Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 64

Instruction manual

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

(CD4011)

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

    $$      

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

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG $6 32%R[  1  +RUWHQ 1RUZD\ 7HOHSKRQH      7HOHID[      ZZZNRQJVEHUJ VLPUDGFRP  ( PDLO XL#NRQJVEHUJ VLPUDGFRP

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

6HFWLRQV
           ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6RXQG SURSDJDWLRQ 7UDQVGXFHUV $FRXVWLF QRLVH 6RXQG SDWKV 3RVLWLRQLQJ SULQFLSOHV ([DPSOH 3HUIRUPDQFH RI DFRXVWLF SRVLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV 6XPPLQJ XS %DVLF DFRXVWLF IRUPXODV ,QGH[

   % 

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

%ODQN SDJH

,,

   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

&RQWHQWV
 ,1752'8&7,21                                             
  *HQHUDO                                                      7UDQVPLVVLRQ                                                 3UHVVXUH                                                     ,QWHQVLW\                                                     'HFLEHO                                                      7UDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV                                             *HRPHWULFDO VSUHDGLQJ                                   $EVRUEDWLRQ ORVV                                        2QH ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV                               &RQVWUXFWLRQ                                                 (IILFLHQF\                                                    7UDQVGXFHU EDQGZLGWK                                         %HDP SDWWHUQ                                                 'LUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ ',                                           7UDQVPLWWLQJ UHVSRQVH                                         6RXUFH OHYHO                                                  0HGLXP EHDP1DUURZ EHDP 7'                               +L3$3 WUDQVGXFHU                                             (QYLURQPHQWDO                                                1RLVH OHYHO DW JUHDW GHSWK                                      1RLVH OHYHO FDOFXODWLRQ                                         7KUXVWHU QRLVH                                                *HQHUDO                                                      6RXQG YHORFLW\ DQG UD\ EHQGLQJ                                5HIOHFWLRQV                                                   *HQHUDO                                                      /%/                                                         66%/                                                        6%/                                                         &RPELQDWLRQ RI V\VWHPV                                      


 

6281' 3523$*$7,21                                      
   


      

75$16'8&(56                                             
        


        

$&2867,& 12,6(                                           
   


   

6281' 3$7+6                                              
  


  

326,7,21,1* 35,1&,3/(6                                   
    


    

   % 

,,,

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

(;$03/(                                                   
    *HQHUDO                                                      7KH 6HD DV WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ PHGLXP                            7KHRUHWLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ                                         ,QFUHDVHG UDJH                                          5HGXFHG SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV                                  5HGXFHG SRVLWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW YDULDQFH                 


     

3(5)250$1&( 2) $&2867,& 326,7,21,1* 6<67(06       


    ,QWURGXFWLRQ                                                  6XSHU VKRUW EDVH OLQH 66%/ V\VWHPV                            /RQJ EDVH OLQH /%/ V\VWHPV                                   0XOWL XVHU ORQJ EDVH OLQH 08/%/ V\VWHPV                      ,QWURGXFWLRQ                                            'HVFULSWLRQ                                             4XDOLW\ IDFWRUV                                         


      

 

6800,1* 83                                                %$6,& $&2867,& )2508/$6                               


:DYH OHQJWK                                            3XOVH OHQJWK                                            ,QWHQVLW\                                               'HFLEHO                                                 *HRPHWULFDO VSUHDGLQJ                                   $EVRUSWLRQ ORVV                                          2QHZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV                              7ZRZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV                              7UDQVGXFHU EHDP SDWWHUQ                                7KH QHDU ILHOG                                           'LUHFWLYLW\ IDFWRU                                        'LUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[                                        (TXLYDOHQW LGHDO EHDP SDWWHUQ                           6RXUFH OHYHO 6/                                        7DUJHW VWUHQJWK 76                                     7DUJHW VWUHQJWK 76 RI D ODUJH VSKHUH                     6RQDU HTXDWLRQ                                         3RVLWLRQ VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ                             

 
                 



0$,1 ,1'(;                                                 



,9

   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

'RFXPHQW UHYLVLRQV
5HY $ % & ' ( ) *
7KH RULJLQDO VLJQDWXUHV DUH UHFRUGHG LQ WKH FRPSDQ\V ORJLVWLF GDWDEDVH

'DWH  

:ULWWHQ E\ .9.6* *0

&KHFNHG E\  .$-

$SSURYHG E\  .$-

7R DVVLVW XV LQ PDNLQJ LPSURYHPHQWV WR WKH SURGXFW DQG WR WKLV PDQXDO ZH ZRXOG ZHOFRPH FRPPHQWV DQG FRQVWUXFWLYH FULWLFLVP 3OHDVH VHQG DOO VXFK  LQ ZULWLQJ RU E\ (PDLO  WR .RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG $6 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ 'HSDUWPHQW 32%R[  1  +RUWHQ 1RUZD\ RU (PDLO GRNDYG#VLPUDGQR

   % 

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

'RFXPHQW KLVWRU\
7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKLV SDJH LV LQWHQGHG IRU LQWHUQDO XVH

5HY $ 5HY %

2ULJLQDO YHUVLRQ SUHSDUHG IRU 2IIVKRUH (XURSH LQ $EHUGHHQ 6HSWHPEHU WK  0RGLILHG DQG LPSURYHG ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO LQIRUPDWLRQ LQVHUWHG 5HI (0 %

9,

   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV




,1752'8&7,21
*HQHUDO
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



7UDQVPLVVLRQ
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
7KH GLIIHUHQW SDUDPHWHUV LQYROYHG DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ ILJXUH 

  %

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

(CD5441 / GIF)

No DI

Reflected signal

R Direct signal a

Parameters No: Noise spectrum (dB/1NP, 1m, 1Hz) DI: Directivity (dB) R: Slant range (meter) a: Attenuation (dB/1000m) SL: Source level (dB/1NP) Signal-to-noise ratio - Transmitted power (SL) - Transmission loss (TL) - Environmental noise (No) - Transducer directivity (DI) - Receiver bandwidth (B) - Ray bending and reflected signals

DI SL

)LJXUH   3DUDPHWHUV RI WKH VRQDU HTXDWLRQ

  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV




6281' 3523$*$7,21
3UHVVXUH
$ EDVLF XQLW LQ XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV LV WKH SUHVVXUH PHDVXUHG LQ m3D PLFURSDVFDO RU m%DU 7KH 3D LV QRZ LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUG ,W EHORQJV WR WKH 0.6 V\VWHP ZKHUH m3D  QHZWRQP 7KH m%DU EHORQJV WR WKH &*6 V\VWHP
 N%DU
  N3D  G% UH N%DU
G% UH N3D

7KH m%DU LV D YHU\ VPDOO XQLW VR QHJDWLYH GHFLEHOV ZLOO UDUHO\ RFFXU LI HYHU 7R FRQYHUW IURP m%DU WR m3D VLPSO\ DGG  G%



,QWHQVLW\
7KH VRXQG LQWHQVLW\ LV GHILQHG DV WKH HQHUJ\ SDVVLQJ WKURXJK D XQLW DUHD SHU VHFRQG 7KH LQWHQVLW\ LV UHODWHG WR SUHVVXUH E\
S ,
F

ZKHUH , S r F ,QWHQVLW\ 3UHVVXUH ZDWHU GHQVLW\ VSHHG RI VRXQG LQ ZDWHU



'HFLEHO
7KH GHFLEHO LV ZLGHO\ XVHG LQ DFRXVWLF FDOFXODWLRQV ,W SURYLGHV D FRQYHQLHQW ZD\ RI KDQGOLQJ ODUJH QXPEHUV DQG ODUJH FKDQJHV L YDULDEOHV ,W DOVR SHUPLWV TXDQWLWLHV WR EH PXOWLSOLHG WRJHWKHU VLPSO\ E\ DGGLQJ WKHLU GHFLEHO HTXLYDOHQWV 7KH GHFLEHO QRWDWLRQ RI LQWHQVLW\ , LV
 ORJ , ,R

ZKHUH ,R LV D UHIHUHQFH LQWHQVLW\ 7KH GHFLEHO QRWDWLRQ RI WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SUHVVXUH LV
 ORJ S  F S
 ORJ S R S  F R

