cultural anthropology the human challenge

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[7:04:28 AM] 13th edTRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN

Power: 200 MW
Length: 100 KM
Voltage level selection:
The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical formula:
Economical Voltage (V eco)

=5.5*

Lt
P * 1000

1.6 cos * Nc * 150

Where,
Lt = length of transmission line =100 Km
P = Power to be transmitted =200MW
Cos = Power factor =0.96
NC = number of circuit

Now taking two cases:

1. NC = 1,
Then, using the above values

Veco =5.5*

100
200 *1000

1.6 0.95 *1*150

= 210 KV
2. NC = 2
Then, using the above values

Veco =5.5*

100
200 * 1000

1.6 0.95 * 2 * 150

= 152.048 KV

Selection of the standard voltage level:

For NC = 1,
Nearest standard voltage level= 220KV
For NC = 2,
Nearest standard voltage level = 132KV

Checking the technical criteria:

From table , for l=80m m.f=2.75
for l=160m m.f=2.225
By interpolation, for l=100m m.f =2.75 +

(100-80)=2.625

For single circuit

Surge loading impedence(SIL)= V2 /400= 2202/400= 121MW
Plimit= m.f* SIL= 2.625*121=317.615 MW > 200MW (acceptable)
For double circuit
Surge loading impedence(SIL)= V2 /200= 1322 /200=87.12MW
Plimit= m.f* SIL= 2.625*87.12=228.69MW > 200MW (acceptable)
Hence the technical criterion is satisfied for both single and double circuit, but voltage
regulation point of view we select the voltage level of 132 KV and double circuit line.
Voltage Level for given Power Transmission

132 KV

Number of Circuit

2.0

Power Factor ( cos )

0.95

AIR CLEARANCE CALCULATION

Air clearance parameters calculation for double circuit tower configuration:

a = minimum distance (clearance requirement) from a line conductor to any earthed object,
and is given by the following relation:

a=

V 2 *1.1
3

20 =

132 * 2 * 1.1
3

20 =138.55 cm

Taking max= 450

Cl= a(1+tanmax)= 277.11 cm
l= a secmax =195.947 cm
Tower width (b) = 1.5*138.55 = 207.825 m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y)

Where 0.25 < x/y< 0.333

(l a)

x l a
1

y Cl

= 358.85cm

Horizontal distance between adj. conductor

=5.5 a = 5.5*1.613 =8.87 m

We use double earth wire in the transmission line.

Height of earth wire from top (d)

= 3 *Cl
= 3 *277.1 = 479.96 cm

Height of the tower(Ht)= Hg+ 2y+d = Hg+ 1197.7

Air clearance from earthed object (a)

138.55 cm

String Length (l)

195.947cm

Tower Width (b)

207.825cm

Cross Arm Length

277.11 cm

Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y)

358.85cm

Horizontal distance between two adj. line conductor

8.870 m

Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d)

3.310 m

d=3.31m

CL=3.23m

l=2.28m

h=8.87m
Y=4.08m
B=2.42m

CALCULATION OF INSULATION DISCS

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following value of different
factor:
FOWR = Flashover Withstand Ratio

=1.15

NACF = Non Atmospheric Condition Factor = 1.1

FS

= Factor of Safety

=1.2

1. Number of Insulator Discs required for the temporary O/V:

Temporary O/V

= Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum system voltage* F.S*FOWR*NACF

= 0.8* (132* *1.1*1.15*1.2*1.1)
= 249.369 KV

From standard table number of insulator discs required to withstand above equivalent
voltage (Na) = 6
2. Number of Insulator Discs required for withstand continuous operating voltage:

a) Voltage Level for dry condition = Equiv dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 265 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 265 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 402.27 kV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand above equivalent voltage level
(Nb1) =7

b) Voltage Level for Wet condition = Equiv dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent wet 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 350 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 230* 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 349.14 KV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above equivalent voltage level
(Nb2) =9

3. Number of Insulator Discs required for switching over voltage:

Voltage Level = switching o/v * Switching to impulse ratio * FOWR *NACF* FS
Where,
Switching to impulse ratio (SIR) = 1.2
SSR = Switching Surge Ratio =2.8
Eq. flashover voltage= 2.8*132*1.1* / *1.2*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 579.49 KV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level

(N c) = 5.

4. Number of Insulator Discs required for over voltage due to Lightning:

From standard table Equivalent voltage level for the given system voltage =900 KV
Voltage Level = 550* FOWR *NACF* FS
= 550*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 834.9KV

From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level
Voltage Level Description

Voltage Level

(N d) = 9.

