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References
) IIill~).~-~i^iii,Ih~`-}h~i~.
`}ii,~i~il,.I~iliI976)
) I~i.I!i~iil--.``~--.``h~i,.~ -.
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) I~i.!,i-.``h~i,.Illi~i.!!~ii
i.!!ii.I!.!J~iJl~-I
-lIiii~Ii h~Ilil~-I.`ihli.
'l~-i~h)i~i~ilh-i}ilii
}--i~i~i~il}ilh-i}i-}~i-})`.J. Geo-
phys. Res .'l''.}}I8?OI8?5I994)
) I!i~iil--.I!ll~.I`)-i .``h~i,
ii-)-~}}li~i-}h~ii}lliiii,`.
Appl. Opt., 'l!`.?998?oO?I979)
) `!`',~-i~~h)l-~iii`.I~lii~i
-i)!~-~ih!~}i`95O85I995)
) 1IIl~`hl~l)ili~i-i-liIi}i~--
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TaroDenshi `~h~i) ~i~~i~hI~,i~~i
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2 Trans.IEEJapan,Vol.118-C,No.5,98
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Extended Summary pp.000-000
1
Analysis of SO
2
Measurement Accuracy by Multiwavelength DIAL
Taro Denshi Member (Denshi University, taro@denshi.ac.jp)
Hanako Denki Non-member (Denki University, hanako@denki.ac.jp)
Keywords : laser radar, SO2, DIAL, multiwavelength differential absorption
LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) has been used for
measurement of atmospheric pollutants by Raman scattering,
resonant fluorescence, and differential absorption
(1)
. Fig.1 is a
schematic diagram of a LIDAR system. This apparatus transmits
laser radiation into the atmosphere, collects light backscattered by
atmospheric molecules and particulates using a receiving
telescope, and converts it to an electric signal using a
photodetector such as a photomultiplier tube. The measurement
height is obtained from the time delay between illumination and
detection. Therefore, to measure the height profile one measures
the received photon counts as a function of time delay relative to
illumination using a multichannel scaler. The measurement
range resolution R is determined by the time width of the
channel t=2R/c, where c is the speed of light. The smaller the
time t, the better the range resolution, but the photon count per
channel becomes less and the relative error larger.
This paper examines DIAL (DIfferential Absorption Lidar), a
method to obtain the concentration profile of the measurement
target molecule from the backscatter intensity at two or more
illumination wavelengths. The measurement target is
atmospheric SO
2
, which is a substance causing acid rain. Until
now, measurements of atmospheric SO
2
have been limited mainly
to cases of localized SO
2
concentrations, e.g. smokestack
exhaust and volcanic eruptions
(2)-(4)
. In these cases, the SO
2
concentration is over 100 ppb, therefore the measurement was
relatively easy and the measurement accuracy was not a problem.
However, when measuring SO
2
in the ambient atmosphere, its
concentration is of ppb order, and the measurement accuracy
becomes an issue. We performed a theoretical analysis of the
measurement accuracy of conventional two-wavelength DIAL,
and indicated the necessity of elimminating effects due to ozone
and other substances which cause measurement error(5). In this
paper, we examined the measurement accuracy of dual-DIAL
methods using three or four wavelengths (consisting of a
combination of two two-wavelength DIAL pairs) and a curvefit
method using five wavelengths.
The received energy for a LIDAR is given by the following
LIDAR equation:
( )
( )
0 2
0
0
( , )= =
exp 2
R
x
R
Er R i E A R
R
dR
....................................................
(1)
Here E
r
(R, i) is the backscattered photon energy received
from range between R and R+R from the illumination laser,
i
the illumination wavelength, E
0
the illumination energy, the
optical efficiency of the
In this paper, we calculated the error due to ozone and aerosols
in measurement of SO
2
concentrations of ppb order using DIAL.
The statistical error of the return signal and background noise can
be overcome by improving the system constant (laser output,
receiver area, optical efficiency of the receiver). On the other
hand, systematic errors due to ozone and erosols are inherent in
the measurement method, and cannot be eliminated solely by
improving the system constant.
In conentional two-wavelength DIAL, the systematic error is
over 1.5 ppb and the measurement accuracy is insufficient. In
order to improve the measurement accuracy, a multiwavelength
differential absorption method using three or more wavelengths is
effective. In this paper we have considered dual-DIAL methods
using three or four wavelengths and a curvefit method using five
wavelengths, and indicated that the measurement errors due to
ozone and aerosols can be reduced relative to conventional DIAL
or eliminated. When these methods are compared,
four-wavelength dual-DIAL is superior in view of measurement
accuracy and measurement/processing speeds.
Sample of Extended Summary
Fig. 1. Absorption cross section of SO
2
indicating
wavelengths used in DLAL and dual-DIAL.
Fig. 2. SO
2
measurement error due to ozone.
Appendix 2
2
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Appendix 3
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Authors are encouraged to prepare figures, photographs and tables which indicating meaningful
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(4) Super/subscript numerals and symbols should be written specifically.
(5) Font size in figures, photographs and tables of 7 point should be used. They must be readily
legible for the readers.
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