Distribution network reconfiguration for load

balancing with a coloured Petri net algorithm

C.-H. Lin

Abstract: A rule-based expert system with a coloured Petri net (CPN) algorithm is developed for
load balancing of distribution systems. CPN models of the distribution components such as four-
way line switches are proposed to derive the proper switching operations. In this way, the loads on
transformers and feeders will become more balanced. Heuristic rules based on the standard load
transfer operation procedures of the Taipower distribution system are included in the best first
search of the CPN to obtain the desired switching operations for load balancing. For the overload
contingency during the summer peak season, load shedding is also considered in the CPN models
to provide service to as many key customers and loads as possible. The priority indices of each
feeder and service zone are determined in advance according to the key customers within the service
territory. A Taipower distribution system with 68 feeders is selected for computer simulation to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. It is found that load balancing of the
distribution system can be obtained very efficiently and the risk of overloads can be reduced by
applying the proposed CPN model to determine the optimal switchmg operation.

1 Introduction of and configuration of the system can be expressed

To improve the system’s reliability and operational
efficiency, a distribution automation system (DAS) project
has been implemented by Taiwan Power Company (Tai-
power) since 1998. Feeder reconfiguration for fault restora-
tion and load balancing are the primary functions of the
DAS. By changing the open/closed status of the line
switches along the distribution feeders, the loading levels of
the main transformers in the substations and feeders will be
changed. For distribution system operation, load balancing
can he obtained by reconfiguring the distribution feeders
and reallocating load currents among the feeders and trans-
formers. By properly performing the switching operation,
the power demand of the service zones can be transferred
from the heavily loaded transformers/feeders to the lightly
loaded ones so that the distribution system will become
more balanced and the risk of overloading can be reduced.
With so many main transformers, feeders and sectionalis-
ing switches in a distribution system, it will be very difficult
and tedious to determine the set of switches to be operated
by conventional exhaustive search techniques. A more
eflicient inference mechanism has to be developed to find
the optimal switching operations by considering the rule-
based knowledge of the standard operating procedures of
the dlstribution systems. The Petri net (PN) is a powerful
inference mechanism and has been successfully applied in
the areas of service restoration scheduling [l, 21, fault
section estimation [3], rule-based evaluation [4] and power
system protection [S,61. Using graphic representations, the
PN simulates the operations of a system by including the
timing and sequence of the physical objects. The knowledge
systematically through a structured model with parallelism
and synchronisation [I].
In this paper, a rule-based expert system with a coloured
Petri net (CPN) inference model is proposed to derive the
switching plan for a typical underground distribution
system in Taipower. The CPN is used to model the
inference net to support the decision-making process of the
switching operation for system,load balancing.
To achieve the load balancing of distribution systems for
each being studied hour, the hourly loadings of service
zones along each feeder and the reserve capacity of the
supporting mAn transformers have to be estimated
accurately. In this paper, the typical load patterns of
residential, commercial and industrial customers are
considered in the knowledge base [7]. The customers within
each service zone are identified by the outage management
information system (OMIS) and the power consumption of
the customers is retrieved from the customer information
system (CIS) in Taipower [J.Fig. 1 shows the proposed
rule-based expert system.
emen syslem Shell
(MW
___
dispatcheis