Number of Discs

Temporary O/V appearing across the insulator

249.3695KV

Continuous operating Voltage in Dry condition

402.27 kV

Continuous operating Voltage in Wet condition

349.14 KV

Switching Over voltage

579.49 KV

O/V due to lightning

834.9KV

Required Number of Insulator Discs = 9

Conductor selection:
Line current is calculated as:
Line current (I) =

P / Nc
3 * Vll * cos

200 *1000 / 2
3 *132 * 0.95

= 460.4069 amp

Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the given standard
ASCR conductor table, Conductor SHEEP is selected.
For conductor, From ASCR conductor table,
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.07771/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (20) =0.005
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + 20(65-20))
= 0.07771(1+.004*45)
= 0.09519475/Km
Transmission Efficiency Criterion
Power Loss for single conductor =3 I2*R*L*NC
=3* (460.4)2*0.0951947 *100*2
7

=12.1069 MW

*100

Transmission Efficiency () =

= 94.29% > 94%(acceptable)

Voltage Regulation Criterion

For Conductor SHEEP,
Diameter of the conductor = 27.23 mm
Radius of conductor, r = 13.965 mm
Effective radius, r= 0.7788* r= 10.8759 mm

GMR=

=
=33.74 cm
Similarly, GMRb= 28.7889 cm
GMRc= 33.74 cm

GMR for inductor = 32 cm

GMR for capacitance

= 36 cm

GMD for both= 606.905 cm

Inductance of Whole length (L) =2 * 10-7ln (GMD/GMRi) H/m
=0.588mH/km
Capacitance of whole Length(C) =

2
F /m
GMD
ln

GMR

= 19.73nF/km
Now Impedance of the Line (z) = R + j 314.15 *L
= 0.0951947+j0.1847 ohm/km
= 0.2078<62.7360 ohm/km
Susceptance of the Line (Y)

= j314.15*C
= j6.198* e-6 mho/km

A, B, C, D parameters calculation

=
=0.0011348<760

l= 0.0267+j0.11 ohm
zc =

=190.5 ohm

A=D=coshl=0.9943<0.1620
B=zcsinhl= 20.683<62.940
Vs= Avr+BIr
= 0.9943<0.1620 *132/ +0.4604<-18.190 *20.683<62.940
=82.846<4.780KV
Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr|)/|Vr|*100
= (83.24/.9945-132/ ) / (132/ )*100
= 9.36%
Voltage regulation <12% so sheep conductor can be used from the voltage regulation point of
view.

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) = *21.1*GMR*m**ln(GMD/GMR)
Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9
= relative density of air =0.95
Vci = *21.1 *1.08759 *0.9*0.95* ln (606/1.08759)
= 215.99 KV
Here Vci > Vs so Corona Inception Voltage criterion is met.

Hence the all the technical criteria is satisfied by the sheep conductor so from the technical
point of view sheep conductor is selected.

Tension Calculation for Different Conductors with Different

Span in Different Condition
Four Different conductors below the conductor SHEEP in ASCR conductor table is chosen.
Hence Tension calculation will be done for conductor DEER, KUNDAH, MARKULA, ZEBRA with
Span length 250 m, 275 m,300 m,325 m,350m . Tensions for Toughest, Stringing and Easiest
condition are calculated and tabulated below. Sample calculation is also shown.

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Area of conductor (A) =3.6612 cm2
Linear expansion coefficient = 17.73 e-6 per 0C
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 0.787 e6 kg/cm2

Tension at toughest condition (T1) =

Weight of conductor (wc)

= 1726.3 Kg/Km

Wind pressure

= 100 kg/m2

= 8002 Kg.

Weight due to wind force (ww) = 100*1000*0.02793*2/3 = 1862 kg/Km

Weight of ice (wice) = 0
Weight for toughest condition (w1) =
= 2539.12 kg/km
Weight for the stringing and easiest condition (w2) = 1726.3 kg/km.
Then, the tension at stringing (T2) and the easiest condition (T3) is calculated using the following
equation known as STRINGING EQUATION.
T22 [T2+k1] - k2 = 0

.. (1)
10

Where,
2

W1 L2

K1 T 1 2 1 AE
AE
And,
2
24T1

2 2
W L
AE .
K2 = 2
24
From the above data, the values of K1 and K2 for the span of 250m are given by:

K1 = -5870
K2 = 2.2360E+10
Using the stringing equation, the value of T2 is found to be,

T2 =6413.59 kg
Similarly, T3 is calculated by the similar procedure as above. For the calculation of T 3 the value
of K1 and K2 for 250 m of length are given by:

K1 =-3932.1
K2 = 2.23E+10
Using the stringing equation, we get the value of T3 as:
T3 = 4873.8kg.
In the similar manner, the values of tensions of different conductor for different span length is
calculated and presented in the table below:

11

Conductor: LYNX
Diameter: 0.01953m
A(cm2)

E(kg/cm2)

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

7950

3975

1302

1551.625

0.25

844

-2416.43

3.3E+09

2829.041

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

7950

3975

1302

1551.625 0.275

844

-2268.09

4E+09

2783.734

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

7950

3975

1302

1551.625

0.3

844

-2105.62

4.76E+09

2739.336

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

7950

3975

1302

1551.625 0.325

844

-1929.03

5.58E+09

2696.551

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

7950

3975

1302

1551.625

844

-1738.31

6.47E+09

2655.905

1(0C)