:KHUH SR LV WKH UHIHUHQFH SUHVVXUH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR ,R  1RUPDOO\ SR LV WDNHQ WR m3D DQG ,R ZLOO WKHQ EH WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI D SODQ ZDYH ZLWK SUHVVXUH  m3D

  %

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

([DPSOH $ SUHVVXUH S  m3D




,Q GHFLEHO  ORJ 


 G% UH  N3D 7KH LQWHQVLW\ ZLOO DOVR EH  G% UH WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI D SODQH ZDYH ZLWK SUHVVXUH m3D $V VKRZQ LQ WKH H[DPSOH WKH GHFLEHO QXPEHU LV WKH VDPH IRU SUHVVXUH DQG LQWHQVLW\ ,W LV WKHUHIRUH FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH WR VSHDN RI VRXQG OHYHO UDWKHU WKDQ SUHVVXUH DQG LQWHQVLW\ 7KH UHIHUHQFH OHYHO LV LQ ERWK FDVHV D SODQH ZDYH ZLWK SUHVVXUH  m3D



7UDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV
*HRPHWULFDO VSUHDGLQJ
:KHQ VRXQG LV UDGLDWHG IURP D VRXUFH DQG SURSDJDWHV LQ WKH ZDWHU LW ZLOO EH VSUHDG LQ GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQV 7KH ZDYH IURQW FRYHUV D ODUJHU DQG ODUJHU DUHD )RU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH VRXQG LQWHQVLW\ GHFUHDVHV :KHQ WKH GLVWDQFH IURP WKH VRXUFH KDV EHFRPH PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ WKH VRXUFH GLPHQVLRQV WKH VRXUFH FDQ EH UHJDUGHG DV D SRLQW VRXUFH DQG WKH ZDYH IURQW WDNHV IRUP DV D SDUW RI DQ H[SDQGLQJ VSKHUH 7KH DUHD LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH VTXDUH RI WKH GLVWDQFH IURP WKH VRXUFH PDNLQJ WKH VRXQG LQWHQVLW\ GHFUHDVH ZLWK WKH VTXDUH RI WKH GLVWDQFH

rO

r
(CD5432)

)LJXUH   7UDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV

  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

/HW , DQG ,R EH WKH VRXQG LQWHQVLWLHV LQ WKH GLVWDQFHV U DQG UR  7KHQ


,R
UU  R ,

([SUHVVHG LQ GHFLEHO WKH JHRPHWULFDO VSUHDG ORVV LV


, 7/ 
 ORJ R
 ORJ UU R ,

8VXDOO\ D UHIHUHQFH SRLQW LV WDNHQ  PHWHU LQ IURQW RI WKH VRXUFH 6HWWLQJ UR  PHWHU ZH JHW
7/ 
 ORJ U

ZKHUH U LV PHDVXUHG LQ PHWHUV

$EVRUEDWLRQ ORVV
:KHQ WKH VRXQG SURSDJDWHV WKURXJK WKH ZDWHU SDUW RI WKH HQHUJ\ LV DEVRUEHG E\ WKH ZDWHU DQG FRQYHUWHG WR KHDW )RU HDFK PHWHU D FHUWDLQ IUDFWLRQ RI WKH HQHUJ\ LV ORVW
G,
$ , GU

ZKHUH $ LV D ORVV IDFWRU 7KLV IRUPXOD LV D GLIIHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQ ZLWK WKH VROXWLRQ
, U
H , U R H $U $U R , U R
B U , U

, UR LV WKH LQWHQVLW\ DW WKH GLVWDQFH UR 


7/ 
 ORJ U R

ZKHUH a

 $ ORJ H

([SUHVVHG LQ GHFLEHO WKH DEVRUSWLRQ ORVV LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH GLVWDQFH WUDYHOOHG )RU HDFK PHWHU D FHUWDLQ QXPEHU RI GHFLEHO LV ORVW ,I UR LV WKH UHIHUHQFH GLVWDQFH  PHWHU DQG LI WKH UDQJHU U LV PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ  PHWHU WKH DEVRUSWLRQ ORVV ZLOO DSSUR[LPDWHO\ EH
7/ 
BU

a LV QDPHG WKH DEVRUSWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW )LJXUH  VKRZV DEVRUSWLRQ ORVV FRHIILFLHQW DV D IXQFWLRQ RI IUHTXHQF\ 7KH YDOXH RI a GHSHQGV VWURQJO\ RQ WKH IUHTXHQF\ ,W DOVR GHSHQGV RQ VDOLQLW\ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG SUHVVXUH

2QH ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV


7KH WRWDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV ZKLFK WKH VRXQG VXIIHUV ZKHQ LW WUDYHOV IURP WKH WUDQVGXFHU WR WKH WDUJHW LV WKH VXP RI VSUHDGLQJ ORVV DQG WKH DEVRUSWLRQ ORVV
7/
 ORJ U BU

ZKHUH U LV PHDVXUHG LQ PHWHUV DQG a LV PHDVXUHG LQ G%PHWHU


7KH ILJXUH RQ SDJH  VKRZV RQH ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV DV IXQFWLRQ RI UDQJH DQG IUHTXHQF\

  %

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

SOUND ABSORPTION

100 dB/km

10

10 DEGREES CENTIGRADE 35 %0 SALINITY 0 m DEPTH pH = 8


(CD4468 / GIF)

FREQUENCY IN kHz

10

100

1000

)LJXUH   $EVRUSWLRQ ORVV

  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

200

100kHz

50kHz 30kHz 10kHz 5kHz

180

160

140

120

1kHz

100

Spreading only

80

60

40 0.1

(CD5434)

0.2

0.5

10

20

50

100

km

)LJXUH   3URSDJDWLRQ ORVV YHUVXV UDQJH 2QH ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV 7/  ORJ 5  a5

  %

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG




75$16'8&(56
&RQVWUXFWLRQ
$ PRGHUQ WUDQVGXFHU LV D EDVHG RQ SLH]RHOHFWULF FHUDPLF 7KH WUDQVGXFHUV PD\ FRQVLVW RI DQ DUUD\ RI YLEUDWRUV 7KH VDPH WUDQVGXFHU PD\ DFW DV ERWK VRXQG VRXUFH DQG UHFHLYHU

Transducer element
- Center bolt - Insulation - Bronze/steel tail - Ceramics - Aluminium head - Electrical connections

Transmitter

Receiver

Electric signals

Transducer

Silver deposits

ceramics

Silver deposits ceramics

Acoustic signals

Conversion from electric to acoustic energy

Conversion from acoustic to electric energy

Principle
- Electric signal - Acoustic signal ---> -----> --Vibrations in transducer ceramics Vibrations in transducer ceramics ---> -----> --Acoustic signal Electric signal

)LJXUH   &URVV VHFWLRQ RI D W\SLFDO FHUDPLF WUDQVGXFHU



(IILFLHQF\
:KHQ WKH WUDQVGXFHU FRQYHUWV HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ WR VRXQG HQHUJ\ RU YLFH YHUVD SDUWV RI WKH HQHUJ\ LV ORVW LQ IULFWLRQ DQG GLHOHFWULF ORVV 7\SLFDO HIILFLHQF\ LV   IRU D FHUDPLF WUDQVGXFHU IRU D QLFNHO WUDQVGXFHU

7KH HIILFLHQF\ LV GHILQHG DV WKH UDWLR RI SRZHU RXW WR SRZHU LQ

  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV



7UDQVGXFHU EDQGZLGWK
1RUPDO D WUDQVGXFHU LV UHVRQDQW 7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH\ RIIHU PD[LPXP VHQVLWLYLW\ DW WKH IUHTXHQF\ WKH\ DUH GHVLJQHG IRU 2XWVLGH WKLV IUHTXHQF\ WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ GURSV 7\SLFDOO\ WKH 4 YDOXH LV EHWZHHQ  DQG 
4
FHQWHU IUHTXHQF\ EDQGZLGWK EHWZHHQ  G% SRLQWV