Fig. 1 Proposed rule-based e-xperf sysrem

Q IEE, 2003
IEE Proceedba &ne no. 20030 IB
dot IO.IM9/ipgld20030l99
Publication dale: 6th March 2003. Paper fim -ked 2 1 ~ 1August 2002 and in 2 Problem description
revisal form IIth k m k i 2002
The author is with rhe Department of Electrical Engineering. National The switching operation problem in distribution systems is
Kaohsiung University of Applid Sccsnco. Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan to find the optimal switching candidates so that loading
1EE Proc.-Gmer. 7run.m Dirrrib.. Vol I50 No. 3, May ZW3 317
unbalance will be minimised and the operating constraints
will be complied with at the same time. By changng the
status of the line switches along the feeders, the configura-
tion of a distribution system can be altered. Partial loading
of the relief feeder is then transferred to another lightly
burdened feeder by closing the tie switch between two
feeders and then opening one of the sectionalising switches
along the relief feeder to achieve noninterruptible load
transfer without causing any power outage problem. The
notation (X,Y)is used to represent a switching operation
pair by opening switch X and closing switch Y . Fig. 2 shows
a normally open loop underground distribution system in
Taipower. There are several four-way switches along the
main feeders. All low tension customers and most of the
high tension customers are supplied by the two laterals
connected to the four-way switches. Each four-way switch
provides the following functions: first, the loop in and out of
main feeder; secondly, the connection with the lateral by a
power fuse (PF125E) to serve the load and to isolate the
fault contingency; finally, system maintenance and opera-
tion. In Fig. 2, feeder j is tied with its supporting feeder i
with a normally open switch SW,. By executing the
switching operation (SW,,,SW,), the capacity shortage
problem of the heavily loaded feeder .j is solved by
transferring the current b,, in the service zone to feeder i.
Before applying the heuristic rules for switching opera-
tion, the definitions of loading Unbalance of transformers
and feeders are given. For the Taipower distribution system,
more capacity reserve is provided for a feeder than that for
a main transformer. A standard 22.8 kV, 60 MVA main
transformer with a rated current of 1450A is used to serve
six feeders each with a rated current capacity of 450A. The
objective of the optimisation procedure is to minimise the
load unbalance indices (LBI) for the main transfomiers and
feeders.
where Is, I,; are the actual current loadings of transformer
T and feeder f;, respectively. and lCr,fC,fi are the rated
current capacities of transformer T; and feeder 1;. respec-
tively.
To achieve load balance of the main transformers and
feeders, the performance index of the distribution system is
minimised as (3)
minimise LBI =
i,
LBlZ + c
/,
LBIL (3)
3 The heuristic search algorithm for load balancing
The heuristic rules are included in the CPN model by
considering the d e of thumb of system operation for load
balancing. The rules have two stages to deal with load
balancing: the pick-up stage (PS) and the disconnection
stage (DS). With the unbalance loading among main
transformers or feeders, the switching decision making is
performed to transfer partial loading of the heavily loaded
transformers/feeders to the lightly loaded ones. For

pad-mounted
transformer

pad-mounted
to serve the load r
x1
mold joinf

4
N.
under 31A
customew 4 -
3149A
SGi"

Fig. 2 Tipicd Tuipower ztndcrground distribution system

318
 noninterruptible load transfer, the DS has to be enabled substation
after the PS to maintain the open loop Configuration of the
distribution systems.
To comply with the distribution system's operating
regulations during switching, the following rules are
exploited in the PS process:
Rule I: Select the relief feeder for load transfer. For the
transformers and feeders under study, find the one with the
largest value of LBIx or LBIh in ( I ) and (2). Load transfer
of the most heavily loaded transformer or feeder is given the
highest priority.
Rule 2 If the element with the largest load unbalance index
is a transformer T, without overloading, select the feeder5
-~.. with the smallest LBI. among the feeders supplied by
sectionalising switch

transformer Ti and designate this feeder as the relief feeder 0 :normally open
for load transfer. On the other hand. if the main lour-way tie switch
transformer is overloaded, then select the feeder with
the largest LBIh as the relief feeder for load transfer. Fig. 3 Circulation cuirenr in rhe rmin loop when open fir swirch i.9
closed
Rule 3: If the element with the largest load unbalance index
is a fceder .h, or the feeder supplied by an unbalanced
loading transformer as in rule 2 , it is designated as the relief open tie switch in Fig. 3, the circulation current can be
feeder for the load transfer. Select the burden feeder for estimated as [9]
load transfer by checking all feeders connected to the relicf
feeder with an open tie switch. The candidate feeder with
the smallest value of LBIh is selected as the burden feeder.