2(0C)

UTS(kg)

T2(kg)

A(cm2)

E(kg/cm2)

(/0C)

(/0C)

1(0C) 2(0C)

UTS(kg) T1(kg)

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

WW(kg)

L(km) W2(kg) K1

W1(kg)

0.35

L(km) W2(kg)

K2

K1

T2(kg)

K2

T3(kg)

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

60

7950

2829.04

1302

1551.62

0.25

844

-392.92

3.3E+09

1632.32

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

60

7950

2783.73

1302

1551.62 0.275

844

0.6064

4E+09

1586.64

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

60

7950

2739.33

1302

1551.62

0.3

844

444.04

4.7E+09

1545.87

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

60

7950

2696.55

1302

1551.62 0.325

844

939.07

5.5E+09

1509.67

2.262

787000

0.00001773

27

60

7950

2655.90

1302

1551.62

844

1486.94

6.4E+09

1477.607

0.35

12

Conductor: PANTHER
Diameter: 0.02100m
A(cm2) E(kg/cm2)

(/0C)

1(0C) 2(0C)

UTS(kg) T1(kg)

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

L(km) W2(kg) K1

K2

T2(kg)

2.616

787000

0.00001773

27

9127 4563.5

1400

1706.627

0.25

976

-2828.11

5.11E+09 3297.731

2.616

787000

0.00001773

27

9127 4563.5

1400

1706.627 0.275

976

-2670.64

6.18E+09 3254.194

2.616

787000

0.00001773

27

9127 4563.5

1400

1706.627

0.3

976

-2498.18

7.35E+09 3211.323

2.616

787000

0.00001773

27

9127 4563.5

1400

1706.627 0.325

976

-2310.72

8.63E+09 3169.765

2.616

787000

0.00001773

27

9127 4563.5

1400

1706.627

976

-2108.27

1E+10 3130.017

1(0C)

2(0C)

A(cm2) E(kg/cm2)

(/0C)

UTS(kg)

T2(kg)

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

0.35

L(km) W2(kg)

K1

K2

T3(kg)

2.616

787000 0.00001773

27

60

9127 3297.731

1400 1706.627

0.25

976

-657.239 5.11E+09 1971.378

2.616

787000 0.00001773

27

60

9127 3254.194

1400 1706.627 0.275

976

-855.197 4.14E+09 1946.751

2.616

787000 0.00001773

27

60

9127 3211.323

1400 1706.627

0.3

976 173.7411 7.35E+09 1888.455

2.616

787000 0.00001773

27

60

9127 3169.765

1400 1706.627 0.325

976 661.3976 8.63E+09 1852.817

2.616

787000 0.00001773

27

60

9127 3130.017

1400 1706.627

976 1198.633

0.35

1E+10 1820.779

13

Conductor: LION
Diameter: 0.02226m

A(cm2)

E(kg/cm2)

2.932

787000

0.00001773

27

10210

5105

1484

1845.444

0.25

1097

-3210.6

7.25E+09

3731.255

2.932

787000

0.00001773

27

10210

5105

1484

1845.444 0.275

1097

-3045.3

8.77E+09

3689.598

2.932

787000

0.00001773

27

10210

5105

1484

1845.444

0.3

1097

-2864.26

1.04E+10

3648.427

2.932

787000

0.00001773

27

10210

5105

1484

1845.444 0.325

1097

-2667.48

1.23E+10

3608.342

2.932

787000

0.00001773

27

10210

5105

1484

1845.444

1097

-2454.95

1.42E+10

3569.811

1(0C)

2(0C)

UTS(kg)

A(cm2) E(kg/cm2)

(/0C)

(/0C)

1(0C) 2(0C)

UTS(kg) T1(kg)

WW(kg)

T2(kg)

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

W1(kg)

L(km) W2(kg) K1

0.35

L(km) W2(kg)

K2

K1

T2(kg)

K2

T3(kg)

2.932

787000 0.00001773

27

60

10210 3731.255

1484 1845.444

0.25

1097

-904.497 7.25E+09 2288.525

2.932

787000 0.00001773

27

60

10210 3689.598

1484 1845.444 0.275

1097

-512.929 8.77E+09 2248.207

2.932

787000 0.00001773

27

60

10210 3648.427

1484 1845.444

1097

-75.9186 1.04E+10 2211.045

2.932

787000 0.00001773

27

60

10210 3608.342

1484 1845.444 0.325

1097 407.6316 1.23E+10 2177.049

2.932

787000 0.00001773

27

60

10210 3569.811

1484 1845.444

1097 938.5793 1.42E+10 2146.105

0.3

0.35

14

Conductor: BEAR

Diameter: 0.02345m

A(cm2)

E(kg/cm2)

(/0C)

