conducting systems of the
heart are damaged. This type of disease is called heart block. Describe how an
artificial pacemaker can be used to treat this condition.

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(3) Q9

(Total 8 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 70 MARKS

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