%HDP SDWWHUQ
7KH EHDP SDWWHUQ VKRZV WKH WUDQVGXFHU VHQVLWLYLW\ LQ GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQV ,W KDV D PDLQ OREH QRUPDOO\ SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH WUDQVGXFHU IDFH 7KH GLUHFWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ LV PD[LPXP LV FDOOHG WKH EHDP D[LV ,W DOVR KDV XQZDQWHG VLGH OREHV DQG XQZDQWHG EDFN UDGLDWLRQ $Q LPSRUWDQW SDUDPHWHU LV WKH EHDPZLGWK GHILQHG DV WKH DQJOH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR  G% SRLQWV $V D URXJK UXOH RI WKH WKXPE WKH EHDPZLGWK LV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH VL]H RI WKH WUDQVGXFHU E\
C
M /

ZKHUH b= l / BHDPZLGWK LQ UDGLDQV :DYHOHQJWK /LQHDU GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH DFWLYH WUDQVGXFHU DUHD VLGH IRU D UHFWDQJXODU DUHD GLDPHWHU IRU D FLUFXODU

7KLV UXOH LV QRW YDOLG IRU YHU\ VPDOO WUDQVGXFHU LH /  l 7KH WKHRUHWLFDO EHDP SDWWHUQ RI D FRQWLQXRXV OLQH WUDQVGXFHU LV D VLQ[[ IXQFWLRQ QDPHO\
E R
VLQ QM/ VLQ R
Q/ VLQ R M

ZKHUH q / E DQJOH IURP WKH EHDP D[LV OLQH OHQJWK WUDQVGXFHU SRZHU UHVSRQVH

7KH ILJXUH VKRZV WKLV SDWWHUQ LQ D &DUWHVLDQ SORW 1RWH WKDW WKH VLGH OREHV DUH JUDGXDOO\ GHFUHDVLQJ 7KH ILUVW VLGH OREH LV  G% EHORZ WKH SRLQW RI PD[LPXP UHVSRQVH
5HIHU WR ILJXUH RQ SDJH 

  %

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

10 log b

-10 dB

-20

-30

-40 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

)LJXUH   %HDP SDWWHUQ RI D FRQWLQXRXV OLQH $ WUDQVGXFHU ZKLFK KDV D UHFWDQJXODU DFWLYH DUHD YLEUDWLQJ XQLIRUPO\ DV D SLVWRQ ZLOO KDYH WKLV EHDP SDWWHUQ LQ WKH WZR SODQHV SDUDOOHO WR WKH VLGHV ,Q PDQ\ WUDQVGXFHUV WKH VLGH OREHV DUH UHGXFHG E\ D WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG WDSHULQJ



'LUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ ',


:LWK UHIHUHQFH WR WUDQVPLVVLRQ WKH GLUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ RI D WUDQVGXFHU FDQ EH GHILQHG E\
, ',
 ORJ R ,P

ZKHUH ,R ,P WKH UDGLDWHG LQWHQVLW\ WKH PHDQ LQWHQVLW\ IRU DOO GLUHFWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ EDFN UDGLDWLRQ

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



  %

(CD5433)

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

([DPSOHV 2PQLGLUHFWRUDO VRXUFH 7UDQVGXFHU ZLWK HTXDO UDGLDWLRQ HYHU\ZKHUH LQ RQH KDOISODQH DQG ]HUR EDFN UDGLDWLRQ 7\SLFDO HFKR VRXQGHU WUDQVGXFHU :LGH EHDP WUDQVGXFHU 0HGLXP EHDP WUDQVGXFHU 1DUURZ EHDP WUDQVGXFHU +L3$3 ',  G%

', ', ', ', ', ',

 G%  G%  G%  G%  G%  G%

7KH QDUURZHU WKH EHDP WKH KLJKHU ', 7KH GLUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ IRU D WUDQVGXFHU ZLWK EHDP SDWWHUQ E qf DQG WKH PHDQ LQWHQVLW\ LV IRXQG E\ LQWHJUDWLRQ RYHU DOO GLUHFWLRQV ZLWK VROLG DQJOH HOHPHQW GW DQG GLYLVLRQ E\ WKH WRWDO VROLG DQJOH p
,P
 Q

q , E R G G 8
R
Q

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI ',


',
 ORJ

 E R G G8

Q

&DOFXODWLRQ RI ', DIWHU WKLV IRUPXOD LV KRZHYHU QR HDV\ MRE QRW HYHQ IRU WKH VLPSOHVW WUDQVGXFHU ,I WKH WUDQVGXFHU VLGH RU GLDPHWHU LV ODUJHU WKDQ l WKH GLUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\
',
 ORJ  Q $ M

ZKHUH $ LV WKH DFWLYH WUDQVGXFHU DUHD $


/  :KHQ WKH EHDPZLGWK LV NQRZQ DQRWKHU DSSUR[LPDWH IRUPXOD FDQ EH XVHG )RU D UHFWDQJXODU WUDQVGXFHU WKH EHDP SDWWHUQV LQ WKH WZR SODQHV SDUDOOHO WR WKH VLGHV DUH VLQ[[ IXQFWLRQ DV PHQWLRQHG SUHYLRXVO\ 7KH UHVSRQVH LV  G% GRZQ DW
/ VLQ R
  G% M

,QVHUWLQJ WKLV LQ WKH IRUPXOD DERYH JLYHV


',
 ORJ  C C VLQ  VLQ 

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG



7UDQVPLWWLQJ UHVSRQVH
7KH WUDQVPLWWLQJ UHVSRQVH RI D WUDQVGXFHU LV WKH SUHVVXUH SURGXFHG DW WKH EHDP D[LV  PHWUH IURP WKH WUDQVGXFHU E\ D XQLW HOHFWULFDO LQSXW 7KH HOHFWULFDO LQSXW XQLW PD\ EH YROW DPSHUH RU ZDWW $ W\SLFDO YDOXH IRU D FHUDPLF WUDQVGXFHU LV 6  G% UH m 3D SHU ZDWW



6RXUFH OHYHO
7KH VRXUFH OHYHO 6/ RI VRQDU RU DQ HFKR VRXQGHU LV WKH VRXQG SUHVVXUH LQ WKH WUDQVPLWWHG SXOVH DW WKH EHDP D[LV  PHWHU IURP WKH WUDQVGXFHU ,I WKH WUDQVPLWWLQJ UHVSRQVH LV NQRZQ WKHQ WKH VRXUFH OHYHO LV
6/
6  ORJ 3

ZKHUH 3 6
6/


WUDQVPLWWHU SRZHU WUDQVPLWWLQJ SRZHU UHVSRQVH


 ORJ 3 ( ',

$ ZLGHO\ XVHG IRUPXOD LV ZKHUH 6/ 3 ( h ', VRXUFH OHYHO LQ G% UH  m3D WUDQVPLWWHU SRZHU LQ ZDWW  ORJ h WUDQVGXFHU HIILFLHQF\ GLUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[

7KH FRQVWDQW  LQFRUSRUDWHV FRQYHUVLRQ IURP ZDWW WR 3D DQG FDQ EH GHULYHG DV IROORZV
6/
 ORJ   ORJ 3 ( ', Q 7KH IDFWRU  UHSUHVHQWV WKH VRXUFH OHYHO IURP DQ RPQL GLUHFWLRQDO Q

VRXUFH VXSSOLHG ZLWK  ZDWW HOHFWULFDO SRZHU DQG ZLWK  HIILFLHQF\ :KHQ  ZDWW VRXQG SRZHU LV GLVWULEXWHG RYHU D VSKHUH ZLWK UDGLXV  PHWHU DQG VXUIDFH p PHWHU WKH VRXQG LQWHQVLW\ ZLOO
 ZDWWP Q

EH

7KH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ SUHVVXUH DQG LQWHQVLW\ LV


S
, F

ZKHUH r S GHQVLW\ RI ZDWHU SUHVVXUH



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

VRXQG YHORFLW\

6HD ZDWHU DW WHPSHUDWXUH & ZLWK VDOLQLW\   DW WKH VHD VXUIDFH KDV WKH IROORZLQJ YDOXHV r F  NJP  PV

$ VRXQG GHQVLW\ RI  ZDWWP ZLOO LQ WKLV HQYLURQPHQW FRUUHVSRQG WR D VRXQG SUHVVXUH RI
S
   N3D
 G% UH  N3D



0HGLXP EHDP1DUURZ EHDP 7'


