Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ABSTRACT: Unbalanced feeder systems cause unbalanced feeder has a large ground current, which may
deteratorating power quality and increase investment and trip the protective devices. Furthermore, in unbalanced
operating costs. Feeder reconfiguration and phase feeders, the improvement of the utilization factor is limited
swapping are two popular methods to balance the systems. by the capacity of the ground line or one phase line.
For an unbalanced feeder system, feeder reconfiguration is Upgrading ground lines or feeder lines require huge
difficult to meet the phase balancing criterion due to the investment costs, which may be unnecessary if the system
limited number of sectionalizing switches available. Phase is well balanced. Sometimes, the unbalanced situations are
swapping is another alternative and direct approach for acceptable if the flows are far below their capacity. If the
phase balancing. Phase swapping has not received its flows are close to their capacity, even a small unbalanced
deserved attention due to the complexity of feeder systems, flow can cause serious consequence.
the dimension of problems, and totally overlooking the
Phase balancing problem is to make a feeder system
impacts of phase imbalance. Phase swapping can
balanced in terms of phases. A balanced system has
economically and effectively balance the feeder systems to
smaller worst voltage drops and energy losses. Phase
improve power quality and reduce power system total cost.
baluncing improves system quality, security, and
Deregulation arises competition on power quality, service
reliability. Phase balancing can improve utilization factors
reliability, and electricity price. Therefore phase swapping
cf existing facilities and defer feeder expansion projects.
can enhance utilities competitive capability. This paper
As a result, an utility can produce power with higher
proposes a mixed-integer programming formulation for
quality and lower electricity price, which will attract
phase swapping optimization. Single-phase loads are customers to the utility and enhance the utility competitive
treated differently with three-phase loads. Nodal phase
ability in the deregulated environments.
swapping and lateral phase swapping are also introduced.
An example is used to illustrate the proposed method. Original feeder system design depends on the accuracy
of the given load data. Many distribution load forecasting
Key Words: Phase balancing, Feeder Reconfiguration, methods have been proposed to improve the accuracy of
Phase Swapping, Mix-Integer Programming, Deregulation, load forecast in the past several decades [ I , 21. Distribution
Power Quality, Electricity Price, Nodal Phase Swapping, load forecasting not only predicts the magnitude of loads
Lateral Phase Swapping. but also predicts the location of loads by providing a load
map. Based on the load map, a balanced feeder system is
1. Introduction routed to deliver electric power to the customers.
However, the prediction errors and unbalanced load
In power distribution systems, unbalanced feeder growth will make the feeder unbalanced.
structures and unbalanced loading are common
phenomena. Unbalanced feeders not only increase energy There are two options for phase balancing. One is
losses and the risk of overloading situations, but also af’fect feeder reconfiguration at the system level; the other is
system power quality and electricity price. For example, phase swapping at the feeder level. Since feeder
the unbalanced loading causes unbalanced voltages tven reconfiguration is primarily designed for load balancing
the voltage at source is balanced. Lower, higher, or among the feeders, it cannot effectively solve phase
unbalanced voltage can reduce efficiency and may damage balancing problem. Therefore, most researchers did not
appliances. In this case, utilities either reconfigure the consider phase balancing in feeder reconfiguration. Only a
systems or install transformers or capacitors to keep few people incorporated phase balancing into feeder
voltages within limits. Unbalanced systems also increase reconfiguration approaches based on the unbalanced feeder
the risk of overloading on a phase line or ground line. systems. But it is realized that feeder reconfiguration is not
Overloading causes utility facilities overheating and w e n sufficient to make unbalanced feeder systems phase
balancing [3]. Lin and Chin proposed a fuzzy logic
damaged. In addition, an
approach to reconfigure feeders on the inter-feeder load
PE-083-PWRS-O-10-1997 A paper recommended and approved by
balance and inter-phase load balance sequentially [4]. The
the IEEE Power System Planning and Implementation Committee of conflict objectives may result in an unsolvable dead lock.
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for publication in the IEEE Wang et al. proposed an efficient formula to update power
Transactions on Power Systems. Manuscript submitted May 20, 1997; flows and losses in terms of the on/off switch operations
made available for printing October 21, 1997.
