LlS1 Cl LxL8lMLn1

Sr no name of LxperlmenL
1 1o sLudy Lhe Mlcrowave LesL bench and componenLs
1) klysLron power Supply
2) Cunn ower Supply

2 1o sLudy Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhe reflex klysLron Lube and Lo deLermlne lLs elecLronlc
Lunlng range
3 1o deLermlne Lhe frequency and wave lengLh ln a recLangular wavegulde worklng ln 1L
10

mode
4 1o SLudy Lhe varla ble aLLenuaLor and ower measuremenL uslng vSW8 meLer
3 1o SLudy Lhe MulLlhole ulrecLlonal Coupler by measurlng Lhe followlng parameLers
1 Malnllne and auxlllary llne vSW8
2 1he coupllng facLor and dlrecLlvlLy of Lhe coupler

6 1o sLudy Lhe vl CharacLerlsLlc of Cunn ulode
EXPERIMENT NO 1
AIM: To study the Microwave test bench and components.
1.Klystron power Supply
2.Gunn Power Supply

Theory :
Write the Description each the oI Component :
1) Klyston power supply
2) Klystron tube Mount
3) Frequency meter
4) Slotted line
5) Variable Attenuator
6) Termination
7) E-plane Tee
8) H-plane Tee
9) Magic TEE
10)Fixed Attenuator

LxL8lMLn1 nC 11
Alm 1o sLudy Mlcrowave Lralner klL and lLs componenLs
1he klL under sLudy ls Luned mlcrowave LesL bench followlng us guldellne on Lhe descrlpLlon of
componenL of avallable on LhaL klL
1PLC8?
uLSC8l1lCn Cl CCMCnLn1S
(Note Draw a|| the component d|agram on the |eft hand s|de)
kL?S1Cn 1u8L MCun1
lL ls Lhe slmplesL arrangemenL of a 2" lengLh of kg 3 wavegulde LermlnaLed wlLh vg Sg flags aL Lhe o/p
of sLandard acLual sockeL of wavegulde 1he proper dlsLance Lo LhaL Lhe anLenna
l8LCuLnC? ML1L8
lL ls Lhe cyllndrlcal cavlLy mounLed on Lhe 8g S2 wavegulde and LermlnaLed wlLh 8g 39 Lype plunger Lhe
plunger ls ad[usLed for cavlLy volume by a mlcromeLer lL ls seL 99Pz Lo Lune aL abouL 400 + 10 dlvlslon ls
8CPZ SomeLlmes freq abouL 99CPZ may be Lune aL 2
nd
mode wlLh mlcromeLer seLLlng hlgher Lhan 600
such lmpllcaLlons should be lgnored
A hlgher degree of coupllng are used Lo LhaL zeros wlll easlly flnd LhaL resource Accordlngly Lhe
frequency meLer should be uC Luned when noL speclally used ln a mulLlple componenL seL up
SLC11Lu LlnL
A sloLLed llne ls a 4''