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

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

HPR Narrowbeam Transducer

Port/starboard axis

A-A

Transmitter element

Wide beam
Forward/aft axis

Receiver elements

Hatched areas indicate receiver element in use for the different beamwidths

Narrow beam

Receiving elements

(CD5564)

)LJXUH   0XOWL HOHPHQW WUDQVGXFHUV



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV



+L3$3 WUDQVGXFHU
7KH +L3$3 WUDQVGXFHU GLIIHUV IURP WKH +35 WUDQVGXFHUV DV LW FRQVLVWV RI PRUH WKDQ  VHSDUDWH HOHPHQWV PRXQWHG LQ D VSKHUH 7KLV JLYHV WKH WUDQVGXFHU D WUXH E FRYHUDJH IURP YHUWLFDO WR KRUL]RQWDO ZLWKRXW DQ\ PRYLQJ SDUWV (OHFWURQLF EHDP IRUPLQJ FDQ VWHHU QDUURZ EHDPV LQ DOO GLUHFWLRQV

(Cd5563)

)LJXUH   +L3$3 VSKHUH

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

 "   q7 "

! %

%

"

# ( (

 

!

"

#

 !

!

&

 $ '

$

G    

)LJXUH   7\SLFDO EHDP SDWWHUQ IRU QDUURZ EHDP WUDQVGXFHU +L3$3



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

"   q7

"

"   q7 (

"

! %

%

! %

%

"

"

# (

# ( (

 

!

"

#

 

!

"

#

 !

!

 !

!

 $ '

$

 $ '

$

MPT 339 series Source level = 195 dB


"   q7 "

SPT 331 series MPT 331/DuB vertical Source level = 206 dB

! %

%

"

# ( (

 

!

"

#

 !

!

 $ '

$

8q#%! '

MPT 331/DuB horizontal

)LJXUH   ([DPSOHV RI EHDP SDWWHUQ

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG




$&2867,& 12,6(
(QYLURQPHQWDO
)LJXUH  VKRZV HQYLURQPHQWDO DFRXVWLF QRLVH

1RLVH IURP WKUXVWHUV DQG SURSHOOHUV IURP VXUIDFH YHVVHOV LV WKH GRPLQDWLQJ VRXUFH 7KLV QRLVH LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\  G% DERYH QRUPDO VHD QRLVH &RPPRQ IRU DOO QRLVH VRXUFHV LV WKDW WKH QRLVH OHYHO GURSV ZLWK DSSUR[LPDWHO\  G% SHU GHFDGH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ IUHTXHQF\



1RLVH OHYHO DW JUHDW GHSWK


7KH ILJXUH RQ SDJH  VKRZV WKH QRLVH OHYHO DW JUHDW GHSWKV

7KH ILJXUH VKRZV WKDW WKH QRLVH OHYHO LV YHU\ ORZ DW QRUPDO XVHG QDYLJDWLRQ IUHTXHQFLHV IURP   N+]



1RLVH OHYHO FDOFXODWLRQ


7KH QRLVH OHYHO DW WKH V\VWHP GHWHFWRU LV FDOFXODWHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ HTXDWLRQ
1
1 R  ORJ % ',

ZKHUH % ', GHWHFWRU EDQGZLGWK GLUHFWLYLW\ RI WUDQVGXFHU



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

Spectrum level (DB RE 1uPA)

120

100

80

60

40 1 10 100 1000 10.000 100.000

Frequency

)LJXUH   'HHS VHD QRLVH VSHFWUXP

(CD5435)

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

Spectrum level (dB rel 1 Pa)


140

120

Thruster noise

Drilling noise
100

80

7 4
60

Wind force (Beaufort scale)

Ship noise

2 0

40

20

(CD3942)

10

100

1000

10.000

100.000

Frequency (Hz)
)LJXUH   (QYLURQPHQWDO DFRXVWLF QRLVH OHYHO



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV



7KUXVWHU QRLVH
7KH QRLVH IURP WKUXVWHU LV FKDQJLQJ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH WKUXVWHUV 2Q SLWFK FRQWUROOHG WKUXVWHUV IL[HG 530  WKH QRLVH OHYHO LV DFWXDOO\ KLJKHU ZKHQ UXQQLQJ LGOH  SLWFK WKDQ UXQQLQJ ZLWK ORDG
7KH FXUYH RQ ILJXUH  VKRZV WKDW    N+] DUHD WKDQ  SLWFK SLWFK JHQHUDWLQJ OHVV QRLVH LQ WKH

150

140

130

120

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL, (dB rel. 1uPa)

110

100

90

80

70 2 4 8 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k 16k 32k 64k

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Condition 4, pitch 100% Condition 2, pitch 75% Condition 6, pitch 60%

)LJXUH   1RLVH VSHFWUXP DW GLIIHUHQW SLWFK OHYHOV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH LPSDFW RI WKH WKUXVWHU QRLVH LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH D]LPXWK WKUXVWHU 5XQQLQJ D WKUXVWHU RQ ORZ 530 DQG KLJK SLWFK JHQHUDWHV QRUPDOO\ OHVV QRLVH WKDQ D WKUXVWHU RQ KLJK 530 DQG ORZ SLWFK ,Q JHQHUDO WKUXVWHUV ZLWK YDULDEOH 530IL[HG SLWFK JHQHUDWHV OHVV QRLVH WKDQ WKUXVWHUV ZLWK IL[HG 530YDULDEOH SLWFK

(CD4467)

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG




6281' 3$7+6
*HQHUDO
Surface duct Single-surface scattering Multi-surface scattering

Leakage by diffraction and scattering

Bottom bounce

Convergence zone

)LJXUH   5D\ GLDJUDPV IRU GHHS ZDWHU SURSDJDWLRQ 7KH YHORFLW\ RI VRXQG LV DQ LQFUHDVLQJ IXQFWLRQ RI ZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUH SUHVVXUH DQG VDOLQLW\ 9DULDWLRQV RI WKHVH SDUDPHWHUV SURGXFH YHORFLW\ FKDQJHV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ FDXVHV D VRXQG ZDYH WR UHIUDFW RU FKDQJH LWV GLUHFWLRQ RI SURSDJDWLRQ ,I WKH YHORFLW\ JUDGLHQW LQFUHDVHV WKH UD\ FXUYDWXUH LV FRQFDYH XSZDUGV ,I WKH YHORFLW\ JUDGLHQW LV QHJDWLYH WKH UD\ FXUYDWXUH LV FRQFDYH GRZQZDUGV
)LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV VRXQG WUDQVPLVVLRQ IRU D QHDU VXUIDFH VRXUFH DQG IRU D GHHS ZDWHU VRXUFH

7KH UHIUDFWLRQ RI WKH VRXQG SDWKV UHSUHVHQWV WKH PDMRU OLPLWDWLRQV WR D UHOLDEOH XQGHUZDWHU QDYLJDWLRQ DQG WHOHPHWU\ V\VWHP 7KH PXOWLSDWK FRQGLWLRQV FDQ YDU\ VLJQLILFDQWO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ RFHDQ GHSWK W\SH RI ERWWRP DQG WUDQVGXFHU WUDQVGXFHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH EHDP SDWWHUQV 7KH PXOWLSDWK WUDQVPLVVLRQV UHVXOW LQ D WLPH DQG IUHTXHQF\ VPHDULQJ RI WKH UHFHLYHG VLJQDO DV LOOXVWUDWHG
5HIHU WR ILJXUH RQ SDJH 



  %

(CD5436)

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO ZD\V RI DWWDFNLQJ WKLV SUREOHP 7KH REYLRXV VROXWLRQ LV WR HOLPLQDWH WKH PXOWLSOH DUULYDOV E\ FRPELQLQJ FDUHIXO VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ GHVLJQ DQG WKH XVH RI GLUHFWLRQDO WUDQVGXFHU EHDP 'LUHFWLRQDO UHFHLYLQJ EHDP GLVFULPLQDWHV DJDLQVW HQHUJ\ RXWVLGH RI WKH DUULYDO GLUHFWLRQ DQG GLUHFWLRQDO WUDQVPLW EHDP SURMHFW WKH HQHUJ\ VR WKDW D PLQLPXP QXPEHU RI SURSDJDWLRQ SDWKV DUH H[FLWHG