[ 5 ] . ’They noted that system imbalance has significant
3. Mixed-Integer-Programming
Formulation
Figure 3. KCL at node i and phase 4
Given a radial feeder configuration and the loads
The integer decision variable z;,~~
E (0,l) indicates that
( dI ,I, dI ,2 , d, , ) at node i, the objective of Mixed-Integer
the oth load at a node i is connected to phase 4 or not. The
Programming (MIP) is to find the optimal loads integer variables must satisfy several constraints to ensure
assignment on the phase (u,b,c) of the feeder so that the that one and only one load is assigned to a phase line. This
assignment problem can be formulated into the following
unbalanced flows at the monitored branches are
mixed-integer-programming model (for single-phase
minimized. The unbalanced flow at branch 1, U , , is loads):
defined as the maximum difference of phase flow currents
Minimize U ,
at branch j . For example, the unbalanced flow U , of
Subject to:
branch j shown in Figure 2 (jis for branch number, I i:; for
node number) is:
”/ = max(/l/,a - L , L
l ~ l ~ /- h l > l I / , <-z [ / , h i } (1)
I
1-
I
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
72I
u,o
+ 72’
h,o
+ 72/
i,w
= 1 for all w = 1,2,3 (8)
I / , # 5 CI (9)
Z;,o (04 for all i (10)
where
Figure 2: A smull feeder system j is any monitored branch,
U/ is the unbalanced flow on branch j ,
For the feeder system shown in Figure 2, each load is
tapped to a phase line at a node. The KCL is represented
I/,# is the 4 phase flow on branch j ,
as :
is the decision variable for uth load tapping to
I,/,# = L I , #+ d/,#
;= I , .. ,4 (2)
phase q5 at node i,
15.4 = d5,4 4 = u, h, c (3) Cl is the phase line capacity of branch j .
From the end of feeder to the source, the branch flows are In this MIP formulation, equality ( 5 ) is the unbalanced
updated for every branch and phase. For any phase flow at the monitored branchj; equation (6) represents the
swapping at node i, all the upper stream flows ( i . e . j Xi) KCL constraints at node i ; equation (7) ensure that each
are changed while its down stream flows (i.e.; > i) art: not phase has a load assigned; equation (8) ensure that each
changed. For example, phase swapping at node 3 will load is only assigned to a phase; inequality (9) is the line
capacity constraints. The objective of the MIP model is to
affect its upper stream flows, iy:, = { l,2,3) . However, it
minimize the unbalanced flow at the monitored branch].
will not affect its down stream flows, q3 = {4,5) . The above formulation is a typical mixed-integer linear
A typical feeder system is not as simple as the feeder programming problem, which can be solved by branch-
and-bound method and cutting plane algorithm [7].A node
shown in Figure 2. A typical node at phase 4 is shown in
on a three-phase feeder has a single-phase load, thus only
Figure 3 , where k l , k2, and k3 are the down stream
three 0-1 integer variables and one constraint, denoted as
branches of node i, and j is the upper steam branch of #node
i. The KCL at node i is described as:
311, are needed. A node on three-phase feeder has two
‘j,$ = ’-
‘ 1 ~ 4 ‘kl,$ + ‘k2,4 + ’k3,4 (4)
single-phase loads, then six 0-1 integer variables and five
constraints, denoted as 615, are required. For three
for node i and phase 4). unbalanced single-phase loads, nine 0-1 -integer variables
1490
and six constraints are required. The summary is listed in methodolog),. The corresponding load data is listed in
Table 1. Table 2 . The primar). trunk is branches 1 and 2. The
branch 3. 4. and 5-6 are the laterals, whose phase swapping
is used to balance the primary trunk.
1 010 21 1 311
2 NIA 414 615
Figure 4 Six-node system
3 NIA NIA 916
The flows on the primary trunk,
~ ~~~ ~~
An integer variable T : E {0,l] represents a load tapping unbalanced. This phase balancing problem is a multi-
objecthe optimization problem because two branches are
scheme, which is rotated from the current one at node i. monitored. This example will illustrate the use of
Three-phase load swapping can be formulated as: weighting factor method to solve the multi-objective MIP
problems.
' 1 , ~= z'k,o + ITll "/,I + ' d~,2 + r: ' d~,3
k
'1,h = 'k,h + ITil ' di,2 + ' di13 + Is'; ' di,l (I2) a b C
k
Minimize c w , . U ,
{I; o , /;,h, I;,'] = {40,65,50] . And the unbalanced flow
I of branch 1 is CJ; = I O A and that of branch 2 is
Subject to:
Ui = 25 A , in comparing with the original unbalanced
situation, where unbalanced flows U , = 75 A and
U, = 30 A . Thus the weighted sum of unbalanced flow is
w I . U * , = 16 A (the optimal phase balancing
/
solution for branch 1 and 2).
'x
a,o
+ T'
h,w
+ T'
CJO
= I for ail lateral p
Table 4. Results ojLl!VDO program [4] W.-M. Lin and H.-C. Chin. .‘Optimal Switching for
Feeder Contingencies in Distribution S ! stenis I\ ith
I) 16.000000 Fuzz!. Set Algorithm.” I€€€. 1996.