3.261

787000

0.00001773

27

11310

5655

1563.3333

1982.41

0.25

1219

-3605.1

9.93E+09

4174.89

3.261

787000

0.00001773

27

11310

5655

1563.3333

1982.41 0.275

1219

-3432.62

1.2E+10

4135.322

3.261

787000

0.00001773

27

11310

5655

1563.3333

1982.41

0.3

1219

-3243.72

1.43E+10

4096.084

3.261

787000

0.00001773

27

11310

5655

1563.3333

1982.41 0.325

1219

-3038.38

1.68E+10

4057.731

3.261

787000

0.00001773

27

11310

5655

1563.3333

1982.41

0.35

1219

-2816.63

1.95E+10

4020.702

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

L(km) W2(kg) K1

K2

T3(kg)

A(cm2) E(kg/cm2) (/0C)

1(0C) 2(0C)

UTS(kg) T1(kg)

1(0C) 2(0C) UTS(kg) T2(kg)

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

4174.89 1563.3333 1982.416

L(km) W2(kg) K1

K2

T2(kg)

3.261

787000 0.00001773

27

60

11310

0.25

1219

-1166.38 9.93E+09 2616.747

3.261

787000 0.00001773

27

60

11310 4135.322 1563.3333 1982.416 0.275

1219

-775.294

3.261

787000 0.00001773

27

60

11310 4096.084 1563.3333 1982.416

1219

-340.222 1.43E+10 2546.159

3.261

787000 0.00001773

27

60

11310 4057.731 1563.3333 1982.416 0.325

1219 139.7485 1.68E+10 2514.586

3.261

787000 0.00001773

27

60

11310 4020.702 1563.3333 1982.416

1219 665.3397 1.95E+10 2485.508

0.3

0.35

1.2E+10 2580.245

15

Conductor: GOAT
Diameter: 0.02597m

A(cm2)

E(kg/cm2)

(/0C)

787000

0.00001773

27

13780

6890 1731.33333 2285.515

0.25

1492

-4480.97

1.82E+10

5165.028

787000

0.00001773

27

13780

6890 1731.33333 2285.515 0.275

1492

-4291.53

2.21E+10

5130.446

787000

0.00001773

27

13780

6890 1731.33333 2285.515

0.3

1492

-4084.06

2.63E+10

5095.984

787000

0.00001773

27

13780

6890 1731.33333 2285.515 0.325

1492

-3858.55

3.08E+10

5062.102

787000

0.00001773

27

13780

6890 1731.33333 2285.515

1492

-3614.99

3.58E+10

5029.171

A(cm2) E(kg/cm2) (/0C)

1(0C) 2(0C)

UTS(kg) T1(kg)

1(0C) 2(0C) UTS(kg) T2(kg)

WW(kg)

WW(kg)

W1(kg)

L(km) W2(kg) K1

W1(kg)

0.35

K2

L(km) W2(kg) K1

T2(kg)

K2

T3(kg)

787000 0.00001773

27

60

13780 5165.028 1731.33333 2285.515

0.25

1492

-1717.98 1.82E+10 3347.004

787000 0.00001773

27

60

13780 5130.446 1731.33333 2285.515 0.275

1492

-1320.03 2.21E+10 3321.519

787000 0.00001773

27

60

13780 5095.984 1731.33333 2285.515

0.3

1492

-879.589 2.63E+10 3297.034

787000 0.00001773

27

60

13780 5062.102 1731.33333 2285.515 0.325

1492

-396.032 3.08E+10 3273.723

787000 0.00001773

27

60

13780 5029.171 1731.33333 2285.515

1492 131.1392 3.58E+10 3251.687

0.35

16

Sag and height of tower calculation

We have the relation,
Maximum sag (DMAX) = (W L2)/ (8*T3);
Where, W = weight of conductor.
L = length of span.
T3 = tension at easiest condition.
Sample calculation:
For SHEEP, W =1726.3 kg/km.
L = 0.25 Km.
T3 = 4873.52 Kg.

*1000 m

Using the above equation, DMAX =

= 2.767 m
The minimum ground clearance (hg) =

+17 ft.

+17 ft

=6.21 m
Height of lower conductor (H1)
= hg+ DMAX =6.21+2.767 = 8.997m.
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y = 8.997+3.5885= 12.5855m.
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H2+y = 12.5885+3.5885= 16.174m.
Total height of tower (Ht)
= H3+d = 16.174+4.79969= 21m.
Similarly, the maximum sag, H1, H2, H3 and the total height of the tower are calculated and
presented in the table below:
LYNX:

WC(kg)

L(km)

Hg(m)

T3(kg/km)

DMAX(m)

H1(m)

H2(m)

H3(m)

HT(m)

844

0.25

6.217

1632.321

4.039492

10.25649

14.33649

18.41649

24.00649

844

0.275

6.217

1586.646

5.028491

11.24549

15.32549

19.40549

24.99549

844

0.3

6.217

1545.873

6.142162

12.35916

16.43916

20.51916

26.10916

844

0.325

6.217

1509.67

7.381375

13.59838

17.67838

21.75838

27.34838

844

0.35

6.217

1477.607

8.746405

14.96341

19.04341

23.12341

28.71341

17

PANTHER:

WC(kg)

L(km)

Hg(m)

T3(kg/km)

DMAX(m)

H1(m)

H2(m)

H3(m)

HT(m)

976

0.25

6.217

1971.378

3.867853

10.08485

14.16485

18.24485

23.83485

976

0.275

6.217

1946.751

4.739308

10.95631

15.03631

19.11631

24.70631

976

0.3

6.217

1888.455

5.814276

12.03128

16.11128

20.19128

25.78128

976

0.325

6.217

1852.817

6.954949

13.17195

17.25195

21.33195

26.92195

976

0.35

6.217

1820.779

8.208025

14.42502

18.50502

22.58502

28.17502

DMAX(m)

H1(m)

H2(m)

LION:

WC(kg)

L(km)

Hg(m)

T3(kg/km)

H3(m)

HT(m)

1097

0.25

6.217

2288.525

3.744906

9.961906

14.04191

18.12191

23.71191

1097

0.275

6.217

2248.207

4.612599

10.8296

14.9096

18.9896

24.5796

1097

0.3

6.217

2211.045

5.581636

11.79864

15.87864

19.95864

25.54864

1097

0.325

6.217

2177.049

6.652965

12.86997

16.94997

21.02997

26.61997

1097

0.35

6.217

2146.105

7.827117

14.04412

18.12412

22.20412

27.79412

DMAX(m)

H1(m)

H2(m)

BEAR:

WC(kg)

L(km)

Hg(m)

T3(kg/km)

H3(m)

HT(m)

1219

0.25

6.217

2616.747

3.639419

9.856419

13.93642

18.01642

23.60642

1219

0.275

6.217

2580.245

4.465995

10.68299

14.76299

18.84299

24.43299

1219

0.3

6.217

2546.159

5.386054

11.60305

15.68305

19.76305

25.35305

1219

0.325

6.217

2514.586

6.400502

12.6175

16.6975

20.7775

26.3675

1219

0.35

6.217

2485.508

7.509908

13.72691

17.80691

21.88691

27.47691

18

GOAT:

WC(kg)

L(km)

Hg(m)

T3(kg/km)

DMAX(m)

H1(m)

H2(m)

H3(m)

HT(m)

1492

0.25

6.217

3347.004

3.482592

9.699592

13.77959

17.85959

23.44959

1492

0.275

6.217

3321.519

4.246269

10.46327

14.54327

18.62327

24.21327

1492

0.3

6.217

3297.034

5.090939

11.30794

15.38794

19.46794

25.05794

1492

0.325

6.217

3273.723

6.017328

12.23433

16.31433

20.39433

25.98433

1492

0.35

6.217

3251.687

7.025968

13.24297

17.32297

21.40297

26.99297

Earth wire selection

From earth wire table, earth wire is chosen as follows:
No of strands = 7;
diameter of a strand = 3.15mm;
weight per meter = 0.4219 kg/m;
Conductor diameter = 9.45mm;
conductor area = 54.55mm2;
Ultimate tensile strength = 8297 kg;
Hence, maximum tension (Te) = 8297/2 = 4148.5 kg.

Bending moment and tower weight calculation:

Sample calculation for type A tower:
Conductor: SHEEP
Height of tower: 21m
Span length: 250m
Lets take 75% for tower A, 15% for tower B and 10% for tower C.

19

Due to Earth wire

Bending moment acting on tower due to E/W considering wind force:
BMEW = Few*Ht*Nc
= (100*9.45e-3*250*2/3)*21*2
= 6615 Kg-m
1) Bending moment due to turning of the E/W
BMETa = 2*Te*(sin10)*Ht*Nc
=6081.709kgm

Due to power conductor

1) Bending moment acting on tower due to power conductor considering wind force
BMPW = FW*(H1+H2+H3)*2
= (100*0.02793*250*2/3)*(8.98+12.6+16.2)*2
= 35173.18Kg-m
2) Bending moment due to turning of the power conductor
BMPTa = 2*T1*(sin10) *(H1+H2+H3)*2
= 21104.64 kg-m

Then the total bending moment for A type of conductor is calculated as;
TBMa = BMEW + BMETa + BMPW +BMPTa
=65471kg-m

Weight of tower
Sample calculation for type A tower:

Weight of tower (Wt) =

=0.000631*Ht*
=2.488tones

Where, Ht is in Ft; BM is in lb-ft.

where, Ht is in m; BM is in kg-m.