6RXQG YHORFLW\ DQG UD\ EHQGLQJ


(CD1372)

Mackenzie (1981) JASA 70,807-12 Del Grosso (1972) JASA 52,1442-6

0% Y4 IT LIN SA

Y0 NIT LI SA

10

15

20

25

30

Water temperature (deg. C

)LJXUH   ([DPSOH RI YHORFLW\ FKDQJH ZLWK FKDQJLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VDOLQLW\ )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH YHORFLW\ LV FKDQJLQJ ZLWK FKDQJLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VDOLQLW\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH YHORFLW\ LV LQFUHDVLQJ ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ GHSWK DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PV SHU PHWHU  7KH VRXQG SDWK ZLWK YDU\LQJ YHORFLW\ FDQ EH VLPXODWHG DQG GLVSOD\HG
5HIHU WR ILJXUH RQ SDJH 

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

(Cd5580)

)LJXUH   ([DPSOH RI VRXQG YHORFLW\ 7KH VKDGHG DUHD RI WKH ILJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV DQ DUHD ZKHUH \RX FDQ QRW H[SHFW WR KDYH DQ\ FRYHUDJH E\ WKH DFRXVWLF V\VWHP GXH WR WKH UD\ EHQGLQJ



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV



5HIOHFWLRQV

TP Reflective surface

dx

TP
(Cd5565)

)LJXUH   7ZR /%/ WUDQVSRQGHUV PHDVXULQJ EDVHOLQH


7KH H[DPSOH LQ ILJXUH  VKRZV WZR /%/ WUDQVSRQGHUV PHDVXULQJ EDVHOLQHV

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

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

Sine Sine + 180 Sum


(Cd5579)

)LJXUH   6LQH ZDYHV ,I WKH VLJQDO SDWK RI WKH UHIOHFWLRQ LV l RU PXOWLSOHV RI WKLV ORQJHU WKH DERYH VLWXDWLRQ PLJKW RFFXU ([DPSOH UHIHU WR WKH ILJXUH DERYH  I  N+] G  P l  P

E SKDVH VKLIW l  G[     E SKDVH VKLIW l  G[    

 P  P

7KLV VKRZV WKDW D VXUIDFH ZLWK  UHIOHFWLRQ ZLOO FUHDWH QR UHVXOWLQJ VLJQDO DW WKH UHFHLYHU JLYHQ WKH GLVWDQFHV 7KH VDPH SUREOHP FDQ EH FDXVHG E\ UD\ EHQGLQJ RU UHIOHFWLRQV IURP UDLVHUV RU VKLSV KXOO



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

Tx pulse Min. accepted pulse length

Direct pulse
(Cd5569)

Direct pulse plus reflection

Reflection

)LJXUH   5HFHLYHG SXOVH (YHQ UHIOHFWLRQV WKDW DUH PXFK GHOD\HG PLJKW FDXVH SUREOHPV 7KH UHFHLYHU KDV FHUWDLQ FULWHULD WR DFFHSW WKH VLJQDO DV D SXOVH 2QH RI WKHP LV WKH SXOVH OHQJWK $V WKH ILJXUH DERYH LOOXVWUDWHV D ZRUVW FDVH FRQGLWLRQ ZLOO EH WKDW WKH GLUHFW SXOVH OHQJWK LV WRR VKRUW WR EH DFNQRZOHGJHG DV D SXOVH EHIRUH WKH UHIOHFWLRQ FDQFHOV LW 7KHQ WKH UHPDLQGHU RI WKH UHIOHFWLRQ LV MXVW ORQJ HQRXJK WR EH DFFHSWHG DV D SXOVH

Transmitted signal

Received signal

Frequency

Time

)LJXUH   0XOWLSDWK WUDQVPLVVLRQ WLPH DQG IUHTXHQF\ VPHDULQJ RI DFRXVWLF VLJQDOV

  %



(CD5436B)

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG




326,7,21,1* 35,1&,3/(6
*HQHUDO
7KHUH DUH WKUHH GLIIHUHQW PDLQ SRVLWLRQLQJ SULQFLSOHV LQ XVH ,Q DGGLWLRQ \RX FDQ KDYH D FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH WKUHH 7KHVH DUH

)LJXUH   3RVLWLRQLQJ SULQFLSOHV

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



   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

6%/ 6KRUW %DVH /LQH  6KRUW EDVH OLQH 6%/ UHIHUV WR WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WUDQVGXFHUV LQVWDOOHG RQ WKH YHVVHO 7KHVH GLVWDQFHV FDQ EH   P GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH KXOO DQG FRPSDUHG WR WKH /%/ V\VWHP WKHVH UDQJHV DUH VKRUW 7KH 6%/ V\VWHPV XVH RQH WUDQVSRQGHU DW WKH WLPH



/%/
$OO WUDQVSRQGHUV  RU PRUH LQ WKH /%/ DUUD\ KDYH WR EH LQ NQRZQ SRVLWLRQV 7KHVH FDQ EH LQ D ORFDO JULG RU LQ JHRJUDSKLF FR RUGLQDWHV 7KH SRVLWLRQV FDQ EH FRPSXWHG E\ PHDVXULQJ WKH LQGLYLGXDO EDVH OLQHV EHWZHHQ WKH WUDQVSRQGHUV GXULQJ 7KLV LV DOVR FDOOHG ORFDO FDOLEUDWLRQ

Range to TP A

TP A

TP B TP C

Range to TP B

(CD1813)

Range to TP C

Position of transducer

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

   % 



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG



66%/
7KH 66%/ V\VWHPV DUH LQWHUURJDWLQJ RQH WUDQVSRQGHU DW WKH WLPH 7KH UHSO\ LV IURP WKH WUDQVSRQGHU LV SLFNHG XS E\ WKH WUDQVGXFHU 7KH SKDVH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHH JURXSV RI HOHPHQWV LQVLGH WKH WUDQVGXFHU LV XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH EHDULQJ WR WKH WUDQVSRQGHU 7KH WLPH IURP WKH LQWHUURJDWLRQ WR WKH UHSO\ LV UHFHLYHG LV XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH GLVWDQFH WR WKH WUDQVSRQGHU %\ FRPELQLQJ WKH EHDULQJ DQG GLVWDQFH WR WKH WUDQVSRQGHU DQ ; < = SRVLWLRQ LV FDOFXODWHG

Computation of the position reference in the alongships plane

(CD3940B / GIF)

)LJXUH   66%/ SULQFLSOHV



6%/
7KH 6%/ V\VWHPV ZRUN DV D 66%/ V\VWHP E\ LQWHUURJDWLQJ RQH WUDQVSRQGHU DW WKH WLPH ,QVWHDG RI KDYLQJ WKH ; < DQG 5 HOHPHQWV LQVLGH RQH WUDQVGXFHU WKHVH DUH VHSDUDWH WUDQVGXFHUV LQVWDOOHG   P DSDUW ,Q WKHRU\ WKH V\VWHP ZRUNV DV D /%/ V\VWHP WXUQHG XSVLGH GRZQ



&RPELQDWLRQ RI V\VWHPV
$ /%/ RU 66%/ V\VWHP ZLWK  DFWLYH WUDQVGXFHUV FDQ XVH WKH UHFHLYHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WR FDOFXODWH 6%/ SRVLWLRQDQ LQWHJUDWHG SRVLWLRQ DV ZHOO



   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV




(;$03/(
*HQHUDO
7KLV FKDSWHU FRQWDLQV DQ H[DPSOH RI HYDOXDWLRQ RI D QDUURZ EHDP QDYLJDWLRQ V\VWHP ZRUNLQJ LQ KLJK QRLVH PXOWLSDWK HQYLURQPHQWV XVLQJ WKH VRQDU HTXDWLRQ