lengLh of 8CS2 wavegulde LermlnaLed aL each end wlLh 8g 39 flag 1he cm scale
measure Lhe dlsLance of probe from open or shorL end of Lhe wavegulde Lhe probe ls ad[usLable ls
depLh wlLh mounLed slgned and full galn of s/o ampllfler Lhe probe doesn'L need Lo Lhe wavegulde
more Lhan 0011"
vA8lA8LL A11LnuA1lCn
lL conslsLs of lengLh of wavegulde LermlnaLed wlLh each end wlLh kg 39 flag 1he aLLenuaLlng wave ls
made up of absorblng maLerlal deposlLed on backelllLe and has a reslsLance of 300 AlLernaLlon ls from
o Lo 20 db and lnserLlng ls approxlmaLed by scale 1he wave con callbraLe more accuraLely by uslng 3 Lo
6 db 373 A and 8 flxed aLLenuaLlon vs roLaLlon may be made
1L8MlnA1lCn
1ermlnaLlon on dummy load 2'/2" lengLh of 8CS2 wavegulde wlLh kgsg flange and lengLh of
absorblng maLerlal LhaL has on lmpedance of approxlmaLe 300 Lo maLch Lhe characLerlsLlcs
lmpedance of wavegulde and wlll dlsslpaLe Lhe resldual energy belng LransmlLLed ln Lhe wavegulde Lo
LhaL Lhe LermlnaLlng Lhe servlce of componenL
1PL1MlS1C8 MCun1
1hermlsLor mounL ls2" lengLh of 8C32 wavegulde on one end and o/p 1094 permlLs a cable (13v) Lo
connecL Lhe LhermlsLor brldge whlch ls a porL of s/o A power supply exp1 glves comp for 100brldge
Lhe S moLor senslLlvlLy ls 100 when Lhe LhermlsLor brldge ls balanced Lo zero wlLh no 8l power fed aL
full scale Lhe LermlnaLlon ls approx 300
ower Supply
1he power supply provlde on ad[usLable repelled volLage for changlng Lhe mode of form of operaLlon
of reflex klysLron of Lhe 723 a/b 223 Lype approxlmaLe cavlLy volLage of 230 v dc and varlable
repelled volLage aL 230v Lo 300v and 8eam volLage for Lhe klysLron are provlded connecLed of klysLron
are properLy
1he volLage for Lhe klysLron are properLy connecLed wlLh Lhe 3/10 a power supply Lo preseL Lhe klysLron
Lo be operaLed wlLh Lhe cavlLy guard 1he klysLron caLhode ls 230 (ve) wlLh vSW8 and or 30 LhermlsLer
brldge
1he audlo ( vSW8) has a volLage galn of approxlmaLe 73 db and ls ad[usLable for 0 Lo maxlmum A sLep
aLLenuaLor of 6 and 20 db ls parallel wlLh meLer o/p and l/p Lo Lhe oscllloscope no damage can occur
from mlsconnecLlng arrays of Lhe l/p cable can mlsad[usLlng on all Lhe conLrols of fronL panel no lf
scale readlng on Lhe meLer can damage Lhe meLer even lf malnLalned for used a noL Lo operaLe Lhe
klysLron wlLhouL repelled connecLlon ln phase
PLAnL 1LL
lL conslsL of Lhe lengLh of Lhe 8CS2 wavegulde connecLed Lo Lhe 1 dlmenslon slde Lo anoLher lengLh
8CS2 Lo form a shunL wlLh Colllnear arm
ulvlded enLlrely from Lhe l/p porL s Lo Lhe o/p porL Lhls Lype of coupllng ls ln magneLlc fleld o/p are
consldered and o/p are consldered red Lo be parallel
llxLu A11LnuA1C8
lL conslsL of Lhe lengLh of 8CS2 wave gulde and has lnserLlon loss of 6 db cable conslsL of 2 fL of 8C and
co axlal Lermlnals boLh end wlLh vg21 connecLlng Lhe lnserLlon losses of Lhe cable aL 93Pz ls
approxlmaLe by 2db when 8C8 co axlal ls noL used over a perlod of Llme

L LAnL 1LL
lL conslsL of Lhe lengLh of 8CS2 wavegulde connecLed on Lhe 'a' dlmenslon slde Lo form Lhe serles Lee
power ls dlvlded enLlrely l/p porL Lo Lhe 20db porLs 1hls Lype of coupllng ls ln Lhe elecLrlc fleld and
o/p ls consldered Lo be ln serles
1unnlng probe
lL conslsL of Lhe lengLh of 8CS2 wavegulde whlch ls sloLLed ln Lhe LLAnL abouL 8 cm
LP lane 1LL
1hls ls a serles of comblnaLlon of 8CS2 wavegulde
ShorLlng plaLe
lL shorL or LermlnaLe kC39 flanges
WAvLCuluL S1AnuS
1hey are sulLable for malnLalnlng LesL bench componenLs aL flxed helghL for LesL bench used for Lhe
experlmenL
PC8n An1LnnA
lL conslsL of Lhe sloLLed lengLh of kC32 wavegulde and o/p lncrease 47x32 cm whlch wlll glve a galn of
10 db aL 9 CPZ







Result: The above mentioned component have been studied .