The following rules are exploited in the DS process:

Rule 4 Perform load transfer between the relief feeder and
the burden feeder. The switchmg pair which will result in
the smallest LBI in (3) is selected. Only the loads of the relief
and burden feeders and the transformers which supply
power to the relief and burden feeders are updated while the
other loads remain unchanged. Repeat the load transfer
process until the load balance index has been minimised.
Rule 5: If there is no overloading of the main transformers
and distribution feeders after the proposed switching
operation, the optiinal system configuration has been
obtained. Otherwise, proceed to check any overloading of
the feeders and transformers.
Rule 6: If the overload problem cannot be completely
resolved after all possible load transfers, the load shedding
strategy has to consider dropping the less important
customers to maintain the setvice to customers with higher
priority. The priority indices of each feeder and service zone
are determined in advance according to the key customers
within the service territory [8].
_ _
where V,, Va are terminal voltages of the open tie switch,
_ -
and 2.. Z b are the totd impedance from the substation to
the terminal nodes a and b, respectively, of the open tie
switch.
4. The three-phase unbalance is always a critical issue for
Taipower due to the usage of open-Y/open-delta transfor-
mers in the three-phase four-wire distribution system. The
grounding relay is often activated to trip the feeder circuit
breaker by the three-phase unbalance. To prevent this
problem, the neutral current after switching has to be less
than 40A.
After the switching operation, the node voltage magni
tudes, phase angles and the current flow of each service
section of the burden feeder and relief feeder are updated by
(5H8).

In this paper, the following operation constraints are

taken into consideration for load transfer.
1. No main transformers_ feeders, and line switches are
overloaded after load transfer. This implies that the loading
level of each feeder has to be less than 450A; and the -j 4 - -j -
loading level of each 22.8 KV, 60 MVA main transformer Znq"= +A I = + 11 (8)
has to be less than 1450A. -i _j

2. The system voltage drop after a switching operation has where Vmw,h>Vww,, is the new node voltages of the burden
-i -j
to be less than 10%.
feeder i and the relief feeder;: V,,,, Vou,r are the original
3. To avoid circulation current after closing the open tie node voltages of the burden feeder i and the relief feeder;:
switching for noninterruptible load transfer: first, the phase -i -j
sequences must be the same; secondly, the difference in I,,,b, I , , : , are the new current flows of service section of
terminal voltage magnitudes and phase angles between both -i -j
sides of the open tie switch must be less than 10% and lo", the burden feeder i and the relief feeder j: I &,,, I is the
respectively. When the loop is constructed by closing the origmal current flows of service section of the burden feeder
ICE Prui:-Gener. T w m n Dirtrih.. Vol. 150. A b 3, Moy ZH13 319
 - Tablel: Colour settings of distribution system compo
i and the relief feeder j , 4 Y is the change of the node
-- ne&
voltages due to the switching operation: 4 I : I , is the
current transfer from the relief feederj to the burden feeder Components Colours
Ai -j
i; and Z , , Z , are the line section impedances of the burden Circuit breaker close open lock
feeder i and the relief feeder j , respectively. Switch close open lock
Transformer E DE 0
4 CPN model for switching operation Branch zone s1 52 0
Service zone s1 s2
In this paper, the high-level CPN model is used to
determine the switching to achieve the load balancing of Load s1 s2
the distribution feeders and main transformers. The CPN E energized, DE de-energized. 0 overload
model used in [lo] has been applied in this paper. For the S1 power supplied from source 1
CPN model, the place (PL) nodes represent conditions and S2 power supplied from source 2
transition (TR) nodes represent switching events for the
state transitions in the distribution system configuration.
The CPN inference is performed by the tokens and colours
passing from the system’s initial state to find the solution
state. The TR node is enabled when at least one of the PL
nodes receives a token and satisfies the StdtUS for each
transition mode. The TR node is activated if the guard
function of the enabled TR node is evaluated to be true for
taking action. The tokens are then passed from their entry
places to their outgoing places. In the CPN inference
mechanism, many tokens and colours may exist and several
TR nodes may be activated simultaneously. Therefore,
these tokens and colours can be processed efficiently with
the parallel-like inference mechanism. Fig. 4 Proposed CPN model