Variable Value Reduce cost
XA5 1 0.000000 0.000000 [ 5 ] J.-C. Kang. H.-D. Chiang, and G.R. Darling, “An
XB5 1 0.000000 0.000000 Efficient Algorithm for Real-Time Network
x c 51 1 .000000 3 1.500000 Reconfiguration in Large Scale Unbalanced
XA52 1 .000000 -3 1.500000 Distribution System,” IEEE Transactions on Power
XB52 0.000000 -3 1.500000 Svsten7s. ~ o l I. I , pp. 5 11-7, 1996.
xc52 0.000000 0.000000
XA4 1 1 .000000 -12.000001 [6] V. Borozan, “Minimum Loss Reconfiguration of
XB41 0.000000 0.000000 Unbalanced Distribution Networks,” IEEE winter
xc41 0.000000 7.500000 meeting. vol. 96 WM 343-4 PWRD, 1996.
XA3 I 0.000000 - 13.000000
XB3 1 0.000000 0.000000 [ 7 ] W. L. Winston, Operarions Research: Applications
x c 31 1 .000000 0.000000 arid .-1lgor-;thm. Boston: PWS-KENT PUBLISHING
XA32 0.000000 -29.000002 COMPANY. 1991.
XB32 1 .000000 0.000000
XC32 0.000000 10.000000 [81 L I.1.G 0. Opt it71izut ion .\ iocieling L unguuge: L IN DO
UI 10.000000 0.000000 S!stems Inc.. 1994.
u2 25.000000 0.000000
IAl 95.000000 0.000000 Jinxiansz Zhu received his B.S. degree from Tsinghua
IBI 95.000000 0.000000
105.000000 Universit? in Beijing PRC, and his M.S. degree from
IC1 0.000000
IA2 40.000000 0.000000 North Carolina State University in Electrical Engineering,
IB2 65.000000 0.000000 respectivel! in 1990 and 1994. Currently he is Ph. D
IC2 50.000000 0.000000 candidate student in North Carolina State University. He is
student member of IEEE. His research interests include
5. Conclusion power s! stem operation and planning, optimization
techniques. fuzz? logic. and neural networks.
Phase balancing problems is becoming more and more Mo-vuen Chou earned his B.S. degree at the University of
important in the deregulated environments because it can Wisconsin-Madison ( I 982); M. Eng. degree (1983) and
improve power quality and reduce electricity price with the Ph.D. degrees at Comell University (1987), all in
minimum costs. The paper proposes a MIP formulation to Electrical Engineering. Upon completion of his Ph.D., Dr.
find the optimal phase swapping scheme to balance a ChoM joined the faculty of North Carolina State University
feeder system. An illustrative example is used to in Raleigh. NC. xvhere he is presently an Associate
demonstrate the proposed formulation for phase balancing. Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer
Phase swapping optimization can provide a better solution Engineering. Dr. Chow has also worked as a consultant for
than the trial and error method. It can maximize the OTIS Elevator Co.. Taiwan Power Company, J.W. Harley
benefits for each phase swapping. The testing results show Compan!. and as a faculty intern at Duke Power
that MIP formulation for phase swapping i s an effective Company.
tool to provide a phase balancing solution. Since 1987. Dr. Chow has been working as a Principal
Investigator in several projects in the areas of system
monitoring. fault detection and control, applications of
6. Reference artificial neural network and fuzzy logic to power
engineering. Dr. Chow served as a guest editor of IEEE
[ I ] H. L. Willis and H. Tram, “Tutorial on Spatial Load Transactiom O I I Industrial Electronics Special Issue on
Forecasting,” IEEE, 199I . Application of Intelligent Systems to Industrial
Electronics. He is currently an Associate Editor of the
[2] M.-y. Chow, J . Zhu, and H. Tram, “Application of
Fuzzy Multi-Objective Decision Making in Spatial IEEE Trunscrctions on Industrial Elecaonics. He is also
listed in Who’s Who in Asian Americans.
Load Forecasting,” submitted to IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, 1996. Fan Zhang was born in Fuzhou, China. He received his
B.S. from Zhejiang University, China, in 1983, M.E. from
[3] Y.-Y. Hsu, Y. Jwo-Hwa, S. S. Liu, Y. W. Chen, H. C. Manhattan College. Bronx, NY, in 1989, and Ph.D. from
Feng, and Y. M. Lee, “Transformer and Feeder Load Georgia Institute of Technology in 1994. All the degrees
balance Using a Heuristic Search Approach,” IEEE are in Electrical Engineering. From 1983 to 1987, he was
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8 , pp. 184-90, employed by Fujian Power Control Center, China. In April
1993. 1994. he joined the ABB Automated Distribution Division,
then \vas transferred to ABB Electrical Systems
Technolog!’ Institute in May 1996.