LxL8lMLn1 nC 2
S1uu? Cl 1PL CPA8AC1L8lS1lCS Cl 1PL kL?S18Cn 1u8L
AlM 1o sLudy Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhe reflex klysLron Lube and Lo deLermlne lLs elecLronlc
1unlng range
LCulMLn1S 8LCul8Lu
(1) klysLron ower Supply SkS610
(2) klysLron 1ube 2k23 wlLh klysLron MounL xM 231
(3) lsolaLor xl621
(4) lrequency MeLer xl710
(3) varlable ALLenuaLor xA320
(6) ueLecLor Mouny xu431
(7) Wave Culde SLand xu333
(8) vSW8 MeLer SW213 and
(9) Cscllloscope
(10)8nC Cable



1PLC8?
1he 8eflex klysLron makes Lhe use of veloclLy modulaLlon Lo Lransform a conLlnous elecLronbeam lnLo
mlcrowave power LlecLrons emlLLed from Lhe caLhode are acceleraLed passed Lhrough Lhe poslLlve
resonaLor Lowards negaLlve reflecLor whlch reLards and flnally reflecLs Lhe elecLrons and Lhe elecLrons
Lurm back Lhrough Lhe resonaLor Suppose an rffleld exlsLs beLween Lhe resonaLor Lhe elecLrons
Lravelllng forward wlll be acceleraLed or reLarded as Lhe volLage aL Lhe resonaLor changes ln ampllLude
1he acceleraLed elecLons leaves Lhe resonaLor aL an lncreased veloclLy and Lhe reLarded elecLons leave
aL Lhe reduced veloclLy 1he elecLrons leavlng Lhe resonaLor wlll need dlfferenL Llme Lo reLurn due Lo
change ln veloclLles As a resulL reLurnlng elecLrons groups LogeLher ln bunches As Lhe elecLrons
bunches pass Lhrough resonaLor Lhey lnLeracL wlLh volLage aL resonaLor grlds lf Lhe bunches pass Lhe
grld aL such a Llme LhaL Lhe elecLrons are slowed down by Lhe volLage Lhen energy wlll be dellvered Lo
Lhe resonaLor and klysLron wlll osclllaLe llg 2 shows Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween ouLpuL power
frequency and reflecLor volLages
1he frequency ls prlmarlly deLermlned by Lhe dlmenslons of resonanL cavlLyPence by changlng Lhe
volume of resonaor mechanlcal Lunlng of klysLron ls posslble Also a small frequency change can be
obalned by ad[usLlng Lhe reflecLor volLage 1hls ls called LlecLronlc 1unlng
8CCLuu8L
A Square Wave CperaLlon
1 ConnecL Lhe equlpmenLs and componenLs as shown ln Lhe flg1
2 SeL MlcromeLer of varlable aLLenuaLor around some oslLlon
3 SeL Lhe range swlLch of vSW8 meLer aL 40 db poslLlon lnpuL selecLor swlLch Lo crysLal
lmpedance poslLlon
4 SeL Mod selecLor swlLch Lo AMMCu poslLlon bea volLage conLrol knob Lo fully anLlclockwlse
poslLlon
3 SwlLch 'Cn' Lhe klysLron ower Supply vSW8 meLer and coollng fan
6 SwlLch 'Cn' Lhe beam volLage swlLch and roLaLe Lhe beam volLage knob clockwlse upLo 300v
deflecLlon ln meLer
7 keep Lhe AMMCu ampllLude knob and AMl8L knob aL Lhe mld poslLlon
8 8oLaLe Lhe reflecLor volLage knob Lo geL deflecLlon ln vSW8 meLer
9 8oLaLe Lhe AMMCu ampllLude knob Lo geL Lhe maxlmum ouLpuL ln vSW8 meLer
10 Maxlmlze Lhe deflecLlon wlLh frequency knob Lo geL Lhe maxlmum ouLpuL ln vSW8 meLer
11 lf necessary change Lhe range swlLch of vSW8 meLer 30db Lo 30db lf Lhe deflecLlon ln vSW8
meLer ls ouL of scale or less Lhan normal scale respecLlvely lurLher Lhe ouLpuL can be also
reduced by varlable ALLenuaLor for seLLlng Lhe ouLpuL for any parLlcular poslLlon
llnd Lhe osclllaLor frequency by lrequncy MeLer as descrlbed ln Lhe earller seLup
8 Mode SLudy on Cscllloscope
1 SeL up Lhe componenLs and equlpmenLs as shown ln flg1
2 keep oslLlon of varlable aLLenuaLor aL mlnaLLenuaLlon poslLlon
3 SeL mode selecLor swlLch Lo lMMCu poslLlon lM ampllLude and lM frequency knob aL mld
poslLlonkeep beam volLage knob fully anLlclockwlse and reflecLor vloLage knob Lo fully
clockwlse and 8eam swlLch Lo Cll" poslLlon
4 keep Lhe Llme/dlvlslon scale of oscllloscope around 100Pz frequency measuremenL and volL/dlv
Lo lower scale
3 SwlLch 'Cn' Lhe klysLron ower Supply and Cscllloscope
6 SwlLch 'Cn' 8eam volLage swlLch and seL beam volLage Lo 300v by beam volLage conLrol knob
7 keep ampllLude knob of lM ModulaLor Lo maxlmum poslLlon and roLaLe Lhe reflecLor volLage
anLlclockwlse Lo geL modes as shown ln flg 4 on Lhe oscllloscope 1he horlzonLal axls represenLs
reflecLor volLage axls and verLlcal represenLs ouLpuL power
8 8y changlng Lhe reflecLor volLage and ampllLude of lm modulaLlon any mode of klysLron Lube
can be seen on Cscllloscope