7KH 6HD DV WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ PHGLXP


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

7KH DGYDQWDJH RI QDUURZ EHDP UHFHLYLQJ DQG WUDQVPLWWLQJ ZLOO LQFUHDVH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH QDYLJDWLRQ V\VWHP LQ WKUHH ZD\V    ,QFUHDVHG UDQJH 5HGXFHG SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV ,QFUHDVHG DFFXUDF\



7KHRUHWLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ
5HOLDEOH VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ DQG DFFXUDWH SRVLWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW UHTXLUH DQ DFRXVWLF VLJQDO OHYHO WKDW LV ZHOO DERYH WKH DFRXVWLF QRLVH OHYHO 7KH GLIIHUHQW SDUDPHWHUV WKDW GHILQHV WKH 61 UDWLRQ LV GHVFULEHG E\ WKH VRQDU HTXDWLRQ >@
61
6/ ', W  ORJ 5 B5 1 R  ORJ % ', U

ZKHUH 6/ '7W ORJ 5 6RXUFH OHYHO RI WUDQVPLWWHG VLJQDO GLUHFWLYLW\ RI WUDQVGXFHU LQ WUDQVPLW PRGH VSUHDGLQJ RI DFRXVWLF VLJQDO DV D IXQFWLRQ RI UDQJH 5

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

a5 1R ORJ % ',U 5 ([DPSOH 6/ a % 1R 61 ',W ',U ',W ',U


61 Z
6/
 G%

 G%

DWWHQXDWLRQ RI DFRXVWLF VLJQDO DV D IXQFWLRQ RI GDPSLQJ a DQG UDQJH 5 DFRXVWLF QRLVH OHYHO IURP SURSHOOHUWKUXVWHUV DQG VHD EDFNJURXQG QRLVH EDQGZLGWK RI UHFHLYHU GLUHFWLYLW\ RI WUDQVGXFHU LQ UHFHLYH PRGH UDQJH LQ P

 G% UHO m3D DW  P G%NP DW  N+]  +] G% UHO m3DVFDO SU +] GULOO QRLVH G% UHTXLUHPHQWV LQ GHWHFWRU  G% ZLGH EHDP V\VWHP  G% QDUURZ EHDP V\VWHP

0D[LPXP UDQJH RI WKH ZLGH EHDP V\VWHP


', W   ORJ 5  ORJ  B5 1 R  ORJ %  ', U 

  

 ORJ 

WKLV JLYHV DV D UHVXOW 5 PD[


 PHWHUV 7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 61 UDWLR RI D QDUURZ EHDP V\VWHP LV
61

 G%   ORJ       ORJ  

7KH GLIIHUHQFH LQ 61 UDWLR RI  G% EHWZHHQ WKH ZLGH DQG WKH QDUURZ EHDP V\VWHP FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ GLUHFWLYLW\ RI WKH WZR V\VWHPV 7KH LQFUHDVHG 61  UDWLR FDQ EH XVHG HLWKHU WR LQFUHDVH WKH UDQJH UHGXFH WKH SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV RU WR UHGXFH WKH YDULDQFH RQ WKH SRVLWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV

,QFUHDVHG UDJH
61 Q
   ORJ 5 B5   ORJ    G% 5 PD[
 PHWHUV



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV



5HGXFHG SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV


7KH LQFUHDVH LQ 61  UDWLR FDQ DOWHUQDWLYHO\ EH XVHG WR UHGXFH WKH SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV LQFUHDVLQJ WKH OLIHWLPH RU UHGXFLQJ WKH YROXPH RI D VXEVHD EDWWHU\ SRZHUHG V\VWHP 7KH LQFUHDVH LQ 61  UDWLR RI  G% FRUUHVSRQGV WR DQ LQFUHDVHG OLIHWLPH RU D UHGXFHG EDWWHU\ YROXPH ZLWK D IDFWRU RI 

5HGXFHG SRVLWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW YDULDQFH


7KH PHDVXUHPHQW SULQFLSOH LV LOOXVWUDWHG EHORZ
5HIHU WR ILJXUH  RQ SDJH 

,QFUHDVHG 61  UDWLR ZLOO UHGXFH WKH YDULDQFH RI WKH SRVLWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH IROORZLQJ 3RVLWLRQ 
[
5 VLQ R [
5 F '7 G

3RVLWLRQ YDULDQFH 
T [ 
F '7  T U  G 5 F  T '7  G

ZKHUH  
TU
F %  61 7  Q 61

'7

ZKHUH F 7 % G D7 l &7 VRXQG YHORFLW\ WLPH SHULRG RI WUDQVSRQGHU SXOVH FDUULHU IUHTXHQF\ EDQGZLGWK RI GHWHFWRU EDVHOLQH OHQJWK EHWZHHQ PHDVXUHPHQW JURXSV SKDVHWLPH GLIIHUHQFH ZDYH OHQJWK RI WUDQVSRQGHU SXOVH FDUULHU IUHTXHQF\ WUDQVGXFHU SKDVH

M
F
F
&7  I 7

,QVHUWLQJ  DQG  LQ  DQG REVHUYH WKH ODVW HOHPHQW LQ  LV GRPLQDWLQJ JLYHV


T[
5
G F7
5 PHWHU Q 61  QG 61
M

9DULDQFH LQ
T[

G
M

RI VODQW UDQJH


Q 61

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

([DPSOH
5
 P 61 ZLGH
 G% 61 QDUURZ
 G% G QDUURZ
 G T [ T [
ZLGH




RI 5 RI 5

QDUURZ

7KH YDULDQFH RI WKH QDUURZ EHDP V\VWHP LV UHGXFHG ZLWK D IDFWRU RI  FRPSDUHG WR WKH ZLGH EHDP V\VWHP

(CD3940A / GIF)

Transducer

Computation of alongship distance

Transponder
Z

)LJXUH   +35 PHDVXUHPHQW SULQFLSOH &RPSXWDWLRQ RI DORQJVKLS GLVWDQFH



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

Computation of the position reference in the alongships plane

)LJXUH   +35 PHDVXUHPHQW SULQFLSOH &RPSXWDWLRQ RI WKH SRVLWLRQ UHIHUHQFH LQ WKH DORQJVKLS SODQH

(CD3940B / GIF)

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

Alongship Athwartship

Computation position reference in two planes

1/2

Slant range

(CD3940C / GIF)

)LJXUH   +35 PHDVXUHPHQW SULQFLSOH &RPSXWDWLRQ SRVLWLRQ UHIHUHQFH LQ WZR SODQHV



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV




3(5)250$1&( 2) $&2867,& 326,7,21,1* 6<67(06


,QWURGXFWLRQ
8QGHUZDWHU QDYLJDWLRQ V\VWHPV XVLQJ K\GUR DFRXVWLF SULQFLSOHV KDYH EHHQ XVHG IRU PRUH WKDQ  \HDUV $V XQGHUZDWHU SRVLWLRQLQJ LQ JHQHUDO WDNHV SODFH LQ LQFUHDVLQJ ZDWHU GHSWKV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH V\VWHPV LQFUHDVHV 7R PHHW WKLV FKDOOHQJH WKH V\VWHPV KDYH EHHQ FRQWLQXRXVO\ LPSURYHG WKURXJK WKH \HDUV DQG LW KDV EHFRPH PRUH DQG PRUH LPSRUWDQW DOVR WR IRFXV RQ RXWVLGH IDFWRUV WKDW LQIOXHQFHV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH 7KH UHTXHVWHG SHUIRUPDQFH IRU G\QDPLF SRVLWLRQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LV QRUPDOO\ UHODWHG WR UHSHDWDELOLW\ DQG V\VWHP TXDOLW\ IDFWRUV OLNH 07%) $YDLODELOLW\ DQG ,QWHJULW\ 5HJDUGLQJ DFFXUDF\ RWKHU DSSOLFDWLRQV OLNH VXUYH\ PRGXOH LQVWDOODWLRQ SLSH OD\LQJ HWF IRFXVHV RQ DEVROXWH DFFXUDF\ WKDW PHDQV WKH SRVLWLRQ DFFXUDF\ RI D IL[HG WUDQVSRQGHU LH DW WKH VHD IORRU FRPSDUHG WR JOREDO FR RUGLQDWHV 7R PLQLPL]H FRQIXVLRQ ZH KDYH WKHUHIRUH LQFOXGHG SHUIRUPDQFH ILJXUHV IRU DEVROXWH DFFXUDF\ IRU /%/ 66%/ DQG +L3$3 7KH IROORZLQJ UHIHUV WR V\VWHPV LQ WKH 0) %DQG    N+] 