4.1 The CPN Petri net model
The colour settings of the distribution system components
for load balancing are defined in Table 1. BeCduSe the
power demands of the branch zone, service zone and load
can be transferred from the burden feeder to the relief feeder
by a switching operation, two kinds of colour settings (SI
and S2) are defined for each branch zone, service zone and
load, respectively. The proposed CPN model of the
distribution system components is illustrated in Fig. 4.
There are three PL nodes (PI_P2 and P3) and one TR node
VI). The PL nodes represent the colour settings (status) of
the components of the distribution system. The TR node is
the operation rule for the status transfer of PI-P3. The
inference mechanism of the CPN model for the transition
node and place nodes is illustrated in Table 2. The inference
of mode I is to close an open tie switch to form the closed
loop configuration of the distribution system on a
temporary basis. The inference o f mode 2 is applied for
all line switches between the original open tie switch and
the normally closed switch to be opened. Mode 3 is the
inference to open a normally closed switch to restore the
open loop configuration of the system.
Mode 1 has been selected as an example to illustrate the
processing of colours and tokens in Fig. 4 and Table 2. To
close the tie switch in Fig. 4, the TR node TI has to be
enabled by three pre-action colour settings: first, the power
of zone 1 is supplied from source 1 and receives a token (i.e.
the colour setting of PI is Sl(T)); secondly, the power of
zone 2 is supplied from source 2 (i.e. the colour setting of P2
is S2); finally, SWI is an open tie switch and receives a
token (i.e. the colour setting of P3 is O(T)). The TR node is
activated if the PS processing of the heuristic rules described
in Section 3 is evaluated to be true. The colour settings are
then transferred to update the postaction colour settings for
three PL nodes and the tokens are then transferred to the
PL node P2 which could enable other TR nodes.
4.2 CPN inference model of four-way line
switches
Fig. 5 shows a four-way line switch used in the underground
distribution systems. The open/closed status of two main
switches (SWI and SW2) is retrieved by the SCADA system
and the topology process is executed to determine the

Table 2 Inference of the transition node and place nodes for load transfer

Transition Upstream Pre-action colour senings Postaction colour settings Description

mode component
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3

1 UIP1) Sl(T) 52 OIT) S1 Sl(T) C closing an open tie switch

U(P2) s1 S2lT) O(T) SXT) s2 C
2 U(P1) S 1IT) s2 c s1 Sl(T) C status transfer of switches between
UIP2) s1 S2(T) C SZIT) s2 C original open tie switch and normal
close w i t c h to be opened
3 UP11 SlIT) S2 UT) S1 s2 0 opening a normal close switch
U(P2) s1 S2(Tl C(T) Sl s2 0

320 IEE Proc.~Gmer.Tramm. DLwih.. VoI 150, No. 3, Ma,, 2W3

 sewice zone sw1 sw2

load1 load2

Fig. 5 Four-way line sivirch in disrrthrion .sy.srem

distribution system configuration. Two small laterals are

connected to the primary feeder and protected by power LDl LD2
fuses ( L S l and LS2).
n e ' , C P N inference model of a four-way line switch is
illustrated in Fig. 6 with nine PL nodes and four TR nodes.
BZI ' a n d 8 2 2 represent the branch zones 1 and 2, For the proposed CPN model, the numbers of place
respectively; SZ1 represents the service zone while LDI nodes SpL,transition nodes SrRIand directed arcs SaRccan
and LD2 stand for the load zones in Fig. 5. be obtained from (12H14); respectively.
In a conventional PN model [I], the numbers of place
nodes S,, transition nodes STR, and directed arcs SaRc SPL = 7sS f SDS + SAfr + SB + SB.5 + SBZ + SLD (12)
for an underground distribution system are calculated by
(9Hll).
s?R = 4S.T + S B (13)
SPL = SSSf 2sDS + 2sW + 2sB + 2sBz f 2sm + 1 (9) SARC= 6Sm (14)
By comparing these two models, it is found that the
Sm = l6Ss + ~ S B1+ (10) numbers of PL nodes, TR nodes, and directed arcs of the
proposed CPN model have been significantly reduced,
SARC = 3Sm + SLD + 1 (11) which implies that less computing time and memories will
where be required to derive the proper switching operation.
S,s : number of four-way line switches
SDs number of distribution substations 4.3 Sample system illustration
S
,, number of main transformers Fig. 7 shows a sample underground distribution system
S,, number of buses with the associated complete CPN model to solve the
Ss number of circuit breakers switching operation for system load balancing. There are
SB, number of branch zones two feeders with circuit breakers (CB1 and CB2), four four-
SLD number of load zones way line switches, five branch zones and four service zones.