8esulL Pence we have sLudled Lhe above charaLerlsLlcs of 8eflex klysLron and dlfferenL modes of
oslcllaLlon














LxL8lMLn1 nC 3
l8LCuLnC? WAvLLLnC1P MLASu8LMLn1
AlM 1o deLermlne Lhe frequency and wave lengLh ln a recLangular wavegulde worklng ln 1L
10
mode

LCulMLn1
(a) klysLron 1ube 2k23
(b) klysLron ower Supply 3kS610 klysLronMounL xM231 lsolaLor xl621 lrequency
MeLer xl710 varlable ALLenuaLor xA320 SloLLed SecLlon xS631 1unable robe x
633 vSW8 MeLer SW113 Wavegulde SLand xu 333 Movable ShorL x1481 MaLched
1ermlnaLlon xL 400

1PLC8?
lor domlnanL 1L
10
mode recLangular waveguld l
o
l
g
and l
c
are relaLed as below


Where l
o
ls free space wavelengLh
l
g
ls gulde wavelengLh
l
c
os cuL off wavelengLh
lor 1L
10
model
o
2a where 'a' ls broad dlmenslon of wavegulde
8CCLuu8L
1 SeL up Lhe componenLs and equlpmenLs as shown ln flg4
2 SeL up varlable aLLenuaLor aL mlnlmum aLLenuaLlon poslLlon
3 keep Lhe conLrol knobs of vSW8 MeLer as below
8ange 30db
lnpuL SwlLch CrysLal low lmpedance
MeLer SwlLch normal poslLlon
Caln (Coarse llne) Mld poslLlon
4 keep Lhe ConLrol knob of klysLron power supply as below
8eam volLage Cll
ModSwlLch AM
8eam volLage knob lully anLlclockwlse
8eflecLor volLage lully clockwlse
Am ampllLuLe knob Around fully clockwlse
Amlrequency knob Around Mld poslLlon
3 SwuLch 'Cn ' Lhe klysLron power supply vSW8 MeLer and Coollng lan SwlLch
6 SwlLch 'Cn' Lhe beam volLage swlLch and seL beam volLage aL 300v wlLh help of beam volLage
knob
7 Ad[usL Lhe reflecLor volLage Lo geL some deflecLlon ln vSW8 MeLer
8 Maxlmlze Lhe deflecLlon wlLh AM ampllLude and frequency conLol knob of power supply
9 1une Lhe plunger of klysLron MounL for maxlmum deflecLlon
10 1une Lhe reflecLor volLage knob for maxlmum deflecLlon
11 1une Lhe probe for maxlmum deflecLlon ln vSW8 MeLer
12 1une Lhe frequency meLer knob Lo geL a 'dlp' on Lhe vSW8 Scale and noLe down Lhe frequency
dlrecLly from frequency meLer
13 8eplace Lhe 1ermlnaLlon wlLh movable shorL And deLune Lhe frequency meLer
14 Move Lhe probes along Lhe sloLLed llne 1he deflecLlon ln vSW8 meLer wlll vary Move Lhe
probe Lo a mlnlmum deflecLlon posLlon Lo geL accumLe readlng lf necessary lncrease Lhe vSW8
meLer range db swlLch Lo hlgher poslLlon noLe and record Lheprobe poslLlon
13 Move Lhe probe Lo nexL mlnlmum poslLlon and record Lhe probe poslLlon agaln
16 CalculaLe Lhe gulde wavelengLh as Lwlce Lhe dlsLance beLween Lwo successlve mlnlmum poslLlon
obLalned as above
17 Measure Lhe wavegulde lmmer broad dlmenslon 'a' whlch wlll be around 2286mm for xband
18 CalculaLe Lhe frequency by followlng equaLlon



