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LP
n-1
xri
pi' + Qi'
= (2) Selection: In accordance with the rules which
i -0 vi' depend on the fitness A of each individual, the
multiplication and natural selection is performed.
This will be the objective function, Lp of network
reconfiguration for loss reduction. (3) crossover: One-point crossover occurs when parts
For load balancing, we will use the ratio of complex of two parent chromosomes are swapped after a
power at the sending end of a branch, Siover its KVA randomly selected point, creating two children.
capacity, Si as a measure of how much that branch
is loaded. The branch can be a transformer, a tie-line (4) Mutation: By mutation is one procedure carried
with a sectionalizing switch or simply a line section. out by one-point mutate. When bit mutation is applied
to a bit string it sweeps down the list of bits,
replacing each by a randomly selected bit if a
Lb = E(+)' 2 p i 2 + Qi'
=
.m*
probability test is passed. The selection of individuals
SI and the exchange point are randomly decided. The
child obtained replaces the parent.
This will be the objective function, Lb of load
balancing. As noted before, the two problems are (5) Elitist Policy: If no increasingly fit individual has
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been discovered between generations, the elitist If an individual has attained the predetermined age, it
policy simply carries forward the most fit individual
is selected. By repeating this manipulation, an
from the previous generation into the next.
individual cannot live too long and can be picked out
When the individuals which proceed to next at an early time. This results in increased evolution
generation are selected, the individuals which have speed.
small differences in fitness are difficult to select. So,
3. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
a group of individuals which shows the same fitness
in each generation occurs. This phenomenon is called 3.1 Simulation Conditions
genetic drift, and this controls the evolution speed,
In primary distribution systems, sectionalizing
that is, the convergence speed becomes slow.
switches are used for both protection, to isolate a fault,
2.3 Dynamic Parameter Modification and for configuration management, to reconfiguration
the network. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a
A special method is necessary to control genetic
simplified primary circuit of a distribution system
operator for broad search during the early stages of
together with sectionalizing switches.
evolution and narrow search in the latter stages. We
Distribution systems are normally operated as
propose the Dynamic Parameter Modification (DPM)
radial networks; however , configuration is changed
which offers the decision of crossover rate and
during operation by changing the state of some
mutation rate by fitness. That is, crossover rate
sectionalizing switches.
Pc(t+l) and mutation rate Pm(t+l) in the (t+l)th
generation are determined by the average of fitness
f(t) in the t-th generation as follows.
378
Simulations were carried out for 10 case randomly
made initial states.
(1) Efficacy relating to limited life of an Variation in aging layer of a population (case for
individual
Limited Life of 4 years) is shown in Fig. 3.
The combination setting was crossover rate
0.4,mutation rate 0.06 [SIand given the same initial
state. The case where a limited life is not considered
is shown in Fig. 2(a) and the case where a limited life SELECTION BY LIMITED LIFE
379
(2) Comparison with DPM the convergence generation number ranged from 45 to
Fig. 4(a) compares different cases of parameter 86, which is to say that a number of infeasible paths
variation. Within DPM, the results for the case where existed in the solution search process is successfully
a limited life is not considered are shown. The vertical restricted meaning that a stable convergence feature
horizontal axis is for the 10 cases resulting form Further, it can be seen from the optimum solutions
different initial state conditions which are plotted in and from fitness variation, crossover rate variation
order from the smallest case to the largest. Similarly, and situation of variation of mutation rate in Figures
Fig. 4@)gives the results obtained when a limited life 5(a), @) and (e) respectively, that the crossover rate
was considered. These 2 sets of results verify that on and mutation rate follow the generation progress and
average the proposed method with a limited life gradually decrease which contributes to convergence
converges approximately 12% faster. characteristic improvement.
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380
4. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
In this paper, the authors presented a new method [l] J. H. Holland. "Adaptation in Natural and
which applies a genetic algorithm for determining Artificial Systems", Univ. Michigan Press, 1975.
which sectionalizing switch to operate in order to [2] K. Nara, et al. "Implementation of Genetic ,
solve the distribution system loss minimization Algorithm for Distribution Systems Loss Minimum
reconfiguration problem. Reeonfiguration", IEEE Trans. Power Systems,
I
In addition the proposed method introduces a new Vol. 7', No. 3, pp. 1044,1992.
limited life feature for performing natural selection of J. F.. Crow and M. Kimura. An Introduction to
individuals. Simulations were carried out in order to Population Genetics Theory. Harper & Row, 1970.
verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. From
K. DeJong. "An Analysis of the Behavior of a
these results the following points were observed.
Class of Genetic Adaptive Systems", Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Michigan, 1975.
(1) For the purpose of solving the problems of
M. N. Swamy & K. Thulasirmaman. Graphs,
homogeneity and genetic drift associated with the
Networks, and Algorithms, John Wiley & Sons,
population in the initial state it can be concluded that 1981.
the proposed method is effective. The conventional
D.S. Choi, J. S. Lee & J. Hasegawa. "An
method which does not consider the limited life
Application of Genetic Algorithms to the Network
feature and uses fixed parameters requires long
Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems for Loss
calculation time depending on initial state conditions .
Minimization and Load Balancing Problem",
In contrast, the proposed method is able to perform
solution searches effectively and results in improved B E E SICICI '95 2-8 July pp.81-86,1995.
convergence.
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