sewice zone 1 sewice zone 2

Fig. 7 Simple wlderyround dkrrihurion ,sysiemr wiirlt arsociared CPN modd

IEE Prooc-Gener Tronm Ditrrib.. Vol. I n h'o. 3, Moy 2003 32 I

 I B is the original open tie switch and all of the other circuit
breakers/switches are closed to form the open loop
configuration of the distribution system.
In this example, the loads (2E and 2F) of service zone 2
are transferred from the relief feeder 2 to the burden feeder
1 by switching operation (2B_ IB) for load balancing with
noninterruptible load transfer. Table 3 shows the PL node
with pre-action and postaction colour settings, the enabled
TR node, and the mode defined in Table2 for each
iteration. Bold characters in Table 3 represent the change of
pre-action and postaction colours of PL nodes. For
iteration I , the switch IB is closed to form the closed loop
system configuration. For iteration 2, service zone 2
including loads 2E and 2F is transferred from feeder 2 to
feeder 1 and the corresponding change of node status of the
related line switches is made to reflect the direction of power
flow after load transfer. For iteration 3, switch 2 8 is opened
to restore the open loop configuration of the distribution
system.
For the conventional PNs, the number of PL nodes, TR
nodes, and directed arcs of the sample system are solved as
104, 81 and 477, respectively. On the other hand, the
numbers of PL nodes, TR nodes, and directed arcs for the
proposed CPN model are reduced to 37, 18 and 108,
respectively. Therefore, the load transfer for load balancing
can be enhanced by the proposed CPN model.
5 Case study of Taipower distribution system
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CF"
method for system load balancing, the underground
distribution system for Taichung District (Taipower) was
selected for the computer simulation. It is an underground
distribution system consisting of 5 substations, 12 main
transformers, 68 underground feeders. 448 branch zones
and 394 four-way line switches (service zones). By retrieving
the facility infonnation from the AMjFM database and the
open/closed status of the line switches, the connectivity of
the feeders, main transformers, customers and line switches
is identified by executing the system topology process. The
whole distribution system is represented by 3294 PL nodes,
1675 TR nodes and 10050 directed arcs in the CPN model.
Table 3: CPN inference process for the simple distribution system
iteration Pre-action colour settings
1 P13lS1). P14(SZ), P3(0)
2 P14lS11, P15(S2), P4lCl
P15lS11, P32(S2), P24lC)
P15lS1). P33(S2). P25lC)
3 P15lS1). P16lS2). P 5 C I
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
Table 4 Optimal switching operation with season change in case 1
Season No. of switching operations
change
Before switching operation
Summer 18 17.99
to winter
Winter to 18 18.56
summer
A computer program was written in CLIPS and run on a
personal computer (Pentium-111 866 MHz) to test the
proposed load transfer strategy with the CPN model.
Two study cases were selected to simulate the load
balancing for the test distribution system.
CCISL,I : Land bnlanciny with .sensonu/ chunye. The power
loading of the distribution system will become UnbdbdnCed
with seasonal change because of the different load
compositions of the distribution feeders. The CPN model
can he used to derive the optimal switching operation for
system load halancing when the season changes. In this
study, the typical daily load profiles of the distribution
feeders have been collected by the SCADA system for the
summer and winter seasons. Using the proposed method,
the optimal switching to achieve load balancing for each
season is determined in Table4. It is found that 18 out of
the 54 switch-pairs should be operated with the change of
season. Fig. 8 depicts the partial one-line diagram of the
system and the 18 critical switch-pairs to be operated. After
the switching operations, the load unbalance index given by
(3) is reduced from 17.99 to 13.47 when the season changes
from summer to winter. On the other hand, the load
unbalance index is reduced from 18.56 to 14.24, when the
season changes from winter to summer, by the reverse
switching operation.
Cme 2: Load halancing .fur otierload conthgency. From
the daily load profiles of the main transformer HHI and its
supporting transformers in Fig. 9, it is found that H H I is
overloaded from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. The maximum over-
loading, by 17% of its nominal rated capacity, occurs at 3
p.m. To solve the overload problem of the main
transformer and to enhance the system loading balance,
the CPN model is used to derive the proper switching
operation. In Table 5, a feasible solution is proposed by 16
switching operations for the first phase operation at 3 p.m.
and the partial loading of 187A, originally served by HH I ,
is then transferred from feeders HH51, 52, 55 and 56 to
feeders GS75, GV55, HJ52 and HJ76, respectively, which
are supplied by the other main transformers. Although the
load unbalance index has been reduced from 21.41 to 17.2,
the main transformer still remains overloaded by 4%. Load
shedding has to be considered, by dropping the service of
Enabled Mode Postaction colour settings
TR
T3 1 P13lS1). P14(S1), P3(C)
T4 2 P14lS1). P15(S1). P4lCl
T13 2 P15lS1). P32(S1). P24lC)
T14 2 P15IS1). P33(S1). P25lCl
T5 3 P15lS11. P16W). P5101
Load unbalance index CPU time,
s
After switching operation
13.47 21
14.24 28
 %> s: open tie switch in summer season configuration