19 verlfy wlLh frequency obLalned by frequency meLer
20 Above experlmenL can be verlfled aL dlfferenL frequencles

CbservaLlon

1hoeroLlcal lrequency CPz
Cbservable lrequency CPz
1heorLlcal WavelengLh ________________________
Cbservable WavelengLh ______________________


8esulL Pence we have sLudled Lhe frequency and wave lengLh measuremenL ln uslng
frequency meLer
LxL8lMLn1 nC 4
AlM 1o SLudy Lhe varla ble aLLenuaLor and ower measuremenL uslng vSW8 meLer
LCulMLn1S 8LCul8Lu
(1) klysLron ower Supply SkS610
(2) klysLron 1ube 2k23 wlLh klysLron MounL xM 231
(3) lsolaLor xl621
(4) lrequency MeLer xl710
(3) varlable ALLenuaLor xA320
(6) ueLecLor Mouny xu431
(7) Wave Culde SLand xu333
(8) vSW8 MeLer SW213 and
(9) Cscllloscope
(10)8nC Cable
















1heory
1he aLLenuaLor ls a Lwo porL bldlrecLlonal devlce whlch aLLenuaLes some power when lnserLed lnLo Lhe
Lransmlsslon llne
ALLenuaLlon A (d8) 10 log 1/2
Where 1 ower deLecLed by Lhe load wlLhouL Lhe aLLenuaLor ln Lhe llne
2 ower deLecLed by Lhe load wlLhouL Lhe aLLenuaLor ln Lhe llne
1he aLLenuaLor conslsL of a reslsLlve vane lnslde Lhe wavegulde Lon absorb lcrowave power accordlng Lo
lLs poslLlon wlLh respecL Lo slde wall of Lhe wavegulde As elecLrlc fleld ls maxlmum aL Lhe cenLre ln 1L10
modeLhe aLLenuaLlon wlll be maxlmum lf Lhe vane ls placed aL cenLre of Lhe wavegulde Movlng from
cenLre Loward Lhe slde wall aLLenuaLlon decreses ln Lhe flxed aLLenuaLor Lhe vane poslLlon ls flxed
where as ln varlable aLLenuaLor lLs poslLlon can be changed by Lhe help of mlcromeLer of by oLher
meLhods

rocedure
1) ConnecL Lhe equlpmenL as shown ln Lhe flg 1
2) Lnergzlse Lhe mlcrowave source for maxlmum power aL any frequency of operaLlon
3) Ad[usL Lhe power ln d8 as 30 d8 31 d8 so on wlLh help of varlable aLLenuaLor
4) noLe down Lhe mlcromeLer readlngs

CbservaLlon 1able
Srno mlcromeLer readlng (mm) vSW8 meLer readlng (d8)











8esulL Pence we have sLudled Lhe varlable aLLenuaLor uslng vSW8 meLer

LxL8lMLn1 nC 3
AlM 1o SLudy Lhe MulLlhole ulrecLlonal Coupler by measurlng Lhe followlng parameLers
1 Malnllne and auxlllary llne vSW8
2 1he coupllng facLor and dlrecLlvlLy of Lhe coupler





LCulMLn1S
1 Mlcrowave Source (klysLron or Cunn ulode)
2 lsolaLpr lrequency MeLer varlable ALLenuaLor SloLLed Llne 1unable robe ueLecLor MounL
MaLched 1ermlnaLlon MPu Coupler Wavegulde SLand Cables and Accessorles vSW8
meLer