The bending moment of different conductors at different length of span and weight of tower
are calculated and shown in the tabulated form below:

20

21

LYNX:

Span
(m)

Ht
( m)

De
Few
Mm (kg-m)

BMEW
(kg-m)

BMET
(kg-m)

0.250 24.00 14.6 243.33 5841.577436.123

H1
(m)

H2
(m)

H3
(m)

Dia.
(mm)

FW
(kg)

BMPW
(kg-m)

T1
(kg)

BMPT
(kg-m)

TBM
(Kg-m)

W.T.
(tons)

10.256 14.33649 18.41649

19.53 325.5 27999.16

3975 31786.33

73063.2 5.790584

0.275 24.99 14.6 267.66 6690.45 7742.471 11.245 15.32549 19.40549

19.53 358.0 32923.75

3975 33979.11

81335.79 6.361314

0.300 26.10 14.6

292 7623.87 8087.435 12.359 16.43916 20.51916

19.53 390.6 38526.82

3975 36448.29

90686.42 7.016304

0.325 27.34 14.6 316.33 8651.20 8471.29 13.598 17.67838 21.75838

19.53 423.1 44883.64

3975 39195.85

101202 7.763731

0.350 28.71 14.6 340.66 9781.70 8894.114 14.963 19.04341 23.12341

19.53 455.7 52068.49

3975 42222.34

112966.6 8.612005

PANTHER:

Span
(m)

Ht
( m)

De
Few
Mm (kg-m)

BMEW
(kg-m)

BMET
(kg-m)

H1
(m)

H2
(m)

H3
(m)

Dia. FW
(mm) (kg)

BMPW
(kg-m)

T1
(kg)

BMPT
(kg-m)

TBM
(Kg-m)

W.T.
(tons)

0.250 23.83 14.6 243.33 5799.81 7382.957 10.0848 14.16485 18.2448

21

350 29746.19 4563.5 36055.41 78984.37 5.977607

0.275 24.70 14.6 267.66 6613.05 7652.896 10.9563 15.03631 19.11631

21

385 34733.88 4563.5 38273.64 87273.47 6.513184

0.300 25.78 14.6 292.00 7528.13 7985.873 12.0312 16.11128 20.19128

21

420 40600.43 4563.5 41009.88 97124.32 7.169895

0.325 26.92 14.6 316.33 8516.31 8339.201 13.1719 17.25195 21.33195

21

455 47097.82 4563.5 43913.36 107866.7 7.890319

0.350 28.17 14.6 340.66 9598.29 8727.345 14.4250 18.50502 22.58502

21

490 54404.76 4563.5 47102.94 119833.3

8.70357

22

LION:

Span
(m)

Ht
( m)

De
Few
Mm (kg-m)

BMEW
(kg-m)

BMET
(kg-m)

H1
(m)

H2
(m)

Dia. FW
(mm) (kg)

BMPW
(kg-m)

0.250 23.71 14.6 243.33 5769.89 7344.876 9.9619 14.04191 18.12191

22.26 371

31257.29

0.275 24.57 14.6 267.66 6579.14 7613.647 10.829

18.9896

22.26 408.1 36507.65

5105 42454.35 93154.78 6.694555

0.300 25.54 14.6 292.00 7460.20 7913.812 11.798 15.87864 19.95864

22.26 445.2 42415.02

5105 45213.64 103002.7 7.317056

0.325 26.61 14.6 316.33 8420.78 8245.661 12.869 16.94997 21.02997

22.26 482.3 49049.82

5105 48264.20 113980.5 8.019867

0.350 27.79 14.6 340.66 9468.53 8609.36 14.044 18.12412 22.20412

22.26 519.4 56482.01

5105 51607.54 126167.4 8.809899

14.9096

H3
(m)

T1
(kg)

BMPT
(kg-m)

5105 39983.64

TBM
(Kg-m)

W.T.
(tons)

84355.7 6.145654

BEAR:

Span
(m)

Ht
( m)

De
Few
Mm (kg-m)

BMEW
(kg-m)

0.250 23.60 14.6 243.33 5744.22

BMET
(kg-m)

H1
(m)

H2
(m)

H3
(m)

Dia. FW
(mm) (kg)

BMPW
(kg-m)

T1
(kg)

BMPT
(kg-m)

TBM
(Kg-m)

W.T.
(tons)

7312.2 9.85641 13.9364

18.0164 23.45 390.83 32680.9

5655 43958.64

89695.98 6.309006

0.275 24.43 14.6 267.66 6539.89 7568.234 10.6829 14.7629

18.8429 23.45 429.91 38081.1

5655 46565.83

98755.1 6.851738

0.300 25.35 14.6 292.00 7403.09 7853.227 11.6030 15.6830

19.7630 23.45

469 44132.1

5655 49467.91

108856.3 7.464512

0.325 26.36 14.6 316.33 8340.91 8167.457 12.6175 16.6975

20.7775 23.45 508.08 50902.3

5655 52667.72

120078.4 8.153532

0.350 27.47 14.6 340.66 9360.46 8511.102 13.7269 17.8069

21.8869 23.45 547.16 58460.0

5655 56167.05

132498.7 8.925202

23

GOAT:

Span
(m)

Ht
( m)

De
Few
Mm (kg-m)

BMEW
(kg-m)

BMET
(kg-m)

H1
(m)

H2
(m)

H3
(m)

Dia. FW
(mm) (kg)

BMPW
(kg-m)

T1
(kg)