6XSHU VKRUW EDVH OLQH 66%/ V\VWHPV


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
T &5
G 

 6161

 %P

%P

7KH WRWDO SRVLWLRQ VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ LV


T

Q 


  %

.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

:KHUH d  f 61%P 6WDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ LQ GHJUHHV 7UDQVGXFHU RSHQLQJ DQJOH LQ GHJUHHV 6LJQDO WR QRLVH SRZHU UDWLR LQ D EHDP

7KH WUDQVGXFHU HOHPHQWV DUH LQ PRVW FDVHV QRW SHUIHFW 7KH\ ZLOO EH EXUGHQHG ZLWK D SKDVH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ GLDJUDP WKH VROLG OLQHV KDV WDNHQ WKLV YDULDQFH LQWR DFFRXQW DQG WKH DQJXODU YDULDQFH LV VHW WR  HOHFWULFDO GHJUHHV )RU WKH GRWWHG OLQHV WKLV HUURU LV VHW WR ]HUR
5HIHU WR ILJXUH 
Direction accuracy at South Pole 1.8

(CD5439)

1.6

1.4

HPR

1.2

1 [] Element errors: 0 & 7

0.8 HiPAP 0.6 7 0.4 7 0 0.2 0

0 -10

-8

-6

-4

-2

4 6 SNW [dB]

10

12

14

16

18

20

)LJXUH   $EVROXWH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH 66%/ 1%  +L3$3 V\VWHPV 7KH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ 61 LQ ZDWHU DQG 61 LQ D EHDP H[SUHVVHG LQ G% LV DV IROORZV
61 Z
61 %P ',

:KHUH ', LV WKH GLUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ RI WKH WUDQVGXFHU



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

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



/RQJ EDVH OLQH /%/ V\VWHPV


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

5DQJH UHFHSWLRQ LQ WKH WUDQVSRQGHU  PHWHU 5DQJH HUURU GXH WR WUDQVSRQGHUPRYHPHQW 5DQJH HUURU GXH WR ULJ PRYHPHQW  PHWHU

7KH UDQGRP HUURUV DUH DGGHG DV *DXVVLDQ QRLVH WR WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV 7KH ILJXUH VKRZV WKH HUURU LQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO SRVLWLRQ ZKHQ WKH 'ULOOLQJ 8QLW PRYHV ZLWKLQ WKH WUDQVSRQGHU DUUD\ 7KH VLPXODWLRQV DUH GRQH ZLWK  /%/ WUDQVSRQGHUV SODFHG RQ WKH VHDEHG LQ D FLUFOH ZLWK UDGLXV  P 7KH ZDWHU GHSWK LV  P
5HIHU WR ILJXUH RQ SDJH 

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

Horizontal position error


1.20
(CD5438)

1.00

Sum errors

0.40

0.60

0.80

Random errors

0.20

Estimated sound velocity

0.00

-618 -535 -453 -371 -288 -206 -123

-41

41

124

206

288

371

453

535

618

East coordinate relative to center of transponder array

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



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

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

7DEOH  5DQGRP HUURUV LQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO SRVLWLRQ IRU WKUHH /%/ FDVHV



0XOWL XVHU ORQJ EDVH OLQH 08/%/ V\VWHPV


,QWURGXFWLRQ
([LVWLQJ /RQJ EDVH OLQH /%/ V\VWHPV DUH OLPLWHG WR RQH XVHU DW D WLPH 7KH OLPLWDWLRQ LQ H[LVWLQJ V\VWHPV PDNHV DQ RSHUDWLRQ ZKHUH VHYHUDO YHVVHOV DQGRU 529V QHHG WR EH SRVLWLRQHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ LQ /%/ LPSRVVLEOH 7KLV LV DQ DFWXDO SUREOHP VLWXDWLRQ ERWK LQ ILHOG GHYHORSPHQW DQG LQ VXUYH\ ,Q RUGHU WR KDYH DQ XQOLPLWHG QXPEHU RI YHVVHOV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH VDPH WUDQVSRQGHU $UUD\ .RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG KDV LQWURGXFHG D 0XOWLXVHU /%/ 08/%/ V\VWHP IRU SRVLWLRQLQJ VXUIDFH YHVVHOV DQG 529V

'HVFULSWLRQ
:H DVVXPH WKDW RQH RI WKH WUDQVSRQGHUV LQ WKH DUUD\ KDV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK DOO WKH RWKHUV LQ WKH DUUD\ ,W PD\ EH LQ WKH FHQWUH RI WKH DUUD\ ,W LV XVHG DV WKH 0DVWHU LQ WKH SRVLWLRQLQJ SKDVH 7KH RWKHU WUDQVSRQGHUV DUH FDOOHG WKH 6ODYHV

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

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
5HIHU WR ILJXUH RQ SDJH 

4XDOLW\ IDFWRUV
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



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

$ /%/ V\VWHPV SHUIRUP D KLJK GHJUHH RI LQWHJULW\ E\ 8VLQJ WZR UHFHLYLQJ WUDQVGXFHUVWUDQVFHLYHU LQSXWV DQG SHUIRUP D GRXEOH VHW RI FDOFXODWLRQV 8VLQJ 66%/ PHDVXUHPHQWV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ 8VLQJ PRUH WKDQ WKUHH WUDQVSRQGHUV 66%/+L3$3 V\VWHPV SHUIRUP D KLJK GHJUHH RI LQWHJULW\ LI 0HDVXUHV RQ WZR RU PRUH WUDQVSRQGHUV FRPSDUH SRVLWLRQ DQG REVHUYHV WKH UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQV UHJXODULW\ ,I WKHUH DUH WZR RU PRUH WUDQVGXFHUV DW WKH VKLS WKDW PRQLWRUHV DQG FRPSDUHV WKH WUDQVSRQGHU UHSOLHV 'XDO +L3$3 
Vessel "A" Vessel "B"

ROV

LBL Replies: All five transponders communicate to both vessels and the ROV

(CD5440 / GIF)

MPT Transponder MPT Transponder MPT Master beacon MPT Transponder Common interrogation MPT Transponder

)LJXUH   6FHQDULR ZLWK WZR YHVVHOV DQG RQH 529  889 SRVLWLRQLQJ LQ D 6\QFKURQLVHG %HDFRQ $UUD\ $YDLODELOLW\ ILJXUHV PHDQV WKH WLPH WKH G\QDPLF SRVLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP FDQ XVH WKH GDWD IURP WKH UHIHUHQFH V\VWHP

  %



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

,Q WKLV FRQWH[W WKH +35 LV DYDLODEOH LI RU ZKHQ WKH VLJQDO WR QRLVH 61 UDWLR DOORZV IRU DQ HUURU OHVV WKDQ UHTXLUHG IURP WKH G\QDPLF SRVLWLRQLQJ V\VWHP )XUWKHU DQ\ PLVVLQJ UHSOLHV ZLOO UHGXFH WKH DYDLODELOLW\ 0LVVLQJ UHSOLHV DUH FDXVHG E\ SRRU 61 7KH IROORZLQJ WDEOH VWDWHV WKH DYDLODELOLW\ ILJXUH YHUVXV 61 6LJQDO WR 1RLVH 5DWLR $YDLODELOLW\  G%  G%  G%  G%    

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



  %

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

6800,1* 83
7\SLFDO SDUDPHWHUV UHGXFLQJOLPLWLQJ DFRXVWLF SHUIRUPDQFH 1DWXUH UHODWHG  UD\ EHQGLQJ  UHIOHFWLRQV VHDEHG DQG VXUIDFH  VHD QRLVH  WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV (TXLSPHQW UHODWHG  YHVVHO QRLVH  WUDQVPLW SRZHU  UHFHLYHU VHQVLWLYLW\  DFRXVWLF LQWHUIHUHQFH RWKHU V\VWHPV 'HHS ZDWHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQV 8VH V\VWHPV ZLWK KLJK GLUHFWLYLW\ QDUURZ WUDQVGXFHU EHDP  ERWK IRU WRS VLGH DQG WUDQVSRQGHUV 8VH KLJK SRZHU WUDQVSRQGHUV RU UHVSRQGHUV 8VH KLJK DFFXUDF\ PRWLRQ VHQVRUV

