BY Dr Mohamed H. Ghazy Associate Prof.

of Fixed Prosthodontics October 18, 2011

According

Classification
to their uses
Diagnostic

Cutting

Restoring

Accessory

Diagnostic instrument
A. Traditional diagnostic instruments :

Mirror
Indirect vision Light reflection Retraction Tissue protection

Explorer (Probe)

Distinguish areas of calculus. Distinguish decay. Distinguish areas of discrepancies on teeth.

Cotton Pliers (Tweezers)

Carry, retrieve and place small objects.
Locking Non-locking

4. Periodontal probe Measure the depth of salcus 5. Articulating paper and holder Adjustment of occlusion

 B. New diagnostic instruments:

1.Digital radiograph. 2.Diagnodent Laser 3.Operating Microscope

4. Intra-oral camera. 5. Loupes. 6. DIFOTI (Digital Imaging Fiberoptic

Trans-Illumination

Cutting instruments
Hand cutting

Powered rotary cutting

Laser equipments

Other equipments

Hand cutting instruments Manufactured from

Carbon steel Stainless steel Carbide steel
Other alloys of nickel, cobalt, chromium

Instrument design
Blade(Working End)
Portion of the instrument designed for a specific function

Shank
Part of the instrument that attaches the working end to the handle

Handle
Portion of the instrument where the operator grasps

Examples of hand cutting Instrument

Chisels
Excavator

Hatchets Angle former

Hoe
Gingival marginal trimmer Files

Examples of hand cutting instruments.

Powered (rotary) cutting Instrument

Power sources for dental units
Electric motor driven

Compressed air

is a device for holding rotary instruments, transmitting power to them and for positioning them intraorally

Handpiece

According to shape

Straight hand piece

Contra angle hand piece

Rotary speed ranges

Low speed (below 12000 rpm) Medium speed (12000-200 000 rpm) High speed (above 200 000 rpm)

Disadvantages of low speed

1- Ineffective 2- Time consuming 3- Require a relatively heavy force application

Uses of low speed

Initial preparation of grooves and pinholes Cleaning of teeth Caries excavation

Finishing and polishing procedures

Advantages of high speed

Faster removal of tooth structure with less vibration and heat production Better control and greater ease of operation Patient is less apprehensive because annoying vibration and operating time decreased

Cutting tools
Dental rotary burs
Dental rotary abrasives

Design features Head

Neck Shank

Shank design Definition It is the part that fit into the handpiece, and accepts the rotary motion from it
Used with straight handpiece Used with latch type contra angle handpiece

Long shank

Short latch shanks

Used with ultra high speed handpiece

Friction grip shanks

Neck design
It is the intermediate portion of an instrument that connects the head to the shank Function: transmit rotational force to the head

Is the working part of the instrument, the cutting edge or portion of which perform the desired shaping of tooth structure

Head design

Characteristics of the head

1. Type of cutting: Bladed (bur). Diamond abrasive. 2. Material of Construction: Carbon steel. Tungsten carbide. Diamond ships. Sand. 3. Head size 4. Head shape

Round Finishing Inverted cone

End cutting

Dental bur (shape)

Fissure

End and side cutting Wheal

Pear

Burs flute design

Plain

Cross cut

Diamond abrasive instruments

Advantages Long life More effective in cutting enamel and dentin

Diamond abrasive instruments

Very fine 38-44m

Fine 60-74m

Particle size

Coarse 125-150 m

Medium 88-125m

Diamond abrasive instruments

The wheel stone Round and oval shaped stone Cylindrical stone Tapered stone Inverted cone stone Cup shaped stone Barrel shaped stone Pear shaped Bud shaped Root facer stone

Wheel

Round

Spezial shapes

Pointed

Torpedo

Torpedo tapered

Cylinder

Cylinder round

Cylinder pointed

Pear

Cone

Trapered

Tapered round

Wheel

Round

Cylinder

Cylinder round

Pear

Cerafil

Egg

Flame

Grenade

Cone

Bud

Tapered

Tapered round

 Oval or flame Shaped: used to reduce palatal and lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.

Wheel Stone: used to reduce incisal edges in anterior teeth and occlusal planes of cusps of posterior teeth. Wheel Stone may be with flat end, round end or tapered ended stone.

Barrel and Pear shaped stone: used to reduce occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars.

 Tinker Stone: used to

perform shoulder with bevel finishing line for PFM restorations.
a.

Fisssure Stone as: Tapered with round end used to perform chamfer finishing line for full metal restoration. Tapered with flat end used to perform shoulder finishing line for all ceramic full coverage restoration.

b.

c.

Cylindrical stone. (long/short) used to do grooves for partial coverage restorations.

According to function

Reducer

Cutter

 Finishing

 Guidance Stone

 Root Facer

 Tissue Trimmer

Discs
Abrasive rotary instruments used for proximal slicing or reduction. Supplied either mounted or demounted Used with conventional or slow speed

Discs classification According to the abrasive material

According to size

Carborandum
Diamond

Small
Large

3/8 inch
7/8 inch

Medium 5/8 inch

Metal
Sand paper

Discs classification According to shape

Flat shaped
Cup shaped

According to the side of abrasive material

Safe sided
Double sided

4-Accessory instruments and items.