'%&?w: open lie switch in winter season configuration

- open lie Circuit breaker

Fig. 8 Partial one-line diagrum ofrlre s)'stem and lhe 18 switch-pairs to be operuled

2000 -HH1 -GS3 --GVl +HJl --HJ3 2000 -HH1 - - G S 3 -GVl -HJ1 -~HJ3

1400
4I
1200
1000
2 800
600
400 400
200 200
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
lime. h lime, h
Fig. 9 Daily loadprufles of H H l and supporliny transfirmers Fig. 10 Lvudprofles ufer sivifching operatioris and loud slieiliny
10 sulae ouerlood contingency

less important customers to solve completely the overload

problem of the main transformers. To maintain the service
of key customers in the system, the priority indices of all
feeders and service zones are calculated based on [8] and are
included in the load transfer process. It is found that the
partial loads of feeder HH53 with a total load of 60A are
shed by executing three more switching operations. The
load unbalance index is reduced from 17.2 to 14.65. Fig. IO
shows that the current loading of transformer HH1 is
reduced from 16Y7A to 1448 A and the current loadings of
the supporting transformers GS3, GVI, HJI and HJ3 are
increased from 1384A, 13Y7A, 1101A and 1131A to
1410A, 1445A,1125A, and 1220A, respectively. With the
same reconfiguration as at 3 pm., Fig. I0 shows that the
overload problem of HHI from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. has been

Table 5 Optimal switching operation for overload contingency in cam 2

Phase No. of Switching operations Load unbalance index CPU time,

s
Before After
switching switching
operation operation

Before 16 21.41 17.2

load
30
shedding
After load 3 17.2 14.65
shedding

IEE Proc-Gcmr. Trannn. Dinrih.. Vol. 150, No 3 " r q 2003 323

completely solved and the load balancing has been
effectively enhanced. The CPU time required to solve the
switching operation is illustrated in Tables 4 and 5.
6 Conclusions
A rule-based expert system and the associated CPN
inference model are proposed to solve the load balancing
and overload problems of a distribution system. The rules
for load transfer in Taipower have been included in the
CPN model and the inference mechanism SO that the
switching plan derived can comply with the operational
regulations. With the integration of these operational rules
and the parallel-like inference capability, the switchng plan
for load balancing of the main transformers and feeders of
the distribution systems is solved effectively.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
methodology, a practical Taipower distribution system
consisting of 68 feeders was selected for computer
simulation. The CPN model of the distribution system
was created and the inference mechanism was then applied
to find the optimal switching to enhance system efficiency
with the change of season. Fir the overload contingency of
the distribution systems. the problem can also be solved by
load transfer among the main transformers and distribution
feeders with the proposed CPN model. For the case study,
when sufficient capacity reserve " I o t be provided by the
supporting main transformer/feeders, load shedding is then
324
executed during load balancing by considering the priority
indices of the service zones and feeders in the search process
of the optimal switching operation.
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and practice use', (Spinger-Vcrlag. &din, Germany. 1992). Vol. 1
IEE Pro<.-Genrr. Transm Disrrib.. Vol. I50. Nu 3, May Z f x 1