1PLC8?
A dlrecLlonal coupler ls a devlce wlLh whlch lL ls posslble Lo measure Lhe lncldenL and reflecLed wave
separaLely lL conslsL of Lwo Lransmlsslon llnes Lhe maln arm and auxlllary arm elecLromagneLlcally
coupled Lo each oLher 8efer Lo Lhe flg1 1he power enLerlng ln Lhe maln arm geLs dlvlded beLween
porL2 and 3 and almosL no power comes ouL ln porL (4) ower enLerlng aL porL 2 ls dlvlded beLween
porL 1 and 4
1he coupllng facLor ls deflned as

Where
1
ls maLched WlLh bullL ln LermlnaLlon and power enLerlng aL porL 1 Lhe dlrecLlvlLy of Lhe
coupler ls a measure of separaLlon beLween lncldenL wave and Lhe reflecLed wave ulrecLlvlLy ls
measured lndlrecLly as follows measured lndlrecLly as follows

Maln llne vSW8 ls SW8 measured looklng lnLo Lhe maln llne lnpuL Lermlnal when Lhe maLched loads
are placed aL all oLher porLs
Auxlllary llve vSW8 ls SW8 measured ln Lhe auxlllary llne looklng lnLo Lhe ouLpuL Lemlnal when Lhe
maLched loads are placed on oLher Lermlnals
Maln llne lnserLlon loss ls Lhe aLLenuaLlon lnLroduced ln Lhe Lransmlsslon llne by lnserLlon of coupler lL
ls deflned as

A MAln LlnL SW8 MLASu8LMLn1
1 SeL up Lhe equlpmenLs as shown ln Lhe flg2
2 Lnerglze Lhe mlcrowave source for parLlcular frequency of operaLlon as descrlbed ln Lhe
procedures glven ln Lhe operaLlon of klysLron Lube /Cunn CsclllaLor
3 lollow Lhe procedure as dedcrlbed for vSW8 measuremenL (low and medlum SW8
measuremenL )
4 8epeaL Lhe same for oLher frequencles

8 AuxlLlA8? LlnL SW8 MLASu8LMLn1
1 SeL up Lhe componenLs and equlpmenLs as shown ln Lhe flg 2
2 Lnerglze Lhe mlcrowave source for parLlcular frequency of operaLlon as descrlbed ln Lhe
operaLlon of klysLron Lube / Cunn CsclllaLor
3 Measure SW8 as descrlbed ln Lhe experlmenL of SW8 measuremenL ( low and medlum SW8
measuremenL )
4 8epeaL Lhe same for oLher frequencles

C MLASu8LMLn1 Cl CCuLlnC lAC1C8 lnSL81lCn LCSS lSCLA1lCn ul8LC1lvl1?
1 SeL up Lhe componenLs and equlpmenLs as shown ln Lhe flg 3
2 Lnerglze Lhe mlcrowave source for parLlcular frequency of operaLlon
3 8emove Lhe mulLlhole dlrecLlonal coupler and connecL Lhe deLecLor mounL on Lhe
frequency meLer 1une Lhe deLecLor for maxlmum ouLpuL
4 SeL any reference level of power on vSW8 meLer wlLh Lhe help of varlable aLLenuaLor galn
conLrol knob of vSW8 meLer and noLe down Lhe readllng ( reference level leL x)
3 lnserL Lhe dlrecLlonal coupler as shown ln second flg 3 wlLh deLecLor Lo Lhe auxlllary porL 3
and maLched LermlnaLlon Lo porL 2 wlLhouL changlng Lhe poslLlon of varlable aLLenuaLor
and galn conLrol knob of vSW8 meLer
6 noLe down Lhe readlng on vSW8 meLer on Lhe scale wlLh Lhe help of rangedb swlLch lf
requlred LeL lL be ?
7 CalculaLe coupllng facLor whlch wlll be x? C (d8)
8 now carefully dlsconnecL Lhe deLecLor from Lhe auxlllary porL 3 and maLch LermlnaLlon from
porL2 wlLhouL dlsLurblng Lhe seL up
9 ConnecL Lhe maLched LermlnaLlon Lo Lhe auxlllary porL 3 and deLecLor Lo porL 2 and
measure Lhe readlng on vSW8 meLer Suppose lL ls Z
10 CompuLe lnserLlon loss xZ ln db
11 8epeaL Lhe sLeps from 1 Lo 4
12 ConnecL Lhe dlrecLlonal coupler ln Lhe reverse dlrecLlon le porL 2 Lo frequency meLer slde
MaLched LermlnaLlon Lo porL 1 and deLecLor mounL Lo porL 3 wlLhouL dlsLurblng Lhe
poslLlon of Lhe varlable aLLenuaLor and galn conLrol knob of vSW8 meLer
13 Measure and noLe down Lhe readlng on vSW8 meLer leL lL be ?
d
x
d
?
d
glves lsolaLlon
l(db)
14 CompuLe Lhe dlrecLlvlLy as ??
d
lC
13 8epeaL Lhe same for oLher frequencles