BMPT
(kg-m)

TBM
(Kg-m)

W.T.
(tons)

0.250 23.44 14.6 243.33 5706.06 7263.62 9.69959 13.7795

17.8595 25.97 432.83 35785.6

6890 52956.1

101711.4 6.673665

0.275 24.21 14.6 267.66 6481.08 7500.175 10.4632 14.5432

18.6232 25.97 476.11 41545.7

6890 55890.98

111418 7.212328

0.300 25.05 14.6 292.00 7316.91 7761.815 11.3079 15.3879

19.4679 25.97 519.4 47954.9

6890 59137.12

122170.8 7.815801

0.325 25.98 14.6 316.33 8219.71 8048.769 12.2343 16.3143

20.3943 25.97 562.68 55078.8

6890 62697.31

134044.6 8.489469

0.350 26.99 14.6 340.66 9195.60 8361.2

21.4029 25.97 605.96 62982.8

6890

147113.3 9.238914

13.2429 17.3229

66573.6

Cost per unit length calculation

Assumptions: Cost of the steel used in tower = Rs.150000 per tone
Cost of tower per unit length = (total tower cost)/ length of transmission
Sample calculation:
For SHEEP: span: 350m
Total cost of tower = cost per ton* total weight of tower
= Rs.150000*1196.65
= Rs. 179497680

24

Similarly the cost of tower per unit length of different conductor and different span are shown
in table below:
LYNX:

Span(Km)

Tower Wt(Tons)

No of tower

Cost/tower(Rs)

Cost/length(Rs)

0.25

5.790584

401

868587.6

3483036.276

0.275

6.361314

365

954197.1

3482819.415

0.3

7.016304

334

1052445.6

3515168.304

0.325

7.763731

309

1164559.65

3598489.319

0.35

8.612005

287

1291800.75

3707468.153

PANTHER
Span(Km)

Tower Wt(Tons)

No of tower

Cost/tower(Rs)

Cost/length(Rs)

0.25

5.977607

401

896641.05

3595530.611

0.275

6.513184

365

976977.6

3565968.24

0.3

7.169895

334

1075484.25

3592117.395

0.325

7.890319

309

1183547.85

3657162.857

0.35

8.70357

287

1305535.5

3746886.885

LION:
Span(Km)

Tower Wt(Tons)

No of tower

Cost/tower(Rs)

Cost/length(Rs)

0.25

6.145654

401

921848.1

3696610.881

0.275

6.694555

365

1004183.25

3665268.863

0.3

7.317056

334

1097558.4

3665845.056

0.325

8.019867

309

1202980.05

3717208.355

0.35

8.809899

287

1321484.85

3792661.52

BEAR:

25

Span(Km)

Tower Wt(Tons)

No of tower

Cost/tower(Rs)

Cost/length(Rs)

0.25

6.309006

401

946350.9

3794867.109

0.275

6.851738

365

1027760.7

3751326.555

0.3

7.464512

334

1119676.8

3739720.512

0.325

8.153532

309

1223029.8

3779162.082

0.35

8.925202

287

1338780.3

3842299.461

GOAT:
Span(Km)

Tower Wt(Tons)

No of tower

Cost/tower(Rs)

Cost/length(Rs)

0.25

6.673665

401

1001049.75

4014209.498

0.275

7.212328

365

1081849.2

3948749.58

0.3

7.815801

334

1172370.15

3915716.301

0.325

8.489469

309

1273420.35

3934868.882

0.35

9.238914

287

1385837.1

3977352.477

Most economical span and conductor selection

From the above table,
The most economical span = 350m for SHEEP, DEER, 275 for KUNDAH and 300m for MARKULLA,
ZEBRA
Data available;
Cost of aluminum per ton
= Rs.20150
Cost of steel per ton
= Rs. 150000

Sample calculation:
SHEEP:
Span: 350m, weight of steel: 690kg/km, weight of aluminum: 1036kg/km

26

Cost of power conductor

Cost of aluminum per km = Rs. 20150*1.036 = Rs.20875.4
Cost of steel per km = Rs 150000*.690 = RS. 103500
Cost of power conductor = (Rs. 20875.4 + Rs. 103500)*6 = Rs. 746252.4/km
Total cost of power conductor=Rs.746252.4*100
=Rs.74625240
From table above,
Total tower cost = Rs. 179497680
Capital cost = conductor cost + tower cost
= Rs. 74625240+ Rs. 179497680
(P) =Rs. 254122920
Annual capital cost (A) is calculated as:
A=

*P

Where, I = 10%
n = 25 years
This gives annual capital cost (A) = Rs. 27996232.2
Total power loss PL= Ps-Pr
= 19510000 watts
Let LF=0.5, K1=0.2, K2 = 0.8;
= k1*LF+K2*LF2

Loss of Load Factor (LLF)