)LJXUH   8QGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLF

   % 



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

 %$6,& $&2867,& )2508/$6


:DYH OHQJWK
M
F I

ZKHUH l F I ZDYHOHQJWK LQ PHWHUV VSHHG RI VRXQG LQ ZDWHU LQ PHWHUVVHFRQG IUHTXHQF\ LQ +]

3XOVH OHQJWK
3XOVHOHQJWK
F U 

ZKHUH F t VSHHG RI VRXQG LQ ZDWHU LQ PHWHUVVHFRQG SXOVH GXUDWLRQ LQ VHFRQGV

,QWHQVLW\
S ,
F


ZKHUH , S F r LQWHQVLW\ SUHVVXUH VSHHG RI VRXQG LQ ZDWHU LQ PHWHUVVHFRQG ZDWHU GHQVLW\

'HFLEHO
S F S  ORJ ,
 ORJ
 ORJ S R ,R S F
  

ZKHUH , ,R S SR r LQWHQVLW\ UHIHUHQFHG LQWHQVLW\ SUHVVXUH UHIHUHQFHG SUHVVXUH QRUPDOO\  m3D ZDWHU GHQVLW\



   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

*HRPHWULFDO VSUHDGLQJ
,R
UU R ,
 

7/
 ORJ

,R
 ORJ UU R ,

ZKHUH U UR , ,R UDQJH LQ PHWHUV UHIHUHQFHG UDQJH QRUPDOO\  PHWHU LQWHQVLW\ UHIHUHQFHG LQWHQVLW\

$EVRUSWLRQ ORVV
7/
B U


U R ZKHQ UR T U

7/
B U

ZKHUH U UR a UDQJH LQ PHWHUV UHIHUHQFHG UDQJH QRUPDOO\  PHWHU DEVRUSWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW LQ G%P

2QH ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV


7/
 ORJ U BU

ZKHUH U a UDQJH LQ PHWHUV DEVRUSWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW LQ G%P

7ZR ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV


7/
 ORJ U BU

ZKHUH U a UDQJH LQ PHWHUV DEVRUSWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW LQ G%P

7UDQVGXFHU EHDP SDWWHUQ


C
M  / Q

ZKHUH b l / EHDP ZLGWK LQ GHJUHHV ZDYHOHQJWK /HQJWK RI DFWLYH WUDQVGXFHU DUHD LQ PHWHU

   % 



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

7KH QHDU ILHOG


U
/ M


ZKHUH U l / UDQJH LQ PHWHUV ZDYHOHQJWK 7UDQVGXFHUV ORQJHVW VLGH LQ PHWHU

'LUHFWLYLW\ IDFWRU
'
,R ,P

ZKHUH ,R ,P UDGLDWHG LQWHQVLW\ DW WKH WUDQVGXFHU D[LV PHDQ LQWHQVLW\ IRU DOO GLUHFWLRQV

'LUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[
',
 ORJ ' '
VLQ
C


 VLQ

C


ZKHUH b b WUDQVGXFHU RSHQLQJ DQJOH LQ GHJUHHV

(TXLYDOHQW LGHDO EHDP SDWWHUQ


Y
C C 
 

ZKHUH b b WUDQVGXFHU RSHQLQJ DQJOH LQ GHJUHHV

6RXUFH OHYHO 6/
6/
6 L  ORJ L

ZKHUH 6L L
6/


WUDQVPLWWLQJ UHVSRQVH LQ G% UH  m3D SHU $PSHUH WUDQVGXFHU FXUUHQW LQ $PSHUH


 ORJ 3 ( ',

ZKHUH 3 ( h ', WUDQVPLWWHU SRZHU LQ ZDWW


 ORJ I

WUDQVGXFHU HIILFLHQF\ DSSUR[LPDWHO\  IRU FHUDPLF WUDQVGXFHUV GLUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[



   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

7DUJHW VWUHQJWK 76
76
 ORJ ,U ,L

ZKHUH ,L ,U LQFLGHQW VRXQG LQWHQVLW\ UHIOHFWHG VRXQG LQWHQVLW\  PHWHU IURP VRXQG FHQWUH

7DUJHW VWUHQJWK 76 RI D ODUJH VSKHUH


76
 ORJ B 


ZKHUH a UDGLXV RI VSKHUH LQ PHWHUV

6RQDU HTXDWLRQ
(/
6/ 7/ 76

ZKHUH (/ HFKR OHYHO DW WUDQVGXFHU

3RVLWLRQ VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ


EN \

G 

61 EP 61 EP


E WRW
E[ \


Q 
VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ WUDQVGXFHU RSWLPXP DQJOH LQ GHJUHHV VLJQDO WR QRLVH SRZHU UDWLR LQ D EHDP

ZKHUH d f 61EP

   % 



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

1RWHV



   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

1RWHV

   % 



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

 0$,1 ,1'(;
7KH QH[W SDJHV SUHVHQWV WKH PDLQ LQGH[ RI WKLV PDQXDO



   % 

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR XQGHUZDWHU DFRXVWLFV

$
$EVRUEDWLRQ ORVV  $EVRUSWLRQ ORVV  $FRXVWLF QRLVH  $FRXVWLF VRXQG 

+
+L3$3 WUDQVGXFHU 

,
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

%
%DQGZLGWK  %DVLF DFRXVWLF IRUPXODV  %HDP SDWWHUQ 

&
&RQVWUXFWLRQ 

'
'HFLEHO   'HHS ZDWHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ  'LUHFWLYLW\ IDFWRU  'LUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[  'LUHFWLYLW\ LQGH[ ',  'LUHFWLYLW\ RI UHFHLYHU 

(
(IILFLHQF\  (QYLURQPHQWDO DFRXVWLF QRLVH  (QYLURQPHQWDO QRLVH  (TXLYDOHQW LGHDO EHDP SDWWHUQ 

*
*HRPHWULFDO VSUHDGLQJ   *36 

/
/%/   

   % 



.RQJVEHUJ 6LPUDG

/RQJ EDVH OLQH /%/ V\VWHPV 

6
6%/   6HD DV WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ PHGLXP  6RQDU HTXDWLRQ  6RXQG SDWKV  6RXQG SURSDJDWLRQ  6RXQG YHORFLW\  6RXUFH OHYHO  6RXUFH OHYHO 6/   66%/    6XSHU VKRUW EDVH OLQH 66%/ V\VWHPV 

0
0HGLXP EHDP 7'  08/%/   0XOWL XVHU ORQJ EDVH OLQH 08/%/ V\VWHPV 

1
1DUURZ EHDP 7'  1HDU ILHOG  1RLFH OHYHO DW JUHDW GHSWK  1RLFH OHYHO FDOFXODWLRQ 

2
2QH ZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV  2QHZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV 

7
7DUJHW VWUHQJWK  7KHRUHWLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ 

3
3HUIRUPDQFH RI DFRXVWLF SRVLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPV  3RVLWLRQ VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ  3RVLWLRQLQJ SULQFLSOHV  3UHVVXUH  3UHVVXUH ZDYH  3XOVH OHQJWK 

7KUXVWHU QRLFH  7UDQVGXFHU EDQGZLGWK  7UDQVGXFHU EHDP SDWWHUQ  7UDQVGXFHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ  7UDQVGXFHUV  7UDQVPLVVLRQ  7UDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV   7UDQVPLWWHG SRZHU  7UDQVPLWWLQJ UHVSRQVH  7ZRZD\ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV  7\SLFDO SDUDPHWHUV  

5
5D\ EHQGLQJ  5D\EHQGLQJ  5HGXFHG SRZHU UHTXLUHPHQWV  5HIOHFWHG VLJQDOV  5HTXLUHPHQWV WR VLJQDOQRLVH UDWLR IRU UHOLDEOH VLJQDO GHWHFWLRQ  530 

:
:DYH OHQJWK 



   % 

Вам также может понравиться