CbservaLlon
1) ower aL orL 1 d8
2) ower aL orL 2 d8
3) ower aL orL 3 d8
4) ower aL orL 4 d8
3) Coupllng d8
6) ulrecLlvlLyd8

8esulL Pence we have sLudled Lhe MulLlhole ulrecLlonal Coupler


















LxL8lMLn1 nC 6
AlM 1o sLudy Lhe vl CharacLerlsLlc of Cunn ulode
LqulpmenL Cunn ower Supply Cunn osclllaLor lsolaLor lrequency meLer and maLched LermlnaLlon

llC 1 SL1 u lC8 1PL S1uu? Cl uC vl CPA8AC1L8lS1lCS Cl Cunn CSClLLA1C8


1heory 1he gunn osclllaLor ls based on negaLlve dlfferenLlal conducLlvlLy effecL ln bulk semlconducLor
whlch as Lwo conducLlon bands separaLed by an energy gap (greaLer Lhan Lhe Lhermal energles ) A
dlsLurbance aL Lhe caLhode glves rlse Lo hlgh fleld reglon whlch Lravels Lowards Lhe anode When Lhls
fleld domaln reaches Lhe anode lL dlsappears and anoLher domaln ls formed aL Le caLhode and sLarLs
movlng Lowards anode and so on
1he Llme requlred for domaln Lo Lravel from caLhode Lo anode (LranslL Llme ) glves oslllaLlon frequency
ln Cunn osclllaLor Lhe Cunn dlode ls placed ln a resonanL cavlLy 1he oslcallaLlon frequency ls deLermlne
by cavlLy dlmenslons
AlLhough Cunn osclllaLor can be ampllLude modulaLed wlLh Lhe blas volLage we have uesd a ln
modulaLor for Lhe square wave modulaLlon of Lhe slgnal comlnbg from Cunn dlode
A measure of Lhe square wave modulaLlon capablllLy ls Lhe modulaLlon depLh le Lhe ouLpuL raLlo
beLween 'Cn ' and 'Cll' sLaLe

8CCLuu8L
1 SeL Lhe componenLs as shown ln Lhe flg1

2 keep Lhe conLrol knobs of Cunn ower Supplu as below

MeLer SwlLch 'Cll'
Cunn blas knob lully anLlclockwlse
ln blas knob lully anLlclockwlse
ln Mode frequency Any poslLlon
4 SeL Lhe mlcromeLer of Cunn CsclllaLor for requlred frequency of operaLlon
3 SwlLch 'Cn' Lhe Cunn ower Supply

6 Measure Lhe Cunn dlode currenL correspondlng Lo Lhe varlous Cunn blas volLage Lhrough Lhe
ulglLal panel meLer and meLer swlLch uo noL exceed Lhe blas volLage above 10 volLs

7 loL Lhe volLage and currenL readlngs on Lhe graph as shown ln flg 2

8Measure Lhe Lhreshold volLage whlch corresponds Lo maxlmum currenL

nC1L uC nC1 kLL Cun 8lAS knC8 CSl1lCn A1 1P8LSPCLu CSl1lCn lC8 MC8L 1PAn
1013 SLCCnuS 8LAulnC SPCuLu 8L C81AlnLu AS lAS1 AS CSSl8LL C1PL8WlSL uuL 1C
LxCLSSlvL PLA1lnC Cunn ulCuL MA? 8u8n









CbservaLlon Lable
Sr no volLage (v) CurrenL (l )(mA)


















8esulL Pence We have observe Lhe vl characLerlsLlcs of Cunn CsclllaLor