= 0.2*0.5+0.8*0.52
= 0.3
Loss of load factor (LLF) =0.3;
Cost of Energy loss/Km

= PL *LLF * time* rate per KWH

=19510*0.3*8760*7.7S5
=Rs. 397360170

Total annual cost

= Rs. 27996232.2+ Rs.397360170

=Rs. 425356402.2

27

Span
Conductor (Km)

Tower cost/L
(Rs)

Wt
alum

Wt
steel

Conductor
cost/L(Rs)

Capital
cost(RS)

Annual
cost(RS)

R65

P loss/L
(KW)

E loss
cost/L (Rs)

Total ann.
cost(RS)

LYNX

0.275

3482819.415 0.506 0.338

365375.4

3848194.815

423948.204

0.18750

58380.0677 1150671.13 1574619.33

PANTHER

0.275

3565968.240 0.586

0.39

421847.4

3987815.64

439329.961

0.16225

50517.6797 995703.467 1435033.42

LION

0.275

3665268.863 0.659 0.438

473873.1

4139141.963

456001.290

0.14431

44933.1798 885632.975 1341634.26

BEAR

0.300

3739720.512 0.734 0.485

525240.6

4264961.112

469862.543

0.13003

40487.6240 798011.070 1267873.61

GOAT

0.300

3915716.301 0.896 0.596

644726.4

4560442.701

502415.180

0.10607

33025.7035 650936.616 1153351.79

From the above table,

The minimum total annual cost is acquired by the conductor GOAT. Hence we go for the conductor GOAT for the transmission line of
100 Mw and 100Km long.

TRANSMISSION LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTOR DEER

ABCD parameter calculation:
Resistance (R20) =0.068
R65= 0.068(1+.005*45)
= 0.02058
Total resistance of the line per phase = 0.02058*100= 2.058
28

Radius of the conductor= 14.945mm

r= 0.7788*14.945 = 11.639mm
GMR1 for inductance calculation=33.1055 cm
GMD= 606.905 cm
Inductance of Whole length (L) =2 * 10-04 ln (GMD/GMRI)*L
=2*10-04*ln (606.905/ (33.1055))*100
=0.582 mH/km
GMR for capacitance GMRC= mm
Capacitance of whole Length(C) =

2
* L * e3
GMD
ln

GMR

= 9.297*e-7 F
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = R + j 314.15 *L
= 10.607 +j40.21
= 41.5854<75.22
Susceptance of the Line (Y)

= j314.15*C
= j2.92* e-04
= (2.92* e-04) <90

A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1 + ZY/2 =1+41.5854<75.22*2.92*10-4 <90/2
=.99413<.08927
B = Z= 41.5854<75.22
C = Y (1+ZY/4) = 2.92*10-4<90(1+41.5854<75.22*2.92*10-4/4)
=2.9114*10-4<90.0445
D=A
Now, Sending end Voltage (Vs) = A*VR +B*IR
=
(0.99413<.08927*132/ <0
227.8*e-03<-16.26)

41.5854<75.22*

= 80.64749 + j8.2347
= 81.0668<5.83

29

Sending end current = C*VR + D*IR

= 2.9114*10-4<90.0445*132/ + 0.99413<.08927*227.8<-16.26
=221.2949<-10.646 A
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|VR|)/|VR|
= (81.0668/.9941-132/ ) / (132/ )
= 0.07006
= 7.006%

EFICIENCY:
Power loss= 227.8*227.8*10.607*6 /1000000 MW
=3.1344 MW
Efficiency =1-power loss / 100
= 1-3.1344/100
=96.87%

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) = *21.1*GMR*m**ln(GMD/GMR)
Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9
= relative density of air =0.95
VCi = *21.1 * 1.2985*0.9*0.95* ln (5.41/7.499*10-3)
= 258.64 KV
Here Vci > Vs so no Corona.

30

A Brief specification of the transmission line:

Power

100 MW

Length

100 KM

Voltage level

132 KV

No of circuit

Power Factor

0.96

No of insulation discs

Conductor

GOAT
No of strands

37( 30-aliminum &7-steel)

Radius

12.985 mm
0

Resistance(20 C)

0.08989 /Km

Inductance

0.1248 H

Capacitance

9.297*10-7 F

UTS

13780Kg

Weight of Aluminum

896Kg/Km

Weight of Steel

596Kg/Km

0.99413<.08927

41.5854<75.2

2.9114*10-4<90.0445

0.99413<.08927

Parameter

Voltage regulation

7.006%

Efficiency

96.87%

Corona inception voltage

258.64 KV

Span length

300 m

Tower
Number

334

Weight of tower

7.815801 tons

31

Cost per length

Rs. 3915716.301

Max. sag

14.6 m

Ground clearance

6.217 m

Height of lower conductor(H1)

11.3079 m

Height of middle conductor(H2)

15.3879 m

Height of upper conductor(H3)

19.4679 m

Height of ground wire/ tower

25.05794 m

Heights

Bending moments

122170.8 Kg-m

Power loss per length

33025.7035

Energy loss cost per length

Rs.650936.616

Total ann. Cost per length

Rs.1153351.79

32